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Users' energy use behavior has great impact on the economic and efficient operation of integrated energy systems (IES). This paper proposes energy usage strategies based on integrated demand response (IDR) by developing a Stackelberg game based simulation model, in which the user-side flexible resources (FRs) and comfort cost are considered. In the paper, a framework of community integrated energy system (CIES) and an IDR model considering the consumer psychology were established first, in which the community users were viewed as a user aggregator (UA). A Stackelberg game simulation model was then developed for studying the energy interactions between community integrated energy service provider (CIESP) as the leader and UA as the follower based on the proposed IDR model. The benefit gain and energy use behavior of the UA were analyzed, by using the model developed, in six scenarios. The study found the strategy developed with the consideration of FRs and consumer psychology could make the UA's cost of purchasing energy reduced by 17.14 %. Meanwhile, the consumer surplus could increase by 11.58 %. The results also showed that by introducing user-side gas boilers and distributed energy storage more benefit gain for users and improved load regulation capabilities for CIES could be achieved. • A Stackelberg game based simulation model is developed for a CIES. • An IDR model considering the consumer psychology is established. • The optimal energy use strategy is obtained considering the user-side flexible resources and comfort cost. • This strategy can reduce the cost of energy use and increase the consumer surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles enjoy not only vigorous promotion in many countries via green license plates but also state subsidies. This study investigates a traditional combustion-vehicle market and the coexistence of combustion and electric vehicles under the influence of network effects. It evaluates the impact of the greenness gap and network effect on their pricing, subsidies, and market returns, respectively. We then consider the conditions for introducing electric vehicles into the market. The results show that when the network effect is not considered, introducing electric vehicles is beneficial to customers, manufacturer and society. However, when the network effect is considered, introducing electric vehicles can increase manufacturer's profit and social welfare only when the fixed costs of the new product line are sufficiently low. Finally, electric vehicles should be introduced if the greenness gap between the two products is small because this can increase profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare. • The impact of network effects on introducing electric vehicles is studied. • Introducing electric vehicles benefits the manufacturer without network effects. • Introducing electric vehicles might harm the manufacturer with network effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyses the effect on the daily electricity market of the authorisation of 3909 MW of new photovoltaic (PV) power in Spain in 2017 –as a contribution to the EU environmental objectives for 2030. To estimate the impact of this additional offer, we use real data from the supply and demand curves of the Iberian (Spain and Portugal) daily electricity market. Our data is available for all the hours of the full year between August 1, 2016 and July 31, 2017. In this period, more than 800 agents have participated in the market, generating more than 15 million operations. In order to calculate the new supply function for each hour, the hourly production of these new facilities is added to the offer at zero price, since their marginal costs are very close to zero and correspond to the offers that are being made by the current PV bidders. By using static and dynamic (multilevel) analyses, the variations of prices, quantities, emissions and surpluses of buyers and sellers are calculated. As the economic theory foresees, the new supply curve causes a decrease in average prices of 2.7 €/MWh in daylight hours (or 1.5€/MWh considering all the hours of the year), and an 8% reduction in the income of the PV plants currently in operation (incumbents). The substitution of combined cycle energy (the technology expulsed) by PV energy brings about a saving of 2.2 million Mt of CO 2 eq. In terms of economic welfare, the incorporation of PV power produces an increase in the total surplus of about 300 M€ each year. • The effects on welfare and emissions of PV integration in Spain have been studied. • More than 15 million real market data have been used for simulation. • The prices will be reduced by 1.X €/MWh, increasing welfare and reducing CO2 emissions. • The consumer's surplus increases, while that of the seller decreases. • Recommendations, thumb rules and future assessments are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]