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The design and investigation of an intelligent controller for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are proposed in this article. The proposed intelligent controller is adopted based on the enhancement of a model predictive controller (MPC) by an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The MPC-based ANN (NNMPC) is proposed to control the speed of HEVs for a simulation system model and experimental HIL test systems. The HIL is established to assess the performance of the NNMPC to control the velocity of HEVs in an experimental environment. The real-time environment of HIL is implemented through a low-cost approach such as the integration of an Arduino Mega 2560 and a host Lenovo PC with a Core i7 @ 3.4 GHz processor. The NNMPC is compared with a proportional–integral (PI) controller, a classical MPC, and two different settings of the ANN methodology to verify the efficiency of the proposed intelligent NNMPC. The obtained results show a distinct behavior of the proposed NNMPC to control the speed of HEVs with good performance based on the distinct transient response, minimum error steady state, and system robustness against parameter perturbation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a promising paradigm for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Although D2D communication provides several benefits, including limited interference, energy efficiency, reduced delay, and network overhead, it faces a lot of technical challenges such as network architecture, and neighbor discovery, etc. The complexity of configuring D2D links and managing their interference, especially when using millimeter-wave (mmWave), inspire researchers to leverage different machine-learning (ML) techniques to address these problems towards boosting the performance of D2D networks. In this paper, a comprehensive survey about recent research activities on D2D networks will be explored with putting more emphasis on utilizing mmWave and ML methods. After exploring existing D2D research directions accompanied with their existing conventional solutions, we will show how different ML techniques can be applied to enhance the D2D networks performance over using conventional ways. Then, still open research directions in ML applications on D2D networks will be investigated including their essential needs. A case study of applying multi-armed bandit (MAB) as an efficient online ML tool to enhance the performance of neighbor discovery and selection (NDS) in mmWave D2D networks will be presented. This case study will put emphasis on the high potency of using ML solutions over using the conventional non-ML based methods for highly improving the average throughput performance of mmWave NDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]