1. Comfort of Domestic Water in Residential Buildings: Flow, Temperature and Energy in Draw-Off Points: Field Study in Two Danish Detached Houses.
- Author
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Marszal-Pomianowska, Anna, Jensen, Rasmus Lund, Pomianowski, Michal, Larsen, Olena Kalyanova, Jørgensen, Jacob Scharling, and Knudsen, Sofie Sand
- Subjects
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HOME energy use , *HOT water , *WATER distribution , *DWELLINGS , *WATER temperature , *HAND washing , *WATER use - Abstract
There is very little knowledge on the occupant actual hot water comfort (temperature and flow), usage practice, and routines (temporal and spatial distribution of hot water usage in a household). This paper describes the results from the total and hot water measurements in two Danish detached houses. The results show that, at the draw-off points, the temperature of 55 °C is never asked by the occupants, not even in the kitchen sink. The domestic water temperature differentiates depending on the function of the draw-off point, with the shower and kitchen taps being most energy- and water-intense. They constitute around 90% of the hot water use in the house. Shower units on average demand for highest temperature (i.e., 35.5 °C to 40.4 °C). Hand washing operates, on average, at temperature between 20.5 °C to 26.5 °C. Average water temperature at the taps located in utility room varies between 23 °C to 26 °C. These in-depth insight in the total and hot water use in two new-built low energy houses, can a) help building professionals designing more efficient hot water installations; b) enhance the research work on energy flexibility buildings by providing knowledge on most energy-intensive draw-off points; and c) facilitate district heating professionals in improving the network performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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