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The aim of this paper is to research the conditions of art and artist on the basis of the policies of Big Brother, who is the main character of the novel known as 1984 by George Orwell. The research has qualitative characteristics. The data was collected by open-ended questions asked to 43 fine art education students. The data was analyzed by the content analysis. In conclusion, according to the students, the Big Brother's demands are the threat to the existences of art and artists. The students expressed that this atmosphere threat individual differences, freedom of thoughts and liberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing activities have a significant impact on aims and objectives of companies. This situation has also drawn the attention of political parties. Marketing methods and techniques have been used by political parties under "political marketing" during their election campaigns which became very important for them. Political parties have tried to inform voters about their leaders, candidates, service and promises by meetings, rallies, advertisements and news. In this paper, initially, the relation between marketing and politics is examined and political marketing mix elements are explained. In the research part of this study, it has examined the role of Ulus and Zafer newspapers communicating the political products of Democratic Party and Republican People's Party, which joined at 1957's election, to voters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eminent religious scholar ıbrahim Al-Gulshani, a well-known Turkish mystic, lived at the end of the 15th and beginning the 16th century. He was a seventh-generation descendant of Oghuz Ata and his arrival was noted by Mawlana Djalaladdin al-Rumi in a poetic couplet. As for Gulshani, he wrote his Mas'nawi in forty thousand couplets, imitating Mawlana. Many mystics descended from Gulshani, spread the religious order of the Gulshanites in İstanbul, Egypt, Edirne and Diyarbakır and contributed to the teaching of ıslam in these communities. ıbrahim al-Gulshani also established relationships with the sultans. Süleyman the Great invıted him to İstanbul to treat his eyes and entered into his path. Yawuz Sultan Selim also joined his path with all his military staff of Janisseries. The Gulshani religious order retained its influence in Diyarbakır until 1950, for Gulshane had founded four takkash and many khalifs and students were trained by him there. İn this paper, ı will outlined the historical development of the Gulshani religious order in Diyarbakır, describing the period in which Gulshani lived, his activities, the scholars he trained, and the services he performed, as well as shedding light on the path and the takkahs established by him. This study will help us to understand the high level of mystical life in Diyarbakır during the Ottoman period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turks adapted the Arabic alphabet and calligraphy when they had converted to Islam. In the hands of the Turks, the art of "hat", continued growth for centuries, and became an independent national art apart from the Arabian and Persian styles by changing its position as being only a means of communication or a decorative element. The issue of Turkish language with Arabic letters to be discussed much earlier than the establishment of Turkish Republic, but it was ventured a radical step towards the solution with the alphabet revolution in 1928. This typographic revolution, with the communication function of Latin alphabet, caused many cultural and social developments, and the distance to the West was decreased. It was a necessary and very profitable change as the results; however it was a new beginning with unknown, foreign letters by setting aside the matured traditional typographic style of the centuries. Today, with globalization and the development of communication technology, the nations re-evaluate their own cultural heritage against the danger of loss of cultural identities in design. The art of Turkish calligraphy is an art and design area which we created masterpieces in it with our own identity for centuries. In this paper, it is questioning the reflection and deficiency of this cultural heritage in the modern art and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the monthly alcohol consumption rates and expenditures of about 52,000 households within the framework of their correlations with socio-economic variables. According to the research results, 7.6 percent of the total households regularly consumed alcohol from 1994 to 2006 throughout Turkey. Alcohol consumption has been experiencing an upward trend since 2000s. Specifically income, education level, and being male are predominant factors in alcohol consumption habits and expenditures. Alcohol consumption in Turkey is lower compared to other countries. As shown by the results, alcohol consumption rate does not exceed 15% even in households from the highest 20% income quintile. When alcohol consumption and smoking habits are evaluated together, interesting results arise between the European Union Member States and Turkey. In European Union countries, the rate of alcohol consumption habits is at least 65-70% in households and smoking habits are around 10-15%. The opposite is valid for Turkey. Smoking habits in Turkey is at a rate of 60-65% in households, whereas the rate of alcohol habits is 8% at its highest as also revealed by this research. In Turkey, smoking replaces the alcohol consumption which is low due to religious and cultural reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21. Century's the educational aims has been stressed that abilities of how to reach useful information and how to use it effectively to perform gained abilities. Students should be taught for inquire, research, invent and practice into life, so that they encounter in real life. Students' individual characteristic is an important in learning environment. Sternberg (2002) proposed that theory of successful intelligence is effectively approach on students develop their capabilities, achievements and abilities of life. Successful intelligence theory involves three aspects of intelligence which are analytical, creative and practical abilities which are called triarchic (Sternberg, 2003). Successful intelligence training have promoted students performance with recognize on their capabilities. Because Students is to be active participants in lessons, assessment, analyze, critical aspect about subject, events, content. Also students are inventor, creator and implement ideas, which is invent, create them, in real life. The theory of successful intelligence allowed a view of career choice and individual development which is used in real life (Sternberg, 2003).Also practical thinking abilites is important in job's life (Sternberg, 2004). Sternberg ve et al. applied different researches about theory of successful intelligence in educational implement. These researches showed that the theory of successful intelligence is suggested to valid as a whole. Moreover, the theory is differently between in laboratory tests and in school classrooms. This paper proposed Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence for alternative, effectively programme approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase maximum productions obtained in any unit area or from livestock, chemical and genetic inputs have been rigorously used due to rapid population growth in the world. However, negative effects of such methods to cultural and natural environment, as well as to human health, have often been debated in public and scientific community. Concerns for human health and natural environment turned scientists into looking for alternative sustainable methods and organic agriculture practices. While organic agriculture was first used at the beginning of the 20th century, it took a widespread practice of usage in the developed countries since 1970s. In Turkey, organic agriculture started with the demands of European companies in 1980s and made substantial developments over the years. However, although Turkey has very good potential, its share in the total organic products produced in the world is still low. The aim of this paper is to call attention to Turkey's potential in the organic agriculture in terms of its geographic features. Our investigation is based on written sources, statistical data, type land observations and face to face interviews. We have tried to identify major problems in regard to organic agriculture in Turkey, with some suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is at the literature review model. In the article, a field literature review was done. This review was about in service training, the necessity of in service training, in service training's importance and, objectives, and supervision and using supervision as a tool for in service training. In the light of the information obtained from this review, in terms of organizational and teacher perspective; the advantages of training teacher with supervision in in-service training was discussed. Considering inspection process with in service training understanding, making inspection plan with this understanding, and having communication, establishing relationships with teachers within this understanding's importance is discussed. As a result, supervision process made within in-service training understanding is expected to be more efficient in terms of education organization and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the basic principles of Islamic economy and finance. Multi-faceted ownership, economic freedom within a certain limit, and social justice are fundamentals of Islamic economics. These principles can only be implemented through the institutional reforms such as zakat and prohibition of interest. Interest-free banking based on the principle of profit and loss sharing of participatory financing is at the center of Islamic finance. Although it is proposed as a superior alternative to conventional banking system, Islamic banking could not live up to expectations in practice. It is because rather than being essentially an economic one, the argument in favor of Islamic economy and finance was to protect Muslim identity in various parts of the world. Turkey?s experience with Islamic finance began in the mid 1980s as a part of financial liberalization policy. Yet the Islamic banking and finance could not achieve the desired level of development till now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities exert influence on the economic, social and cultural structure of the cities in which they are located. In particular the expenditures made by university students constitute a group of spending which bring life to the local economy. This paper analyses the amount, composition and contribution to local economy of the expenditures by Usak University students. In addition, the effect of sex of students on the size and composition of their spending behavior has been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of "Beautiful Istanbul", one of the sculptures erected in a public space in Istanbul for the 50th year celebrations of the Turkish Republic under the joint initiative of Istanbul State Academy of Fine Arts, State School of Applied and Fine Arts and the Istanbul Municipality is not only a display of the relationship between political authority and art in Turkey, but an indication of the problem of representing and exhibiting the nude in Turkish culture. "Beautiful Istanbul", a sculpture dating 1974 by Gürdal Duyar was taken down by authorities on the grounds of the Ministry of Interior decision that it represented "Turkish mothers disgracefully", and that the artistic level of the Turkish people could not yet accepts such sculpture. Becoming a focus of hot debate in the political and cultural arena at the time, the "Beautiful Istanbul" became the site where different political ideologies collided. Comparing "Beautiful Istanbul" with other representations of the body both within art and popular culture in Turkey at the time gives us clues as to how the body is conceived in Turkish culture. This paper aims to show, through an art historical example, of how certain boundaries have been set in Turkish culture in relation to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the background of the complicated and complex problems resulting from the forced emigration in the GAP are disharmony among the social strata within the region, and multi dimensional legal and socio-cultural reasons caused by the inner emigration in the last 20 years. The most significant problems of the GAP Region cities can be described as forced emigration, housing, education, health care, unemployment, employment and pushing women aside, and policies of the government(s) with no prevision. The dual problems of forced emigration and terror which have caused hundreds of thousands of people to be displaced since 1980s have also affected deeply the urban and social life codes that created the ontology of cities of the GAP Region. The inner emigration triggered by the terrorism in the region has already gone the beyond being the problem of only Diyarbakır, influencing the city as more than a housing demand, and became the problem of the whole country. The fact that there are people who have to live in primitive conditions due to economic circumstances and restrictions in the settlement areas and places shambling made it even more difficult to solve the present and accumulated problems of the city. If housing, simultaneously existing with the emigration, is still a problem on agenda in the GAP cities like Diyarbakır, then it is urgent that the authorities in power and decision-makers should create new solutions. The main approach in this paper is to be able to show the dimensions of the relationship among "emigration, housing, settlement, city and social strata" by methods such as observation and literature within the context of new policies in the post-forced emigration and terror period focusing on the cultural/social separation which would determine the social prevision of the city of Diyarbakır. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender is frequently used as a basis for segmentation for a significant proportion of products and services. Men and women are different is commonly accepted in most societies, and a host of social and biological factors seem to drive these differences. Sex differences might also exist in hemispheric lateralization, such that male brains are more functionally lateralized and female brains are more integrated. However, an important marketing question is whether such differences translate into consistent differences in the processing and evaluation of marketing. For this reason, it is important for marketers to understand differences between consumer groups such as men and women. This paper reviews male consumers' purchasing behaviors and presents marketing strategies to male consumers for the enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries may wish to have their own currencies for foreign trade, financial and fiscal arguments. Foreign trade includes monetary authority adjusts exchange rate to stimulately exports; financial actions involve monetary authorities bailout to financial system through its money creation power as a lender of last resort; and fiscal actions mean that government levy inflation tax national real money balances. Full dollarization means that a country abandons its own currency and adopts a foreign currency as a legal tender. The main goal of this paper is to explain its opportunities and threats through survey of the theoric and empirical literatures. Full dollarization's main threats are leading to loss of independence of the monetary policies, loss of seigniorage revenues and loss of ability of the domestic central bank functioning as lender of last resorts. Its main opportunities are leading to decreasing in transaction costs, increasing credibilities of the monetary and fiscal policies by decreasing the domestic inflation rates and devaluation risks and decreasing the default risks by eliminating depreciation risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely held that the very motivation behind the practice of technology is a theoretical attempt to make everything "explicit" as much as possible. I shall argue in this paper, however, technology in the broadest sense does not necessarily require any analytical lucidity or prepositional clarity. Rather, I will try to show that, approached from Deweyian sense everyday technological activities call for 'habitual mode of being and doing' that has nothing to do with being explicit about the steps one is supposed to follow in a strict order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suggestion that the artist is the witness of his own era is a widely accepted hypothesis. This suggestion, which is mostly valid for the writers of such narratives as novel and story, can sometimes be made for the poets who communicate the issues of the society in their poems. The poem "In Our Streets (Sokaklarimizda)" of Abdulhak Hamid that is dealt with in this paper takes the reader for a journey in Istanbul in 1920s. Some societal disorders in the aftermath of the war and the occupation disturb the poet (Hamid). This poem, which was written for the mayor of the time Dr. Emin Erkul responsible for governing the city, also worries the artist of a literary genre which is frosty for the societal issues. In the general flow of the poem, the poet first utters the troubles he has witnessed, and then proposes some solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between religion and society in Artuqids (1101-1409) are considered at the general level. In this paper in which a general panorama of social dimensions of religion are tried to bring up, the mutual relations of religion with society are investigated. In the context of religion-society relations, this study contains the relationships of religion with state, politics, economy, science, education, language, etc., and speaks of interreligious relationships and the relations between the members of different religious sects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color factor is among the affective parameters in the design of a space or a structure. Nearby the different perceptions on the human being the color used in the space, it is the reflection of the culture and the traditions of the users as well. In the history, the Turks live in Anatolia; have produced houses compatible to the geography and the culture of the site. In these houses, which are coming from past to the contemporary life, there are resemblances related with the culture in the plan organization, even there are varieties in the material and construction styles. In this paper the information related with the formation of Turkish House in Anatolia is explained. In the enlightening of this information, the samples are given related with the use of the color in the different sites of Anatolia, and the varieties are examined during the history due to the alternation of construction style and material used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whistle blowing, meaning denouncing of wrongdoings in an organization by an employee is a frequently seen fact in organizations. Although the history of whistle blowing is new, there is a quite wide literature that defines and tells the ways and results of it. This paper examines the tendency of nurses to whistle blowing, by which reasons they decide to whistle blow and what results they get. Results revealed that human health is very important for the nurses. Although it has frequently negative results for them, they whistle blow when it is necessary and keep at till the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important elements of Turkish cultural life and structural society is neighborhood. There is not enough researches in written culture deal with neighborhood that has been necessity in daily life and exposures of effects of it. Neighborhood, that is important element of social dynamic have historical characteristics diversity changing from society than society and region than region. Neighborhood has speedily changed in point of structural and functional in changing world condition. For that reason, the place of subject in cultural history must be widely research for determine of changing. In this paper the place, important and function of neighborhood in Turkish culture and social structure have exanimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the track of marketing, by referring to the literature, through the advancements in digitalized technological systems particularly Information Technologies (IT), the emergence of a more broadly educated and more discerning consumer with increasing discretionary spending and purchasing power, the adoption of Total Quality Management (TQM) as the biggest competitive issue of 1990s, the growth of the service economy, the increase of competitive intensity and its impact on customer retention, and finally from a production-oriented definition of marketing to customer-oriented one(transaction to relationships). Actually all these variables are considered to be the main drivers of Relationship Marketing (RM) that led the pathway to Total Relationship Marketing (TRM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper intends to examine what the concept of lifelong learning is; to see how the European Union member states reflect the concept into their educational policies, and make some implications. In this respect, the concept which is a much debated question for being an unclear term is argued out in its historical development considering its differences from other close concepts. Also, during its process of establishing a union, the European Union's lifelong learning theories and practicing the concept are discussed with some examples from member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important institutions of today's information society is the university. The main purpose of universities is the development and distribution of culture. However new objectives have been added to this purpose. Universities make significant contributions to their home cities, and even the world, in the fields of economics and socio-culture. The subject of this paper is "The Contributions to Home Cities of Universities". In this framework, the concept of university has been mentioned, followed by the explanation of their general purposes and contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As far as the tourist ventures are concerned, we regret to state that social and psychological problems are lived. In addition to this, students' negative approach to the sector forms other part of difficulty. These negative results is taken to first bangle of chain which consist of high school student because holographic, structure of life. This paper is aimed to determine hopelessness typology of high school student who study tourism. The sample of research was realized of 284 high school students and is used Beck Hopelessness scale as a questionnaire technique. Cluster analysis and t test, anova analysis were used to derive the typology. Analyses of the respondents revealed that two cluster. First cluster is optimist, second cluster is pessimistic cluster. According to results of this research, satisfaction of education, relationship of school friends, state of year in school, state of success in school, parents' salary, father schooling states, father job state is determined meaningful result on hopelessness typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of the selling point promotional tools such as, discount coupons, price discount, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free , and in-store display on the purchase behaviours of East Blacksea Region consumers on low involvement products. Whether there were potential significant differences according to demographic factors by the impact of the sales promotional tools on consumers' purchase behaviours or not were also investigated in the paper. A total of 404 consumers in the East Blacksea Region were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Finally, the results show that the sales promotional tools such as discount coupons, price discounts, free samples and buy-one-get-one-free were associated with the purchase behavior of low involvement products, where it is understood that in-store display application does not have any significant effect on it. The research that was limited with only one category of product (low involvement products) was considered to investigate in the further researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]