Search

Economic Dispatch Problems (EDP) refer to the process of determining the power output of generation units such that the electricity demand of the system is satisfied at a minimum cost while technical and operational constraints of the system are satisfied. This procedure is vital in the efficient energy management of electricity networks since it can ensure the reliable and efficient operation of power systems. As power systems transition from conventional to modern ones, new components and constraints are introduced to power systems, making the EDP increasingly complex. This highlights the importance of developing advanced optimization techniques that can efficiently handle these new complexities to ensure optimal operation and cost-effectiveness of power systems. This review paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the EDP, encompassing its mathematical formulation and the examination of commonly used problem formulation techniques, including single and multi-objective optimization methods. It also explores the progression of paradigms in economic dispatch, tracing the journey from traditional methods to contemporary strategies in power system management. The paper categorizes the commonly utilized techniques for solving EDP into four groups: conventional mathematical approaches, uncertainty modelling methods, artificial intelligence-driven techniques, and hybrid algorithms. It identifies critical research gaps, a predominant focus on single-case studies that limit the generalizability of findings, and the challenge of comparing research due to arbitrary system choices and formulation variations. The present paper calls for the implementation of standardized evaluation criteria and the inclusion of a diverse range of case studies to enhance the practicality of optimization techniques in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arc faults are the main cause of electrical fires according to national fire data statistics. Intensive studies of artificial intelligence-based arc fault detection methods have been carried out and achieved a high detection accuracy. However, the computational complexity of the artificial intelligence-based methods hinders their application for arc fault detection devices. This paper proposes a lightweight arc fault detection method based on the discrimination of a novel feature for lower current distortion conditions and the Adam-optimized BP neural network for higher distortion conditions. The novel feature is the pulse signal number per unit cycle, reflecting the zero-off phenomena of the arc current. Six features, containing the novel feature, are chosen as the inputs of the neural network, reducing the computational complexity. The model achieves a high detection accuracy of 99.27% under various load types recommended by the IEC 62606 standard. Finally, the proposed lightweight method is implemented on hardware based on the STM32 series microcontroller unit. The experimental results show that the average detection accuracy is 98.33%, while the average detection time is 45 ms and the average tripping time is 72–201 ms under six types of loads, which can fulfill the requirements of real-time detection for commercial arc fault detection devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption of buildings is a significant contributor to overall energy consumption in developed countries. Therefore, there is great demand for intelligent buildings in which energy consumption is optimized. Online control is a crucial aspect of such optimization. The implementation of modern algorithms that take advantage of developments in information technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, sensors, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is used in this context. In this paper, an architecture for testing central heating control algorithms as well as the control algorithms of the heating system of the building is presented. In particular, evaluation metrics, the method for seamless integration, and the mechanism for real-time performance monitoring and control are put forward. The proposed tools have been successfully tested in a residential building, and the conducted tests confirmed the efficiency of the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network virtualization is a technology proven to be a key enabling a family of strategies in different targets, such as energy efficiency, economic revenue, network usage, adaptability or failure protection. Network virtualization allows us to adapt the needs of a network to new circumstances, resulting in greater flexibility. The allocation decisions of the demands onto the physical network resources impact the costs and the benefits. Therefore it is one of the major current problems, called virtual network embedding (VNE). Many algorithms have been proposed recently in the literature to solve the VNE problem for different targets. Due to the current successful rise of artificial intelligence, it has been widely used recently to solve technological problems. In this context, this paper investigates the requirements and analyses the use of the Q-learning algorithm for energy-efficient VNE. The results achieved validate the strategy and show clear improvements in terms of cost/revenue and energy savings, compared to traditional algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical utilities and system operators (SOs) are constantly looking for solutions to problems in the management and control of the power network. For this purpose, SOs are exploring new research fields, which might bring contributions to the power system environment. A clear example is the field of computer science, within which artificial intelligence (AI) has been developed and is being applied to many fields. In power systems, AI could support the fault prediction of cable joints. Despite the availability of many legacy methods described in the literature, fault prediction is still critical, and it needs new solutions. For this purpose, in this paper, the authors made a further step in the evaluation of machine learning methods (ML) for cable joint health assessment. Six ML algorithms have been compared and assessed on a consolidated test scenario. It simulates a distributed measurement system which collects measurements from medium-voltage (MV) cable joints. Typical metrics have been applied to compare the performance of the algorithms. The analysis is then completed considering the actual in-field conditions and the SOs' requirements. The results demonstrate: (i) the pros and cons of each algorithm; (ii) the best-performing algorithm; (iii) the possible benefits from the implementation of ML algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation of the energy sector toward the Smart Grid paradigm, intelligent energy management, and distributed energy integration poses new requirements for computer science. Issues related to the automation of power grid management, multidimensional analysis of data generated in Smart Grids, and optimization of decision-making processes require urgent solutions. The article aims to analyze the use of selected artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to support the abovementioned issues. In particular, machine learning methods, metaheuristic algorithms, and intelligent fuzzy inference systems were analyzed. Examples of the analyzed algorithms were tested in crucial domains of the energy sector. The study analyzed cybersecurity, Smart Grid management, energy saving, power loss minimization, fault diagnosis, and renewable energy sources. For each domain of the energy sector, specific engineering problems were defined, for which the use of artificial intelligence algorithms was analyzed. Research results indicate that AI algorithms can improve the processes of energy generation, distribution, storage, consumption, and trading. Based on conducted analyses, we defined open research challenges for the practical application of AI algorithms in critical domains of the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the challenge of minimizing training time for the control of Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems with online Reinforcement Learning (RL). This is done by developing a novel approach to Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) to HVAC systems. In this paper, the environment formed by the HVAC system is formulated as a Markov Game (MG) in a general sum setting. The MARL algorithm is designed in a decentralized structure, where only relevant states are shared between agents, and actions are shared in a sequence, which are sensible from a system's point of view. The simulation environment is a domestic house located in Denmark and designed to resemble an average house. The heat source in the house is an air-to-water heat pump, and the HVAC system is an Underfloor Heating system (UFH). The house is subjected to weather changes from a data set collected in Copenhagen in 2006, spanning the entire year except for June, July, and August, where heat is not required. It is shown that: (1) When comparing Single Agent Reinforcement Learning (SARL) and MARL, training time can be reduced by 70% for a four temperature-zone UFH system, (2) the agent can learn and generalize over seasons, (3) the cost of heating can be reduced by 19% or the equivalent to 750 kWh of electric energy per year for an average Danish domestic house compared to a traditional control method, and (4) oscillations in the room temperature can be reduced by 40% when comparing the RL control methods with a traditional control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an attempt at the energy optimization of perfect control systems is performed. The perfect control law is the maximum-speed and maximum-accuracy procedure, which allows us to obtain a reference value on the plant's output just after a time delay. Based on the continuous-time state-space description, the minimum-error strategy is discussed in the context of possible solutions aiming for the minimization of the control energy. The approach presented within this study is focused on the nonunique matrix inverse-originated so-called degrees of freedom being the core of perfect control scenarios. Thus, in order to obtain the desired energy-saving parameters, a genetic algorithm has been employed during the inverse model control synthesis process. Now, the innovative continuous-time procedure can be applied to a wide range of multivariable plants without any stress caused by technological limitations. Simulation examples made in the MATLAB/Simulink environment have proven the usefulness of the new method shown within the paper. In the extreme case, the energy consumption has been reduced by approximately 80% in comparison with the well-known Moore–Penrose inverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental comfort takes a central role in the well-being and health of people. In modern industrial, commercial, and residential buildings, passive energy sources (such as solar irradiance and heat exchangers) and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are usually employed to achieve the required comfort. While passive strategies can effectively enhance the livability of indoor spaces with limited or no energy cost, active strategies based on HVAC machines are often preferred to have direct control over the environment. Commonly, the working parameters of such machines are manually tuned to a fixed set point during working hours or throughout the whole day, leading to inefficiencies in terms of comfort and energy consumption. Albeit effective, previous works that tackle the comfort–energy tradeoff are tailored to the specific environment under study (in terms of geometry, characteristics of the building, etc.) and thus cannot be applied on a large industrial scale. We address the problem from a different angle and propose an adaptive and practical solution for comfort optimisation. It does not require the intervention of expert personnel or any customisations around the environment while it implicitly analyses the influence of different agents (e.g., passive phenomena) on the monitored parameters. A convolutional neural network (CNN) predicts the long-term impact on thermal comfort and energy consumption of a range of possible actuation strategies for the HVAC system. The decision on the best HVAC settings is taken by choosing the combination of ON/OFF and set point (SP), which optimises thermal comfort and, at the same time, minimises energy consumption. We validate our solution in a real-world scenario and through software simulations, providing a performance comparison against the fixed set point strategy and a greedy approach. The evaluation results show that our solution achieves the desired thermal comfort while reducing the energy footprint by up to approximately 16% in a real environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to sustainable electricity generation depends heavily on renewable energy sources, particularly wind power. Making precise forecasts, which calls for clever predictive controllers, is a crucial aspect of maximizing the efficiency of wind turbines. This study presents DeepVELOX, a new methodology. With this method, sophisticated machine learning methods are smoothly incorporated into wind power systems. The Increased Velocity (IN-VELOX) wind turbine framework combines the Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR) with the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. Predictive capabilities are entering a new age thanks to this integration. This research presents DeepVELOX, its structure, and results. In particular, this study presents the considerable performance of DeepVELOX. With a MAPE of 0.0002 and an RMSPE of 0.0974, it gets outstanding Key Performance Indicator (KPI) results. The criteria of Accuracy, F1-Score, R2-Score, Precision, and Recall, with a value of 1, further emphasize its performance. The result of this process is an MSE of 0.0352. The significant reduction in forecast disparities is made possible by this system's remarkable accuracy. Along with improving accuracy, the integration of machine learning algorithms, including GBR, the GWO algorithm, and wind turbine operations, offer a dynamic framework for maximizing power and energy capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) performs a vital role in providing connectivity between computing devices, processes, and things. It significantly increases the communication facilities and giving up-to-date information to distributed networks. On the other hand, the techniques of artificial intelligence offer numerous and valuable services in emerging fields. An IoT-based healthcare solution facilitates patients, hospitals, and professionals to observe real-time and critical data. In the literature, most of the solution suffers from data intermission, high ethical standards, and trustworthiness communication. Moreover, network interruption with recurrent expose of sensitive and personal health data decreases the reliance on network systems. Therefore, this paper intends to propose an IoT solution for AI-enabled privacy-preserving with big data transferring using blockchain. Firstly, the proposed algorithm uses a graph-modeling to develop a scalable and reliable system for gathering and transmitting data. In addition, it extracts the subset of nodes using the artificial intelligence approach and achieves efficient services for the healthcare system. Secondly, symmetric-based digital certificates are utilized to offer authentic and confidential transmission with communication resources using blockchain. The proposed algorithm is explored with existing solutions through multiple simulations and proved improvement in terms of realistic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reformulating the history matching problem from a least-square mathematical optimization problem into a Markov Decision Process introduces a method in which reinforcement learning can be utilized to solve the problem. This method provides a mechanism where an artificial deep neural network agent can interact with the reservoir simulator and find multiple different solutions to the problem. Such a formulation allows for solving the problem in parallel by launching multiple concurrent environments enabling the agent to learn simultaneously from all the environments at once, achieving significant speed up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timeliness of the complex automated diagnostics of the metal condition for all characteristics has been substantiated. An algorithm for the automation of metallographic quality control of metals is proposed and described. It is based on the use of neural networks for recognizing images of metal microstructures and a precedent method for determining the metal grade. An approach to preliminarily process the images of metal microstructures is described. The structure of a neural network has been developed to determine the quantitative characteristics of metals. The results of the functioning of neural networks for determining the quantitative characteristics of metals are presented. The high accuracy of determining the characteristics of metals using neural networks is shown. Software has been developed for the automated recognition of images of metal microstructures, and for the determination of the metal grade. Comparative results of carrying out metallographic analysis with the developed tools are demonstrated. As a result, there is a significant reduction in the time required for analyzing metallographic images, as well as an increase in the accuracy of determining the quantitative characteristics of metals. The study of this problem is important not only in the metallurgical industry, but also in production, the maritime industry, and other engineering fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Union Allowances (EUAs) are rights to emit CO2 that may be sold or bought by enterprises. They were originally created to try to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, although they have become assets that may be used by financial intermediaries to seek for new business opportunities. Therefore, forecasting the time evolution of their price is very important for agents involved in their selling or buying. Neural Networks, an artificial intelligence paradigm, have been proved to be accurate and reliable tools for time series forecasting, and have been widely used to predict economic and energetic variables; two of them are used in this work, the Multilayer Preceptron (MLP) and the Long Short-Term Memories (LSTM), along with another artificial intelligence algorithm (XGBoost). They are combined with two preprocessing tools, decomposition of the time series into its trend and fluctuation and decomposition into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) by the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). The price prediction is obtained by adding those from each subseries. These two tools are combined with the three forecasting tools to provide 20 future predictions of EUA prices. The best results are provided by MLP-EMD, which is able to achieve a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.91% for the first predicted datum and 5.65% for the twentieth, with a mean value of 4.44%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]