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CSZM compounds were synthesized by dry chemistry route with 5, 10, and 15% dopant of Mg dopants in the Ce 0.8−2x Sm 0.2 Zrx Mgx O2−d, {x = 0.05, 0.1 & 0.15}. The newly investigated materials were physically, chemically, and electrochemically studied and have shown promising results. The CSZM was crystalized in a fluorite structure with a pure cubic phase in a space group Fm3m and cell parameter a = 5.401742 ° A and theoretical density from 7.6 to 8.9 after firing in the air with a final temperature of 1400 °C. Characterization of the structure and indexing of electrolyte materials were made after X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing. A Scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphological analysis was used to examine the microstructure details. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed from 400 °C to 700 °C which show the highest conductivity value of 1.0461 × 10+1 S/cm at 700 °C. In comparison, the minimum value was 2.7329 × 10−2 S/cm at 400 °C, and the total activation energy (Ea ° A ) was found to be 0.6865 eV under 5% H2/Ar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured materials have gained much attention in recent engineering and material- science research due to their unique structural makeup, which stands them out from their bulk counterparts. Their novel properties of tiny-size structural elements (molecules or crystallites, clusters) of nanoscale dimensions (1 to 100 nm) make them a perfect material for energy applications. The recent keen interest in nanostructured materials research by academia and industrial experts arises from the unique variable characteristics of increased electrical and thermal conductivity. This occurs as nanostructured materials undergo a transient process from infinite-extended solid to a particle of ascertainable numbers of atoms. The commercial and energy sectors are very interested in developing and expanding simple synthetic pathways for nanostructured-electrocatalysts materials to aid in optimizing the number of active regions. Over the decades, various techniques have been put forward to design and synthesize nanostructured-electrocatalysts materials for electrochemical generation of energy and storage applications. As a result, the design of fuel cells, supercapacitors, and energy-storage devices has advanced significantly. This review provides a comprehensive outlook of various synthesis techniques and highlight the challenges of nanostructured- electrocatalysts materials application in fuel cells. Several synthesis methods are discussed and summarized for enhanced nanomaterial preparation and high product attainment with the sol-gel synthesis method being emphasized. The design methodology for an effective nanostructured electrocatalysts with high efficiency for fuel cells was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]