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This paper investigates the theoretical foundation for developing renewable geothermal resources locally. For this reason, we pay attention to the role of communities in geothermal development. We derive it from the integral characteristics of geothermal energy next to the shift in the energy transition policies to focus on managing green resources locally. This study presents arguments for a framework that approaches geothermal resources as an endogenous factor of community development. To analyse it, we create a model that explains the local economic characteristics of geothermal exploitation beyond its geological conditions. It aims to conceptualise a community-based geothermal development standard referring to the endogeneity principle. Geothermal energy is given attention since the characteristics of this resource determine its use locally. This induces the internalisation of labour and technology in the local economic system, a specific condition for local geothermal projects where a community remains a prime beneficiary. We argue that the role of communities in geothermal exploitation is pivotal in the process of green growth for further expansion of geothermal energy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, the 19th CPC National Congress proposed to "establish a sound economic system of green, low-carbon and circular development", which indicates the direction of high-quality economic development in the new era of China. Clean power investment is a powerful way to promote high-quality economic development by adopting non-fossil-energy utilization and low-emission technologies, as well as creating new jobs. Meanwhile, large-scale investment and a long investment return period result in negative effects on local economies. To better understand the effect of clean power investment, this paper selects panel data of thirty provinces in China from 2010 to 2019 to establish a spatial Durbin model to explore the impact of clean power investment on regional high-quality economic development. The results show that inter-regional high-quality economic development shows significant spatial auto-correlation characteristics. Clean power investment has not only a positive direct effect on high-quality economic development but also generates positive spatial spillover effects. Human capital, degree of government intervention, and urbanization rate have positive effects on regional high-quality economic development, while they play a suppressed role on neighboring regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is directly linked to a broad array of changes because of disorganized activities within the economic system and human intervention. Climate change affects the well-being status of both non-living and living things. Relevant policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change conditions concentrate on solutions that intend to use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels or other conventional energy sources. This study aims to process a review focused on how renewables advance environmental quality and create relevant benefits within severe economic activities. This study elaborates on the case of China for two main reasons. First, China has a pivotal role in the economic system worldwide. Second, China is making serious attempts to transition into a low-carbon economy. An integrative review was processed to receive selected publications. The advantage of this process is that it considers empirical and non-empirical studies, policy papers, and conceptual frameworks. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to retrieve the final number of publications. Review results from 39 well-acknowledged Journals provided 180 selected publications categorized into seven study groups: data analyses, model optimization studies, market issues, renewable energy technology publications, nuclear energy publications, ocean energy publications, and policy-related studies. Policy implications concern China's efforts to accelerate the integration of renewables in the energy mix. Hence, the country should increase energy efficiency in consumption and process investment plans based on robust research and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with an imperative operational problem, called the optimal power flow (OPF), which has several technical and economic points of view with respect the environmental concerns. This paper proposes a multiple-objective optimizer NSWOA (non-dominated sorting whale optimization algorithm) for resolving single-objective OPFs, as well as multi-objective frameworks. With a variety of technical and economic power system objectives, the OPF can be formulated. These objectives are treated as single- and multi-objective OPF issues that are deployed with the aid of the proposed NSWOA to solve these OPF formulations. The proposed algorithm modifies the Pareto ranking and analyzes the optimum compromise solution based on the optimal Euclidian distances. This proposed strategy ensures high convergence speed and improves search capabilities. To achieve this study, an IEEE 30-bus (sixth-generation unit system) is investigated, with eight scenarios studied that highlight technical and environmental operational needs. When compared to previous optimization approaches, the suggested NSWOA achieves considerable techno-economic improvements. Additionally, the statical analyses are carried out for 20 separate runs. This analysis proves the high robustness of the proposed NSWOA at low levels of standard deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing penetration of behind-the-meter (BTM) photovoltaic (PV) installations, accurate solar energy forecasts are required for a reliable economic energy system operation. A new hybrid methodology is proposed in this paper with a sequence of one-step ahead models to accumulate 144 h for a small-scale BTM PV site. Three groups of models with different inputs are developed to cover 6 days of forecasting horizon, with each group trained for each hour of the above zero irradiance. In addition, a novel dataset preselection is proposed, and neighboring solar farms' power predictions are used as a feature to boost the accuracy of the model. Two techniques are selected: XGBoost and CatBoost. An extensive assessment for 1 year is conducted to evaluate the proposed method. Numerical results highlight that training the models with the previous, current, and 1 month ahead from the previous year referenced by the target month can improve the model's accuracy. Finally, when solar energy predictions from neighboring solar farms are incorporated, this further increases the overall forecast accuracy. The proposed method is compared with the complete-history persistence ensemble (CH-PeEn) model as a benchmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the energy transition as part of prosumer capitalism is a socio-economic process whose complexity increases over time, which makes it an example of a super wicked problem. It comprises many new phenomena emerging spontaneously, and often unpredictably, in the energy markets. The main contemporary challenge involves such an energy sector transformation which will prevent climate change and will ensure the sustainable development of the global economy. However, this requires solving a large number of sub-problems in areas such as legislation, energy distribution, democracy, and cybersecurity. Therefore, this is a multidisciplinary issue. Moreover, the situation is complicated by the frequently omitted fact that energy transition is not part of the standard capitalism model, extensively described in handbooks and scientific literature, but it is conducted as part of a new economic system—prosumer capitalism, which has not been properly explored yet. However, a solution to this super wicked problem has to be found soon, as the energy system may be threatened with complexity catastrophe, which denotes exceeding the upper complexity limit associated with the breakdown of its adaptability. Therefore, developing effective techniques for alleviating the complexity catastrophe, including redefining the change management and complexity management methods to the global scale, becomes the top priority among the tasks faced by science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the significance of environmental aspects, the modeling of hybrid systems should be performed with the lowest cost and environmental pollution. Therefore, an effective and optimum sizing method can ensure acceptable performance. This paper implements a "technique for order performance by similarity to the ideal solution" (TOPSIS) method combined with the "analytic hierarchy process (AHP)" method to size a standalone system based on techno-economic parameters. For this reason, a survey was conducted to collect local load data on Monpura Island, located in Bhola, Bangladesh. Visible and design faults of the existing PV/diesel mini-grid have also been identified. Five alternative hybrid configurations have been considered as to evaluate the best optimum system. Two economic and one environmental criterion was used to size the system. Two experts specialized in energy systems evaluated the criteria and proposed the suitable system. Battery, wind and PV capital cost multipliers have been considered as to perform sensitivity analysis. According to techno-economic analysis and expert opinion, PV/biogas/wind has been found to be the most appropriate system among these configurations. The system has a cost of electricity (COE) of 0.691 (USD/kWh) and emits only 4.43 kg of CO2 per year. The net present cost of the proposed system is 18% lower than the existing microgrid, and the model has lower emissions due to high renewable penetration. It was also found that integrating wind can significantly reduce battery capacity in the mini-grid. The proposed system consumes 34% less batteries than the existing system. Implementing this optimum system can result in greater benefit to the local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated demand response strategy participates in the coordinated operation of the integrated energy system, which can effectively improve the flexibility and stability of the system operation. This paper adopts a multiple load demand response strategy to guide users' energy consumption habits. Firstly, the cooperative operation structure of integrated energy system considering comprehensive demand response is designed by analyzing the characteristics of multiple loads. Secondly, according to the interactive relationship between the output exchange power and the demand response adjustment of units, a two-stage collaborative optimization model is established. Finally, results show that considering the demand response of electricity-heat-gas load requires higher output power flexibility of the generators and enhances the ability of the system to participate in the demand response. The overall economic benefit of the system can be improved, but the comprehensive satisfaction of users will be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamics is based on its Four Laws structure. Based on Thermodynamics and its Four Laws structure, this work presents and explores its economic counterpart, proposing an economic Four Laws structure to look at Economics through the eyes of Thermodynamics. The Economic Zeroth Law is based on the merchandise economic thermal equilibrium, thus defining the economic temperature. The Economic First Law is based on balance equations for the units of merchandise and monetary species. The economic Second Law is based on the observation that the traded merchandise units are transferred in the increasing unit price direction (in the decreasing economic temperature direction). This allows economic entropy to be defined through a differential equation, as well as the definition of economic irreversibility and economic entropy generation. The economic Third Law states that the merchandise economic entropy of an economic system at the null economic temperature (at an infinite merchandise unit price) is null. Conjugation of the economic Second and Third Laws sets how to evaluate the absolute value of the economic entropy of an economic system. The presented developments setting the proposed economic Four Laws structure introduce and explore a large set of concepts, variables, and relations that are of major relevance for looking at Economics through the eyes of Thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sustainable Development Goals are significantly increasing investments in the production of energy from renewable sources (RESs). To this end, the supply of monetary incentives by public institutions has increased sharply. This flow of money inevitably attracts the attention of criminal organizations (henceforth COs) that use their power to increase the volumes of investments, while public authorities might react by deciding not to make investments in RESs in areas at risk of distorted use of incentives. In this context, the research question is as follows: does the presence of COs slow down or encourage investment in RESs? Until now, this topic has received little attention from researchers, at least in the European Union. In particular, the presence of COs is particularly pervasive in the economic system of Italy. Given the heterogeneity of this country, a spatial econometric approach was used, taking into account geographical dependency relationships and their impact on the relevant variables. The main result of the research shows a negative relationship between Italian areas with higher CO levels and RES investments. In other words, investments are discouraged in these regions. This situation is detrimental to the target regions in terms of sustainable development and increasing the gross national product (GNP). Furthermore, we found that micro-crime cannot in any way influence investments in RESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy policy affects the functioning of the economic and financial systems of countries worldwide. This paper provides a theoretical overview of the economy–energy nexus and discusses the particular cases of the energy policy dynamics amid the sustainability goals. This paper integrates multiple perspectives on the energy–economy nexus, with a particular focus on the energy trilemma, 4As of energy security and PESTEL approach. This allows the development of a comprehensive framework for the analysis of energy security and the sustainability interaction. A review of manifestations of the different dimensions of energy security and sustainability is carried out to identify the most topical facets of the issue. Then, the cases of the selected European Union countries (Ireland, Greece, Denmark and Lithuania) are presented to highlight the effects and features of the recent energy policy changes there. Indeed, these countries apply a PSO levy mechanism on electricity tariffs and are diverse in their geopolitical situation, economic development, geographical situation and energy dependency level. The analysis of the situations of such different countries applying the PSO levy mechanism makes it possible to perform a broader and more in-depth assessment and comparison of electricity tariff regulations. Thus, the developed theoretical model is applied to identify the major outcomes of the energy policy regimes (with a focus on tariff regulation) in the selected countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a stylized dynamic interdependent multi-country energy transition model. The goal of this paper is to provide a starting point for examining the impact of uncertainty in such models. To do this, we define a simple model based on the standard Solow macroeconomic growth model. We consider this model in a two-country setting using a non-cooperative dynamic game perspective. Total carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is added in this growth model as a factor that has a negative impact on economic growth, whereas production can be realized using either green or fossil energy. Additionally, a factor is incorporated that captures the difficulties of using green energy, such as accessibility per country. We calibrate this model for a two-player setting, in which one player represents all countries affiliated with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the other player represents countries not affiliated with the OECD. It is shown that, in general, the model is capable to describe energy transitions towards quite different equilibrium constellations. It turns out that this is mainly caused by the choice of policy parameters chosen in the objective function. We also analyze the optimal response strategies of both countries if the model in equilibrium would be hit by a CO2 shock. Also, here we observe a quite natural response. As the model is quite stylized, a serious study is performed to the impact several model uncertainties have on the results. It turns out that, within the OECD/non-OECD framework, most of the considered uncertainties do not impact results much. However, the way we calibrate policy parameters does carry much uncertainty and, as such, influences equilibrium outcomes a lot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the new energy industry represented by photovoltaics has become the main force to realize the optimization of China's energy structure and the goal of "double carbon"; with the absence of land resources, the waterborne bifacial photovoltaic has ushered in a new opportunity. Therefore, in order to address the problem that the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaics (PV) could not take into account, the dynamic economic performance in the control process, an economic model predictive control (EMPC), is proposed in this work to realize the MPPT of the waterborne bifacial PV power generation system. Firstly, the model of the bifacial PV module is constructed by combining the ray-tracing irradiance model and considering the effect of water surface albedo on the irradiance absorbed by the module. Secondly, the EMPC controller is designed based on the state-space model of the system to maximize the power generation as the economic performance index, and to solve the optimal input variables time by time to achieve a rolling optimization with the operational requirements of the system itself as the constraints. Thirdly, the MATLAB/Simulink (R2022a) simulation experimental results verify that the EMPC strategy could be utilized to achieve MPPT of the waterborne bifacial PV power generation system, according to the changes of environment. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the bifacial PV power generation system that employed the EMPC strategy outperformed the traditional MPPT algorithm, with respect to both output power tracking velocity and accuracy, and the power generation could be improved by about 6% to 14.5%, which significantly enhances the system's dynamic process economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stand-alone microgrids integrating renewable energy sources have emerged as an efficient energy solution for electrifying isolated sites, such as islands and remote areas. The design of a microgrid involves various influential factors, including technological development, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts, based on the conditions and regulations of a particular site. This paper proposes a comprehensive microgrid design framework based on power system analysis and techno-economic analysis. The obtained optimal microgrid configuration satisfies both the design objective and power system performance regulations. The proposed design approach focuses on using practical data and can adapt to any microgrid design problems based on the local characteristics of a specific site. The practicality and effectiveness of the design framework are validated by applying it to the design of a stand-alone microgrid for Deokjeok Island in South Korea. The case study results justify the importance of considering site-specific characteristics and the impacts of power system conditions on the optimal microgrid design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy and environmental issues are receiving considerable attention worldwide along with the technological development of production system for reducing global warming. Due to the use of smart technologies, the rate of carbon emission and energy utilization have become very high and are directly related to different industries. This study focuses on the effect of renewable energy on the advancement of smart production with a flexible production rate as well as the reduction of carbon emission to build a sustainable smart production system. A mathematical model is developed to maximize the profit of the smart production system for economic development while considering technological and environmental issues. The model is solved analytically, and we obtain closed and quasi-closed form solutions. A numerical experiment is performed, and a comparison with previous studies indicates that our method achieves more profit than existing ones. Additionally, we highlight the major effect of renewable energy. Different graphical representations of the decision variables prove the convergence of the model. A sensitivity analysis and graphical representation are presented in this paper, and some recommendations for industry are provided by simulating this model in different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an optimal insertion model for battery storage systems in the nodes of an electrical transmission network. The proposed model is developed through mixed integer linear programming applied to the calculation of DC power flows, considering restrictions given by the characteristics of the network and by the parameters of the generation units. The proposal's main objective is to reduce the costs of operation and non-supplied energy produced, due to needing to meet the demand fully or partially. As a case study to evaluate the proposed methodology, the IEEE 24-bar test system is used. In this base case, electrical generators that depend on different primary energy resources are modeled: hydraulic, thermal, photovoltaic, and wind, in addition to potential electrical energy storage systems. These storage systems are assigned as possible analysis scenarios through the proposed optimization technique. The study is carried out in a time horizon of 24 h per day, according to a standard demand curve. With the incorporation of optimally selected storage systems in their capacity and location, it is possible to minimize dependence on the use of fossil fuels. In addition, considerable savings are obtained by reducing generation costs, and the stability of the energy supply is guaranteed. This novel proposal presents a methodology that covers all the variables of this problem, thus guaranteeing an authentic and precise study in terms of optimization. The results obtained highlight and demonstrate the benefits of stability, continuous attention to demand, reduction in dependence on exhaustible and polluting sources, and cost reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control lacks voltage inertia and powerful decoupling capabilities. The voltage of the distributed generator (DG) unit controlled by the VSG will be easily affected by power fluctuations and high-frequency noise, and the DG coupling usually makes the VSG control effect unsatisfactory. In order to effectively reduce power fluctuations, the influence of high-frequency noise on voltage, the influence of coupling on the power regulation, and effectively improve the economy of the economic system, the improved VSG control that combines voltage inertia and virtual impedance is proposed in this paper. The second-order inertia in the proposed VSG control strategy can minimize the voltage change rate and filter high-frequency noise from the excitation and virtual impedance. The virtual impedance in the proposed VSG control strategy can simulate the actual impedance to change the line characteristics, so the coupling of the DG unit can be reduced. Experimental results based on the microgrid platform prove the feasibility of improving the VSG control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the U.S., approximately 47% of the total electricity use comes from residential buildings. Most of the residential buildings use HVAC system to ventilate, cool, or heat the indoor environmental spaces mechanically, rather than using natural outdoor air in transition seasons, even though the outdoor environmental conditions are favorable for indoor thermal comfort. In this case, an HVAC system using mixed-mode ventilation with an appropriate ratio of using indoor air and outdoor air could decrease the energy use in residential buildings. This research uses high-granular HVAC electricity use data with indoor thermostat data and outdoor weather data from residential buildings in Austin, Texas, to evaluate the benefits of energy and economics when using HVAC mixed-mode ventilation in spring and fall transition seasons. The results demonstrate that the household owners could save approximately 150.79 kWh of total HVAC energy use and 24.41% of HVAC cost in spring transition months (April/May), and similarly, 143.86 kWh of energy use and 27.2% cost savings in fall transition months (October/November). The results could support further study to use automatically operated windows for natural ventilation to reduce energy use in residential buildings toward sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic and social progress is directly and closely related to energy consumption. In the latest decades, there is a higher need to reduce energy consumption from conventional sources, replacing it with energy obtained from unconventional sources. The environmental concern is one of the objectives of the European economic policy, with a particular focus on renewable energy consumption and energy efficiency in order to lower the environmental impact. In this context, we analyzed energy consumption per capita and renewable energy consumption per capita in the EU with the help of parametric methods, using the β-convergence model, and semiparametric methods, using the σ-convergence model. In this research we proposed to study six analysis models of the period 1960–2015, based on the availability of data. We concluded that the EU states went through a convergence process in a slow pace of energy consumption per capita and renewable energy per capita, showing a convergence pattern. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between the convergence of conventional energy consumption and the convergence of renewable (unconventional) energy consumption. The study covers a long period of time in which EU member states had different economic and social systems, implicitly different degrees and rates of development. In addition, the interest in renewable energy is relatively recent in the whole world. There is a possibility that future research will provide more optimistic results, in terms of accelerating the convergence rate, as appropriate measures and technologies are applied to renewable energy production in all EU member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of energy configuration in the planning of data-center-park-integrated energy systems (DCP-IESs) has become an enormous challenge, owing to multi-energy complementarity, energy cascade use, and energy security. In this study, a configuration model of DCP-IESs was established to obtain the economic and low-carbon energy uses of the data centers, based on mixed integer linear programming. In the model, carbon emissions were converted to economic indicators through carbon pricing. Then, the configuration model was modified according to the security of the proposed device switching logic, and the Markov-based reliability estimation method was used to ensure the redundant design of the configuration. Using the new energy configuration method, the DCP-IES configuration scheme could be obtained under economical, low-carbon, and high reliability conditions. A data center park in Shanghai was selected as a case study, and the results are as follows: it will only take 2.88 years for the economics of DCP-IES to reach those of traditional data center energy systems. Additionally, the use of configuration model in DCP-IES would result in a reduction in annual carbon emissions of 39,323 tons, with a power usage effectiveness of 1.388, whereas an increase in reliability results in an increasingly faster increase in the initial investment cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]