Search

This paper is to aim at examining and analysing the main approaches of theological schools to the term evil. The classical theologians separate evils into two categories in universe: natural and ethical. The independent title wasn't devoted to problem of evil in Muslim Theology. But solutions about the concept evil is scatteredly met among theological issues. All Muslim theologias unamiously think that God permitted phenomenona of evil in real world one hand, and they set forth an optimistical approach to that problem on the other. According to Mu'tazilah, it is duty incumbent on God to act optimum (al-aslah) for servants. In this context, it is very interesting that Mu'tazilites had argued this problem in the light of divine justice. Even, Mu'tazilite thelogians regard natural evils as metaphorically evils in universe. In contrast with this teaching, Ash'arites deal with and solve question of evil on pivot of doctrine of absolute omnipotence and sovereignity. Contrary to Jabriyyah and Ash'arites, it is appears that Kadariyyah, Mu'tazilah, and in part Mâturîdites behaved about coping with ethical evils in life of individual and community very realistically and sensitively. Consequently, it is possible to say that opinions and solutions about both ethical and natural evils must be revised and improved in the light of contemporaneous data and realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yûsuf Xass Hâcib of Balasagun was the first important figure of Turkish language, literature, and culture in the early Islamic period. His Kutadgu Bilig (Wisdom of Royal Glory) was the first Turkish work of the period. Since its discovery, the work has been and is still studied. In this paper, general information about the author and his work is given and some properties of its language and cotent are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to seek legitimate for the theories of imamate articulated by religious and political Islamic sects led them to focus on the Quran and the prophetic tradition (sunnah), the most reliable proofs. According to the Kharijites, the leader (imâm) must be determined by way of consultation (shûrâ) and come to the power with the free election of Muslims. The imam, according to the Kharijites, is fallible and legitimate as long as he did not deviate from the oath of allegiance and justice. Otherwise, obedience to him is not necessary and hence he must be discharged. In this paper, we tried to deal with the Kharijite theory of imamate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper stress that solutions of creed and improved doctrines towards some problems being the most important thing in the tradition of theological thinking are not absolute and undebatable, but it is going to be more appropriate that they are considered human efforts, or manners of approach, Because, the classical theology is an human science that rise and developed under partical historical and cultural realities, but not a sacred and dogmatic one. In the Mediaval world of Islam, science of theology was able to meet expectations, demands, and needs in that era. And today, in order to reform a discipline of theology being based on Islam as parallel to theological developments, it is necessary to gain courage to bring to account products of opinion and solutions of creed in sphere of theology. Because, it had reached an inevitable situation to closely examine products which are put forward in tradition of theological thinking by using method of historical and linguistical critisism. İt is must be essential to reconstruct imagination of relation of God to universe, and meanwhile, in particular, relation of God to man in direction of changed conditions and developed needs in the light of main message and principles of the Holy Qur'ân. Because, progress, improvement, and change is inevitable in historical and social facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper prepared on the basis of the Islamic Court records the institutional changes and the economic crisis which were created by the external and internal dynamics and were overwhelmingly felt in the countrside in the second half of the 17th century from the aspects of the guilds have been extensively analized. Morever, the general state of economy and of the people gradually going bad to worse and their affects on the countryside especially in the Harput city have been scrutinized. We have also investigated the state of Harput guilds, their traditional means of doing commerce, the extra taxes burdened on the people due to the renewed wars and their affects on the guilds. These information based on the Islamic court registers with certain events as examples was taken and analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socrates was charged with not believe in the Greek gods, calling the people to believe in some unknown gods, and corrupting the morals of the young men through his constant questioning of everything. Actually, the real basis for this charge was his criticism on polytheist and anthropomorphic Olympian gods and his claim that he sometimes heard a divine voice (daimonion) as a kind of inspiration. Although in Socratic literature there are quite strong evidences for Socrates' monotheistic belief, one can also read in the same literature both the concept of God and gods. It seems there is a contradiction, but this paper instead claims the theses that Socrates believed in One and Supreme God who created this world and will charge the people in hereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A firm either urges itself getting bigger or going to be smaller in the competition. When a firm want to be bigger by psychological factors, sometimes gets smaller economically. It's really hard to be get bigger for a firm. By the way, SMSE is approximately 99, 8 % in our economy. SMSEs couldn't reach enough quantity and enough costly credits. So that's the problem in many cases. At this paper, both economic stability and lower inflation also in the process of attending of the European Union, there has been to mention firm mergers and its kinds, advantages, and financial synergy. Joint venture is a business arrangement in which two or more parties undertake a specific economic activity together. It also mentioned that merger or joint venture help a firm to enter untapped markets, quicker and at less cost than trying it alone. That is a popular method of expanding business on the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational citizenship behaviour has become a prominent concept in both public and private sector governance. Organizational citizenship behaviour has been seen as a new administrative tool to meet the aims of effective governance. In a global world, the human element is acknowledged to be the main value-adding factor. For this reason managers increasingly envisage to create a facilitating organizational climate convenient for organizational citizenship behaviours. This paper investigates the literature on organizational citizenship behaviour to define its basic concepts, dimensions, background and impacts and apply these factors to public organizations in a critical way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the behaviour of Turkish reduplication in the Arabic translation. In order to analyze the behaviour mentioned, the samples are taken from the novel Yeni Hayat (New Life) by Orhan Pamuk and its translation into Arabic "al-...ayāt al-Jadīdah". How they acted in the target language in respect to the translation perspective has been analyzed by classifying these reduplications obtained from the constituted corpus at different levels. The findings are presented in the final section of the article respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the factors determining the autogas demand in Erzurum has been analyzed by using a logit model. First of all, it has been determined the independent variables correlated with the autogas demand in Erzurum using chi-square tests. The first model estimated by Maximum Likelihood is statistically significant. But some of the independent variables in the model aren't significant. Subtracting the most insignificant variables, the second model has been established. The significant independent variables in the model are the automobile owner's monthly household income, the automobile owner 's revenue expectation, the secondhand automobile value, the age of automobile, the engine type of automobile, and how many years has gasoline or autogas been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calligraphers started to put their signatures at the bottom of their inscriptions on the tombstones at the end period of Ottomans. This new situation can be explained by stating that they began considering tombstones as proper spaces for their artistic endeavor. There is an inscription on a tombstone, which has a signature of its calligrapher, in Samsun Kökçüoğlu Central Graveyard. This paper aims at describing this inscription by giving some information on its calligrapher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with metaphysical expressions and mythological components in Ves îletü'n-Necât (which is widely known as "Mevlid" among public people) by Süleyman Çelebi. It contains events and episodes from he life of the Prophet Mohammed during his life time which are believed as miraculous. It is widely chanted as part of the ceremonial ritual in the anniversaries of significant events such as death, the times of denominate, when celebrating the pilgrimage journey and joining the army. This work involves, in its various versions and aspects, some mythological characters. After presenting information about the bibliography of Süleyman Çelebi and his work briefly, the paper evaluated mythological components, structures, functions and kinds of myths took place in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, evidence-based practice, its concepts, methods and implementation is perhaps the most discussed development in both the medical and political world. It aims to optimize health care outcomes and benefit the patient by integrating the best external evidence, clinical expertise and patient outcomes. It is rapidly raising value in health care. However, there is concern about the methods employed for designing best evidence, with evidence-based practice having ever greater resource implications for institutions. This paper examines what evidence-based practice is, what its origins and historical background are, what its advantages and challenges are and what are its current criticisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the rise of the modern Western culture and its superiority are felt in the Muslim World, a paralel movement began to emerge and reached its maturity and this movement is called Islamic modernization. Just like middle age thinkers, the represantatives of this movement, inside or outside, to rise above tradition, offer a project to return to the religious theaching and read ironically every new cultural acquisitions in the religious teaching. They leave middle age thinkers' God-centered world view intact, but islamise everything new, created or produced in the West. It so seems that middle age thinkers ' modernist followers try to discard almost everything filled in the Qur'anic verses by middle age thinkers, disregarding their special context, and replace them with the items taken from the Western culture. In this paper, we try to find the answer, how they justified their views, and what are their functions, and what are their effects on modern Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our country, different investigations and researches have been made on the subject of Turkish grave stones articles published have been in various periodical papers nowadays and in past. But it was not sufficient and it is so yet. There are quite much grave stones which are still unknown. Also, in order to set the subject on a solid base, the historical development has been studied here without entering into the depth of the matter. It is known that erecting gravestones are a very old tradition stretching back into periods preceding writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ottomans who constituted one of the important periods of Turkish cultural history and civilization left unique handiworks in the field of bookbinding as in the other branches of art. These bindings prepared for protecting handwritten books are of great importance in point of the book and decorative arts. These handwritten books with their handwritings, generally leather-made bindings, the ornaments on them and their technical features are among the unique examples of Turkish Islamic calligraphy and decorative arts. A large amount of these books which were written in different languages have been protected in official libraries. The rest is in some private collections. In this paper seven handwritten books from Ottoman period in the private library of Ali Sırrı Kethüdaoğlu in Erbaa in Tokat have been searched with regard to the binding and decorative features. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the scientific studies by presenting these valuable artworks that remained hidden for years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at exploring the rhythmic patterns and cycles (usul) as presented in Risala-i Musiki by Abdurrahman Nuraddin al-Jami who was also known as Molla Jami. In this context his contribution to this subject and his situation in the XVth century musical background were attempted to be explained. It seems that Jami, generally, described the elements of the theoretical system and the structure of rhythmic patterns of the past. With regard to the rhythmic patterns in his book he followed Abdulkadir Maragi and did not make any contribution to this subject. Concerning the musical scales al-Jami attempted to invent some new musical scales but he didn't give place to the rhythmic patterns of al-Maragi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kharezm Turkish and Kiptchak Turkish is a main subject that scholars and researchers disputed it whether they are a separate languages/dialects or same language. Meanwhile, there is no consensus on the term "Kharezm Turkish" and the term "Kiptchak Turkish". Recently, some studies indicate that there is important differences between two dialects in spite of resemblance. In this paper we try to make comparison between two dialects based on their main sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article was studied by the light of the newspapers in the National Development Party. The National Development Party was established in İstanbul in 1945 by Nuri Demirağ is a person who has been trying to develop the country in commercial and political arenas since the National Developmant Party. Nuri Demirağ, who is a nationalist and an idealist, established an opponent party as an alternative to CHP (People's Republician Party) which was in power in 1945 in which there was a freedom movement. We didn't give up criticizing "the National Chef" İsmet Inönü despite the limitations of single-party administration. He showed that he is opposed to single-party administration and became the pioner of multi-party movement before Democrat Party at the time. Demirağ, who thought that development was possible by liberalism, showed this ideal by establishing his party. When the National Development Party gave its establishment document to the mayor, the first news appeared in papers. While some of them found National Development Party positive, the others who were the supporters of the power were cautious against National Development Party . They wrote about the previous single-party attempts and added what thins should not be done in a sensitive manner. At first the media in those days was interested towards MKP and people supported it, however; the events such as; the fghts happened in the Assembly, MP (member of Parliament) resignations, the establishment of the Democrat Party and the World War II peace agreements appeared in media much more than National Development Party. Becouse of this National Development Party lost in the elections before setting the support of the community all over the country and expected interest. By the time, MKP weakened because of the leadership. At last Ministry of National Affairs declared National Development Party as abolished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haşabiyya state, as far as the available sources (transmitted by Mas'udi, Muruj al-da- hahab and al-Dahahabi,Tarik al-islam) tell us, was founded in Nişibin by some adherents of al-Mukhtar after his death, at one time counting about 2000 horsemen. İts declared İmam was Muhammed İbn al-Hanefiyya, and his son Hasan was its leader at one time. it was fought by the Zubayrids at first and was finally defeated by 'Abdalmalik b.Marwan in 71/690. Hasan b. Muhammed b. Hanefiyya was their own contemporary, living in Nişibin during the state of the Haşabiyya, and being a source of information as an eye-witnes at the Kitab al-İrja 'of al-Hasan b. Muhammed b. Hanefiyya. At the Kitab al-İrja', Hasan b. Muhammed b. Hanefiyya labeled them Saba'iyya. Mukhtariyya or Haşabiyya between the death of al-Mukhtar in 67/686 and the fall of their satate in Nişibin in 71/690 would have been called stage of Nişibin of Kaysaniyya. This study focuses to Nişibin period of Kaysaniyya. Furthermore, the paper aims to show the ideal and political effects on the Kaysaniyya history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an inherent component of our history and culture, abjad numerological system has been employed for artistic purposes, but today it has started to sink into oblivion. The abjad numerological system was mostly employed to pinpoint dates of death of certain people in a artistic manner in tombstone inscriptions. This practice was very popular in Anatolia so that such tombstone inscriptions can readily be found throughout Anatolia. In this paper, we investigated the tombstones in Kökçüoğlu Central Graveyard in Samsun and gave examples of the tombstones with such inscriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the conclusion reached by classical Muslim scholars, the Koran is the reflection of Allah's eternal logos and knowledge. The purpose of the revelation of the Koran is to ensure that a worshipping order which would provide happiness in this world and the Hereafter be rooted in the hearts of the believers and then transformed into lifestyle. Accordingly, in addition to a belief system, the Koran contains a number of principles and rules that are applicable in real life. These principles are universal and eternal truths which are not subject to chance over time since they are based on Allah's knowledge. But after the effect of modernism on Muslim world, this view (non-changeability) has been questioned. According to this new view, although the Koran is containing universal messages, it is, at same time, a historical word and a historical text. These two opinions are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss four basic approaches to the relation between Koran and science, namely reductionist, conflictory, separationist, and conformist. It argues that the first three approaches lead us to some religious, philosophical and epistemological problems with respect to the relation above. However, the so-called conformist approach seems to be more plausible and acceptable provided that certain criteria and data are taken as basis. At this point, it will tackle with some problems as follows: What is the basic paradigm upon which the relation between Koran and science is possible and legitimate? To what extend is this relation compatible with the essence of religion and science? It will discuss the problem whether claiming that some Koranic verses or notions refer to some scientific facts is legitimate and reasonable. Moreover, it will indicate some unacceptable understandings and interpretations in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El-Kemâhî, who is a well versed in Muslim tradition (muhaddis) in the XVIIL century in Ottoman state, is an explorer and critic scholar. The most important book of him, which is a commentary on el-Muvatta, is "el-Müheyyâ fî keşfi esrâri'l-muvatta". This book is the first study on that subject among the Ottoman hadith (hadis) culture that has lasted 623 years. There is no study on that book till now. Moreover it is an original commentary according to its sources and many other sides of it. We have tried to establish its sources and orijinal sides by studying the author copy that is 519 sheets of paper (varak). Our article is the first study on this important book of el-Kemâhî. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change is now accepted to be the most serious environmental threat facing human race. One of the solution of the problem is improving renewable energy sources. Many countries see the development of renewable energy as a way of mitigation climate change. At this stage , to understand renewable energy development potential haz become very important. Thus, This paper argues the contribution of renewable energy sources with mitigation global warming. Each source is examined independently the others from perspective of progress in short and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is quite evident, in the classical jurisprudence literatur, the testimony of women was not accepted in penalty cases (had and kisas) and was not equaled with men in the other cases. However, this approach is frequently criticised in our time. Since the testimony of women in penalty cases have become to subject of controversy, this topic was taken into consideration within this context. In this paper, the criteria for such as women`s testimony were laid out in the light of today`s juridicary understanding and the proof for possibilities within this context, attention was attracted to the differences of penalty cases and other cases and to the application of different evidence systems. Also, we showed the difference between had, kisas and ta'zir crimes based on their presence in nas as well as between their objectives and structures. In consequence, we made some assessments about how to reflect such differences in penalty and crime policies and their applications to women`s testimony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, attitudes and opinions of Sakarya University students pertaining to flirting were comparatively examined. The students for this study were selected from different faculties of the university. The main aim of this study is to recognize the student approaches to flirting from cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects. Moreover, the perception of student on flirt was investigated in terms of sex. Empirical data was compiled with closed-ended questionnaire. Sample size for this research is 350 university students, and 151 of them are female and 199 respondents are male. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to classify the Islamic Law Concerning religious belief freedom with respect to its special characteristics. Islamic scholars have different views when concerning the subject of freedom of religious belief Naturally, historical thinking has substantial effect in these different approaches. But more importantly, the criteria of interpretation of the applicable Islamic Law need to be considered. Two important criteria are "belief" and "person". Most of the differences among Islamic scholars can be explained by the difference in importance placed to either one of these two criteria. These differences can be observed clearly in cases involving crime and punishment, the citizenship status of non-Muslims, the argument of justification for war and the consequences of religious conversion. Therefore, the main reason why Islamic scholars reach different conclusions in these matters is not in the ambiguity of Islamic Law but the differences in its interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at exploring the musical scales as presented in Risala-i Musiki by Abdurrahman Nuraddin al-Jami who lived in 15th Century. Al-Jami attempted to invent some new musical scales on the basis of the program of Maragi; nevertheless, those new invented scales have not been practiced till the present age. As to the fact that al-Jami analyzed musical scales under the headings of Maqam, Awaze and Shuba, it seems that his attempt to invent new scales remained at the theoretical level and did not create a radical change in musical paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is dealt with the problem of what the basic characteristic of Islamic philosophy is. According to some orientalists, the answer is eclecticism. But, for them, eclecticism means to be a worthless patchwork from the philosophical perspective. We argue, first, that eclecticism has more than one version, and some of them have a great philosophical value. A philosophical system can at the same time be both eclectic and also original. Then we accept with some Muslim philosophers that the major schools of Islamic philosophy can be considered to be eclectic systems; but their eclecticism is a valuable kind of critical, original and systematic eclecticism. Finally, we point out that there are a lot of eclectic elements in modern science and philosophy, too. Therefore, the original eclectic structure of Islamic philosophy is not a heritage that should be rejected or neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to articulate modern approaches (Watt, Braithwaite, Cupitt, Halefullah etc.) toward the reality of Qur'anic narratives critically and proposes that those narratives are not based on merely imaginative constructions. Nevertheless, regarding the classical understanding of narratives which opposes modern approaches, it claims that narratives are of outstanding significance for human life, as it is presented by modern approaches, hence it is possible that some imaginative constructions play their roles within the Qur'anic narratives. Accordingly, both imaginative constructions and the reality should be taken into considerations in case of understanding the narratives from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the connotations of colors used in the Qur'ân. Just as the grammatical language, the colors are means of communication. The Qur'ân uses colors as a way of telling something literally. For instance, while such colors as black, yellow, and blue imply bad things, white and green colors imply good things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to enquire the atheistical interpretation of religion. It begins with a discussion of religion and ends with the idea of God and its dimensions.. Why the atheistical interpretation of religion? As it is known, the idea of atheism, the reality of good and evil, the desire of man's immortality are, no doubts, among the problems of religion. On this account it is important to discuss a subject we can call ‘the atheistical interpretation of religion’ in the context of atheism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Categorizing all animate as well as inanimate objects into two broad categories as masculine and feminine, the Arabs reflect obviously this distinction to their language. This distinction, explanation of which is one of the most intricate issues in the philosophy of language, have been treated, even in the distinct works on masculinity and femininity, not with a social and intellectual perspective, but with respect to prevention of linguistic errors from a grammatical standpoint. However, as stated by Miskeveyh, who respond the question "Why is the sun feminine?" by Ebu Hayyan et-Tevhidi, "the syntactic grammarians have not directed much attention to reasons and philosophy of thes phenomenon. Language, which is characterized in the first instance by its social, property, evolves in parallel to social and intellectual factors such as belifs, traditions and worldview of the society. Therefore, I suggest that the masculinity-femininity distinction in the Arabic language is shaped along the social and intellectual lifestyles of Arabs, and this paper will try to discover such aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents general information on simulation with Pareto distribution and introduces an algorithm to generate random numbers by simulation method. A computer code has been developed for this algorithm by using Delphi programming language. Ten thousand random numbers for Pareto distribution have been generated using this program, and the chi-square goodness-of-fit at five percent significance level has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a translation error that took place in Ke-maleddin Mehmet Efendi's (d.1031/1621) Mawdû'ât al-'Ulûm. Since the translation of Kemaleddin Mehmet Efendi reversed the meaning of the origi-nal text, Miftâh alSa'âda written by Taşköprizâde (d.969/1561) and repre-sented al- Fîrûzâbâdî's view of ıbn al-'Arabî in total contrast, the matter does not remain just as a simple translation error. Having looked in to the original sources, the author identified grammatical errors that led translator to make such misjudgements in his translation and reached a different conclusion about alFîrûzâbâdî and ıbn al'Arabî. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratology is a new type of literary methodology which was developed to analyze the text. The aim of narratology which is continuation of French structuralists and Russian formalists is to analyze the text synchronically in accordance with its autonomy. Recently, narratological analyses of the text have become very popular in the interpretation of the Bible. This paper tries to present essential characters of narratology, and discusses how narratology can be helpful in the understanding of the Qur'an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the status of hadith in such cities of Turkistan as Bukhara, Tashkent, Samarkand and Tirmiz, which were significant centers for the hadith research and once closed to us. In this study, an account of the historical significance of Bukhara with respect to hadith research is touched on. Besides, the Soviet oppression directed especially against Islam and criticisms against the Qur'an and the Prophet are summarized. In addition, relation between Islamic education under the State control and the hadith are analyzed. In this connection, the hadith lectures in religious educational institutions, the literature on hadith, and the concepts related to the hadith contained in encyclopedic publications are examined. Finally, independent re-searches on Islam and the hadith are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the validity of two different faces of atheism: The atheological interpretation of the God concept, and the claim of "believe as you see". Two faces relates not only to ancient thoughts but also to the religious beliefs and modern scientific data. However, the claim of "believe as you see" is an essential part of the God concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper probes problems of child literature, and explores communication conflicts in short stories, a sort of child literature. First of all, what child literature means, and on what matters discussions on child literature are concentrated are briefly touched on. In addition, definitions of communication are dwelled on to be understood well. Sources of communication conflicts are generally determined. Finally, a sample short story was selected and analyzed to understand communication conflict well in child short stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes process consultation as an organizational development technique. The case study investigates the relations comparatively between the process consultation applications in industrial companies in Sivas and organizational job satisfaction. The research presents some important results. First of all, there is no democratic and participative administration in the industrial companies investigated. Secondly, the level of job satisfaction of the workers is low in general, and differs in respect of independent variables and companies. Thirdly, there is no process consultation in the companies in a professional manner. And finally, process consultation applications differ regarding both public and private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]