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The eminent religious scholar ıbrahim Al-Gulshani, a well-known Turkish mystic, lived at the end of the 15th and beginning the 16th century. He was a seventh-generation descendant of Oghuz Ata and his arrival was noted by Mawlana Djalaladdin al-Rumi in a poetic couplet. As for Gulshani, he wrote his Mas'nawi in forty thousand couplets, imitating Mawlana. Many mystics descended from Gulshani, spread the religious order of the Gulshanites in İstanbul, Egypt, Edirne and Diyarbakır and contributed to the teaching of ıslam in these communities. ıbrahim al-Gulshani also established relationships with the sultans. Süleyman the Great invıted him to İstanbul to treat his eyes and entered into his path. Yawuz Sultan Selim also joined his path with all his military staff of Janisseries. The Gulshani religious order retained its influence in Diyarbakır until 1950, for Gulshane had founded four takkash and many khalifs and students were trained by him there. İn this paper, ı will outlined the historical development of the Gulshani religious order in Diyarbakır, describing the period in which Gulshani lived, his activities, the scholars he trained, and the services he performed, as well as shedding light on the path and the takkahs established by him. This study will help us to understand the high level of mystical life in Diyarbakır during the Ottoman period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turks adapted the Arabic alphabet and calligraphy when they had converted to Islam. In the hands of the Turks, the art of "hat", continued growth for centuries, and became an independent national art apart from the Arabian and Persian styles by changing its position as being only a means of communication or a decorative element. The issue of Turkish language with Arabic letters to be discussed much earlier than the establishment of Turkish Republic, but it was ventured a radical step towards the solution with the alphabet revolution in 1928. This typographic revolution, with the communication function of Latin alphabet, caused many cultural and social developments, and the distance to the West was decreased. It was a necessary and very profitable change as the results; however it was a new beginning with unknown, foreign letters by setting aside the matured traditional typographic style of the centuries. Today, with globalization and the development of communication technology, the nations re-evaluate their own cultural heritage against the danger of loss of cultural identities in design. The art of Turkish calligraphy is an art and design area which we created masterpieces in it with our own identity for centuries. In this paper, it is questioning the reflection and deficiency of this cultural heritage in the modern art and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between religion and society in Artuqids (1101-1409) are considered at the general level. In this paper in which a general panorama of social dimensions of religion are tried to bring up, the mutual relations of religion with society are investigated. In the context of religion-society relations, this study contains the relationships of religion with state, politics, economy, science, education, language, etc., and speaks of interreligious relationships and the relations between the members of different religious sects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]