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In addition to increasing the productivity of countries, technology is one of the components that will strengthen the competitiveness in international trade. Countries prefer one of two methods to access technology. Transferring technology developed abroad is one of these methods. The level of openness of the country is decisive in technology transfer. In the second method, the country will turn to investments that will develop new technology. Developing new technology depends on the human capital stock of the country on the one hand, and the size of the resources it can allocate for R&D on the other. In this study, the relationship between trade openness and R&D expenditures in G-20 countries was investigated. Annual data for the period 1996-2019 were used. The causality relationship between the variables was examined by Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) Panel Causality Test and a one-way causality relationship was found from R&D expenditures to trade openness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging market economies represent a group of countries whose economic and social weight is expected to increase in the world in terms of the increase in their share of World Trade, high growth rates, increasing population and potential in the recent period. "Technology" is considered important for the emergence of existing potential in these countries. But emerging market economies have lagged behind developed countries in technology and failed to unlock their potential. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), on the other hand, is an important type of investment that brings many developments in both economic and social terms, especially in technology. FDI provides capital and technology transfer to the country of entry. It is assumed that this transfer of technology will be transferred to other sectors as a result of the spread, which will lead to both economic and social development. Therefore, it becomes important to determine the economic and social factors that determine FDI. In this study, the determinants of FDI are investigated in the short and long term using data from 22 emerging market economies selected for the period 1996-2019. According to the results obtained using the panel ARDL method, increases in corruption control, external openness rate, total labor force, gross fixed capital and rule of law variables have a positive impact on FDI, while increases in political risks negatively affect FDI inflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2011, when the concept of Industry 4.0 was introduced, it has become a compulsory competition tool for businesses rather than a technological enthusiasm, and every unit within the business has started to achieve more efficient results by taking advantage of these technological developments. Moreover, the new industrial tools, which are becoming popular among SMEs, not large enterprises, have started to be seen as a way to get more shares from the profit pie. The main purpose of this study is to examine the approach and perception of companies in the Düzce region on Industry 4.0. The convenience sampling method was used in the study. Data were obtained from 69 companies by conducting surveys. According to the results of the analysis, the general knowledge level of the enterprises towards Industry 4.0 and their strategy and organizational approaches increase their innovation tendencies. Management and organizational approaches to Industry 4.0 also positively affect the level of cooperation with other institutions (universities, economic development organizations, technology transfer offices, consultancy companies, etc.). Additionally, it has been observed that enterprises do not benefit from these technologies as much as the importance they attach to Industry 4.0 technologies. In other words, although businesses care about Industry 4.0 technologies, they do not benefit from them sufficiently. In addition, it has been observed that businesses mostly benefit from wireless communication technologies and sensor technologies, and at least in subjects such as robotics and automation, machine learning and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]