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China is the top emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. Pulp and paper industry is one of eight the strictly regulated industries about carbon emission in China. However, estimates of carbon emissions from China's pulp and paper industry have been suffered from remarkable uncertainty. It is summarized that is aroused by the inaccuracy of factors evaluating energy consumption, and the huge gap between the calculation standards for assessing energy consumption in the production process and the actual level recorded in the factories. This paper re-evaluated the carbon emission of China's pulp and paper industry from the perspective of life cycle assessment, and applied more accurate emission factors, taking account of the actual energy consumption of the production process in factories, to estimate the actual carbon emissions in maximum. It is found that the national standards about the energy consumption quota of China's pulp and paper industry is no longer applicable, and the actual energy consumption regulated in the production process is far better than the advanced level given by the national standards. The greenhouse gas emission have been seriously overestimated approximately 12.00%–56.17% by international organizations. • Life Cycle Analysis of the China's pulp and paper Industry is conducted thoroughly. • The pulp flow of China's pulp and paper Industry is analyzed. • Energy regulated in factory is far better than the national standards' required. • Carbon emissions of China's pulp and paper Industry are overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable renewable energy-based power is expected to increase toward a sustainable society, although the power cannot be dispatched effectively due to its intermittent nature. To accelerate renewable energy implementation, we simulated energy flows of paper mills installing wind energy and evaluated their potentials to function as energy hubs for appropriate early-stage design. We targeted 39 Japanese paper mills assumed to have thermal energy storage, wind–thermal energy converters and regional woody biomass installed, and analyzed the amount of power and heat selling and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. The results for the paper mills were compared with conventional mills to examine effective conditions for greenhouse gas reduction. The amount of power or heat selling depended on the capacity of the paper mill and the installed equipment. Most paper mills could reduce greenhouse gas using thermal energy storage, wind energy, and woody biomass. The paper mill with the highest life cycle greenhouse gas reduction, compared with conventional mills, could achieve a 190% reduction. To function as a cogeneration energy hub, the equipment installed in paper mills should be designed according to the conditions of the paper mills and their regions. • Paper mills have potential as energy hubs by integrating variable renewable energy. • Thermal energy storage and wind–thermal energy converters were studied. • Energy flows and greenhouse gas emissions of paper mills were simulated. • Most mills could provide stable power and/or heat supplies and reduce emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power generation by variable renewable energy (VRE) is expected to expand for decarbonization, although it is difficult to ensure stabilization of the energy demand due to fluctuations in the power output from VRE. To accelerate VRE implementation, wind-powered thermal energy systems (WT th -ES), which can provide dispatchable power using wind–thermal energy converter (WEC th) and thermal energy storage (TES), have been proposed. In this study, we are tackling the installation of VRE, i.e., wind energy, by TES with WEC th compared with wind turbine (WT p) in paper mills to demonstrate the applicability of TES in an industrial sector. Conventional and alternative energy systems in paper mills with TES were mathematically modeled and simulated to analyze the transmittable power output and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by life cycle assessment. With the installation of TES and wind energy, transmittable power could be increased with GHG emissions reduction. However, their excess installation or unbalanced combination resulted in an increase in GHG emissions and a decrease in transmittable power. By comparing the cases, the combination of paper mill, TES, and WEC th could convert thermal energy efficiently and mitigate fossil fuel consumption for multiple production of paper and power from the paper mill. • A wind-thermal energy converter (WEC th) and a wind turbine (WT p) were compared. • Energy flows and GHG emissions of paper mills with TES and wind were simulated. • Paper mills reduced GHG of power generation less than fossil fuel-fired power plants. • Excess TES reduces dispatchable power generation and increases GHG emissions. • Paper mills with WEC th s and TES have the potential to be regional energy suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a number of sources of biomass-derived and fossil fuel-derived CO2 emissions from pulp and paper mills. The CO2 emissions from kraft mill lime kilns can be difficult to properly characterize because they contain a combination of fuel- and process-derived carbon of both fossil and biomass origin. In this paper, methods are presented for estimating biomass-derived and fossil fuel-derived emissions of CO2 from kraft mill lime kilns. It is shown that an accurate industry-wide estimate of greenhouse gas emissions from kraft mill lime kilns can be developed considering only the fossil fuel burned in these kilns. These emissions are estimated to be 1.3 million metric ton carbon equivalents (MMTCE) per year, or approximately 7% of direct emissions from the pulp and paper industry. Individual mills may need to consider more than just fossil fuel consumption in estimating greenhouse gas emissions due to a variety of site-specific factors, including the on-site manufacture of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from lime kiln stack gases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Growing demand for electricity due to economic development contributes to increased greenhouse gas production, especially CO 2. However, emissions can be limited by enhancing the efficiency of primary energy conversion, such as integrating geothermal energy into coal-fired power plants. Therefore, this paper proposes replacing conventional feed-water heaters with geothermal preheaters to create a hybridized system. This study was based on a numerical model validated at a selected Polish power unit. The model was subsequently calibrated for off-design conditions to facilitate partial load analysis. The obtained characteristics outperformed those of the non-hybrid unit, generating over 18 MW of electric power output. Such an improvement could potentially boost the unit's net efficiency by more than 2.6 %. This enhancement is significant as power units typically operate under part load for approximately 90 % of the time, hence the need to evaluate the performance characteristics of hybridized units in those states. Furthermore, the research outlines the potential decrease in the plant's CO 2 emission factor, with reductions reaching up to 6.5 % under off-design conditions. Based on a gap analysis of the existing literature, this paper's comprehensive partial load evaluation serves as a new addition to research on hybridized systems. • An in-depth analysis of feed-water heaters operation is performed. • Turbine performance calculations for both design and off-design states is validated. • The comprehensive study of hybridized systems integrates three major factors. • Hybrid geothermal-fossil power cycle is vital for specific CO 2 emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

District heating (DH) systems have been identified as an important component in efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and achieve climate targets in the near future. Software tools for analyzing these systems use different modeling approaches, making it challenging for practitioners to choose the most suitable tool based on specific use case requirements. This paper systematically reviews available DH network modeling and simulation tools, comparing their modeling approaches, application scope, and functional capabilities. An online survey was conducted among DH tool developers and experts to assess the technical evaluation criteria for these tools. First, the basic concepts and principles of DH networks modeling are discussed. Moreover, it provides an overview of DH network mathematical models, and discusses various numerical methods used for simulation and analysis, while highlighting potential areas for further research and tools development. The aim of this paper is to support academic and industrial users in selecting appropriate modeling approaches, tools, and libraries. • Reviews DH network modeling and simulation tools, comparing their methodologies, application scopes, and capabilities. • Examines of the current state of the art in DH network modeling, comparing different tools' approaches and functionalities. • Includes insights from an online survey of DH tool experts and highlights areas for further research and tool development. • Guides practitioners in selecting appropriate tools for specific DH network use cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2023, the European Parliament and Council reached a consensus to increase the binding renewable energy target (RES) to a minimum of 42.5 % by 2030, effectively doubling the proportion of RES from the 2020 baseline. This significant development aligns the EU more closely with the objectives of the European Green Deal and the REPowerEU initiative. High-temperature heat pumps (HTHP), due to their appropriateness for industrial-scale applications, integrate perfectly within this progressive trajectory. They enable waste heat generated by various production processes to be recovered (temperatures typically ranges from around 50 °C–100 °C) and subsequent use at temperatures above 100 °C, thus reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. The high operating temperatures and pressures of HTHPs are challenging. They require an in-depth analysis of the system processes involved, taking into account refrigerants, efficient heat pump cycles and key components. One possibility for a preliminary analysis of vapour compression HTHP system performance without incurring the costs associated with manufacturing and testing the device is modelling. However, there is no comprehensive review of research work on possible software. Commonly, the researchers report on one chosen methodology and the tools used. This paper provides a comprehensive review of modelling approaches. It also discusses aspects related to the principles of operation, refrigerants and system components. Additionally, the paper presents an overview of vapour compression heat pump applications in various sectors. The literature review conducted indicates the need for further research and development of HTHP covering not only technological aspects but also software development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectively utilizing low-grade thermal energy is a promising approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the burden on centralized power grids. Current thermoacoustic heat pumps and power generators face challenges such as high onset temperature differentials and low performance. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a gas-liquid resonator into a thermoacoustic combined heat and power systems to recover low-grade thermal energy in residential buildings. Through Sage modeling and calculations, the internal characteristics of the proposed system and its output performance under different operating conditions are explored. At a heating temperature of 350 °C, the system can generate 6.4 kW of output thermal power, 0.9 kW of electricity, and overall exergy efficiency is 79.3 %. Combining neural network models with case studies conducted in Spain and Finland, the system can annually save 5.6 MWh and 20.7 MWh in fuel energy, reduce emissions of 1374 kg and 5180 kg of carbon dioxide, and save a total cost of €611 and €2324, respectively. Furthermore, comparisons with other emerging micro-CHP systems highlight the efficiency of the proposed system. These results indicate the high potential of thermoacoustic combined heat and power systems in recovering low-grade thermal energy and achieving energy savings and emission reductions. • Introducing an innovative thermoacoustic micro-CHP system. • Achieving an exergy efficiency of 79.3 % under standard operating conditions. • One system can annually reduce household CO 2 emissions by 5180 kg. • Ideal for households, balancing lower output levels for both heat and electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing volatility in natural gas markets and the need for residential heat, research for alternative thermal systems based on green hydrogen-based fuels is necessary. Massive implementation of hydrogen in the current fleet presents a challenge for the decarbonisation of conventional thermal processes. This paper presents the integration of green methanol from a seasonal thermochemical energy storage system (TCES) coupled with district heating networks (DHN). It allows for a solar-based storage and low-temperature heat generation from the exothermic discharge reaction. The system uses concentrated solar thermal energy to decompose methanol into syngas at moderate temperatures (<315 °C), reducing GHG emissions from combustion to meet residential heat. Its potential is assessed through an analysis of 458 rural municipalities in Spain, achieving a substitution of 3.1 % of the natural gas demand. The system allows the production of green fuels from syngas using an open-loop approach, offering new market pathways in primary sector. In a closed-loop configuration, roundtrip efficiencies exceeding 60 % and chemical conversion efficiencies exceeding 70 % are reached, resulting in a global efficiency of 12 % for the DHN and methanol-TCES. The results show a levelized cost of stored energy highly competitive with other storage systems (<200€/MWh), given its simplicity. • A novel district heating network integration with methanol TCES is proposed. • Round-trip above 65 % and an overall efficiency of 11.6 % were achieved. • Analysis of presented DH-TCES in 499 rural municipalities in Spain. • Competitive levelized storage price values of €150/MWh was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive industry plays a key economic and political role in developed countries due to its contribution to exports, employment and revenues. Fragmentation of production and offshoring have distributed manufacturing stages among EU national automotive industries. An energy metabolic perspective allows us to explain differences in performance determined by the expression of different functions and the weight within the national economy. This paper analyses the Motor vehicles industry (MVI) and its sub-sectors in 8 EU countries in 2018 visualizing data in end-use matrixes, a Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) tool. We study the relation over energy carriers (electricity, and thermal energy), GHG emissions, working time, and value added at three different scales: the whole national economy, the MVI sector, and the subsectors within MVI. Through this multi-scale and multi-dimensional characterisation, we cluster the countries according to their functional specialization in (i) manufacturing intermediate parts and modules, (ii) final assembly of vehicles, and (iii) management and engineering design. This representation provides an integrated overview of this industry in relation to its core-periphery dynamics in the spatial division of labour. Additionaly, we provide new insights to labor productivity, efficiency, decoupling and structural changes for sustainability. • We analyze the metabolism of the Motor vehicles industry in 8 EU countries. • We use a MuSIASEM tool, the end-use matrix. • We include working hours, value added, electricity, thermal energy, and GHG emissions. • The functions performed by countries are reflected in their metabolic patterns. • Automobile industry growth can cause local decoupling and global emissions increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of electrical energy is always a substantial contributor to a country's economy; in particular, integrating renewable energy sources into the existing power system has tremendous techno-economic implications. However, the optimal penetration of renewables and dynamic loads management is highly complex while considering the multiple variables, time-varying characteristics, and operational uncertainties. This paper proposes a new model design of a grid-tied renewable system. It investigates energy economics and forecasts for the practical locality of the Muzaffarabad area in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The proposed research examines the annualized energy estimation concerning varied customer PV system participation. The impact of consumer feedback on energy production is briefly examined. Various aspects, such as energy economics, including annual revenue generation, energy prices, and energy sell-back, are demonstrated in detail. The proposed study also looks at the connection between the rising usage of renewable energy and falling greenhouse gas emissions and energy prices. Moreover, it shows how customer input has altered energy economics via each district taking part in energy sharing. Also, it illustrates the relationship between energy bought and sold and how the grid and PV's share of energy interact. Based on the research study findings, PV systems can provide 61% of the total region's energy needs with maximum consumer involvement. The study found that when PV is integrated at a maximum level, grid energy purchases fall to 52%. Polluting gas emissions were reduced by 64% courtesy of the recommended approach, and energy cost was cut from $0.20 per kWh to $0.09 per kWh. The recommended system produces 81,635,608 dollars in revenue yearly and achieves a renewable part of 46.17% with the highest level of customer interaction. [Display omitted] • This paper proposes a new model design of a grid-tied renewable system. • It investigates the energy economics and forecasts for a practical location. • The research examines annualized energy estimation concerning PV systems. • The results of proposed model are compared with other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional cogeneration system of cooling, heating and electricity still has problems such as high greenhouse gas emissions, high consumption of fossil fuels and low output of products. A novel combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) coupled with solar thermochemical (STC) process and energy storage unit is proposed in this paper. The system realizes the multi-energy supplementation of renewable energy and fossil energy, and actively regulates outputs through energy storage unit. This paper makes a comprehensive evaluation of the system from four perspectives of energy, exergy, exergoeconomics and environment (4 E). The results demonstrate that the total energy and exergy efficiencies of the new system reach up to 80.30% and 55.33%, respectively. The system product has an average specific cost of 0.122 $/kWh. The system's specific CO 2 emission and fossil energy saving ratio are 286.21 g/kWh and 55.96%, respectively. The analysis of a typical day shows that the energy storage unit enables the system to respond the changes of the cooling, heating and power outputs in time to meet the user's load demand. The results show that the new system improves energy efficiency, reduces CO 2 emission, saves methane, and realizes the active regulation of system energy input and output through energy storage component. • A novel combined cooling: heating, and power system coupled with solar thermochemistry and energy storage unit is proposed. • The total energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the new system are 80.30% and 55.33%, respectively. • The average exergetic product cost and the specific CO 2 emission of new system are 0.122 $/kWh and 286.21 g/kWh, respectively. • The new system is more efficient, economical and cleaner than the traditional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the long-term effects and related short-term movements of energy security (ENS), economic policy uncertainty (EPU), and government ecological expenditure (GEE) on China's carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions by applying the quantile autoregressive distributed lag approach. The empirical findings demonstrate that ENS and EPU have prominent negative and positive impacts, respectively, on CO 2 emissions in the long term for the majority of quantiles, while their short-term influences are less obvious. In addition, the effect of GEE is short-term and concentrated in high quantiles. The following are the article's main contributions. This study builds special energy security indicators based on the actual situation in China, providing a basis for better understanding the interaction mechanism between ENS and CO 2. Considering that China is the largest oil importer and greenhouse gas emitter, this study explores for the first time the linkages between ENS and CO 2. Both short- and long-term impacts are observed, and long-run effects are dominant in the linkages among variables, suggesting that the level of CO 2 emissions is mainly driven by long-term shocks. In addition, to clarify the nexus between ENS and CO 2 , time- and quantile-varying analyses are used, which take into account not only varied CO 2 emission levels but also distinct time periods for events. The findings emphasize the importance of market participants to form a better understanding of how ENS, EPU, and GEE affect CO 2 under different emission levels. Some detailed policies, including optimizing the energy consumption structure, making prudent economic policy adjustments, and strengthening ecological protection expenditures, are provided to curb pollution. • Energy security and carbon neutralization are main targets for China. • Energy security negatively affects carbon dioxide in the long-term. • Time-varying and quantile-varying features are captured for Energy security. • The quantile autoregressive distributed lag model is utilized in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy poverty and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are two major challenges on the road to sustainable development goals. The main goal of the global policy is to combat GHGs and energy poverty through the transition from fossil fuels to clean and renewable sources. Empirical research with a global or regional focus can offer practical implications for the development of global energy and environmental policies. To this end, this paper estimates the impact of electricity from different sources on energy poverty and GHGs in low-, middle- and high-income countries with annual data. The paper firstly performs the generalized method of moments and the sequential estimation of a linear panel-data model. According to the findings, (i) electricity from coal contributes to the increase in GHGs in the upper-middle income countries but does not have a significant effect on energy poverty. (ii) The effect of electricity from natural gas and nuclear energy on GHGs and energy poverty is mixed. Electricity from nuclear power is confirmed to have a reducing effect on energy poverty in middle and low-income countries. However, it does not have a significant effect in high-income countries. (iii) Electricity from renewable and hydro sources makes a significant contribution to reducing GHGs and energy poverty. (iv) Finally, heterogeneous estimates for robustness check greatly support baseline findings. • Examines the impact of electricity from renewable and non-renewable sources on energy poverty and GHGs in 92 countries. • GMM and SELPDM dynamic panel data estimators are employed. • Electricity from coal is an unsustainable option in tackling energy poverty and GHGs. • The effects of electricity from nuclear and natural gas are controversial. • Electricity from renewable sources is an option that supports Win-Win status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia is receiving increasing attention as a zero-carbon fuel. However, it is difficult to use alone because of its high auto-ignition temperature. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of four ammonia energy ratios (15 %, 30 %, 45 %, and 60 %) on the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine at different loads were studied by using the ammonia/diesel dual-fuel strategy. The results indicated that the presence of ammonia lowered the combustion temperature at all loads, thereby lowering the cylinder temperature and cylinder pressure. In addition, the HRR first increased and then decreased as the ignition delay increased with the increase in ammonia energy ratio. In terms of emissions, at 100 % load, the CO 2 and NO of the D40A60 were 65.5 % and 88.14 % lower than that of the D100. The decrease in CO 2 was due to more carbon-based fuels being replaced by ammonia. The decrease in NO was due to the decomposition of NO by the thermal deNO x reaction resulting from the lower combustion temperature. The emissions of N 2 O produced by partial ammonia oxidation offset the greenhouse gas emission reduction effect caused by the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Further optimization of the engine combustion strategy is still needed in the future. • The combustion characteristics of engines with different AERs at different loads are investigated. • The effect of different AERs on various emissions is presented. • An increase in AER is observed to increase N 2 O and GHG emissions. • Increasing the engine load can improve the emissions of unburned ammonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) is a promising solution to decarbonise future thermal energy systems. This paper investigates the potential of 5GDHC integrated with borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) in unlocking the synergies between heating and cooling via a bidirectional thermal network. A model for system design and operation simulation of 5GDHC is developed. In a case study, the proposed 5GDHC supplied by BTES facilitates the long-term balancing of heating and cooling demands despite the poor simultaneity between them. This enables 5GDHC to achieve overall advantages over modern heat pump driven systems, including lower levelized cost of energy, less greenhouse gas emission, higher exergy efficiency, and lower electricity peak load. One possible barrier of adopting 5GDHC is the high upfront cost, which mostly attributes to borehole drilling and booster heat pump installation. Demand scenarios with varying heating and cooling demand structures are analysed and show that the ratio of cooling to heating substantially affects the economic performance of 5GDHC coupled with BTES. When cooling to heating ratio is within the optimal range of 0.4–1.0, 5GDHC reaches lower levelized cost compared with modern heat pump driven systems and present-day gas-fired heating systems. • Evaluation of fifth generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC). • 5GDHC is coupled with seasonal borehole thermal energy storage (BTES). • BTES promotes synergies between heating and cooling demands by storing waste heat. • 5GDHC with BTES saves energy and cost compared with state-of-the-art thermal systems. • The cooling-to-heating ratio is correlated with the economic performance of 5GDHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation carbon emissions are growing as the volume of aviation traffic continues to increase, both exacerbating global greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the resistance to green aviation development. To effectively promote aviation carbon abatement, this paper, based on the hybrid mechanism composed of carbon trading and taxation, a tripartite Itô stochastic evolutionary game model is first constructed. The complex game interactions among the administration, major airlines, and minor airlines are analyzed. Second, we use Gaussian white noise as the ambient uncertainty and apply stochastic Taylor expansion to find the numerical approximation solution. Finally, through numerical simulations, the decision-making behavior of stakeholders and their sensitivity to key influencing factors are illustrated. The study shows that different variables have differential effects on stakeholders' strategic choices in terms of convergence speed, change speed, and stability. Starting from three different regulatory paths, this study provides insights into the priority and direction of adjusting relevant variables, thereby offering guidance for policymakers and managers in effectively regulating aviation carbon abatement. [Display omitted] • A hybrid mechanism of carbon tax and carbon trading is designed. • Carbon abatement in aviation is studied using stochastic evolutionary games. • Simulations analyzed the sensitivity of stakeholders to key influencing factors. • Insights are given from three different regulatory paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with the Paris Agreement, many nations have set out a global framework to stabilise and prevent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change. This study reviewed the literature on the GHG protection and control (GHGPC) impacts of overburden fractures in relation to coal mining. Different factors, such as geological conditions, mining conditions, and gas extraction methods, were compared because they influence GHGPC. Carbon emissions, coal mining safety, and environmental protection are crucial parameters. GHGPC can (1) improve the safety and efficiency of mining, (2) reduce GHG emissions, and (3) generate clean gas resources. During mining, cracks appear in overburden strata, causing GHG emissions. Various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, two-dimensional and three-dimensional physical similarity simulations, permeability testing, and numerical simulations, have been adopted to determine the macroscopic and microscopic features of overburden fractures. Finally, the extraction method of GHG was optimised through field practice, namely, roadway, borehole, and pipe extraction, were analysed, and the comprehensive GHG extraction method was preferred to achieve superior management results. This paper reviewed studies that examine the development of fractures to elucidate the significance of GHGPC. Moreover, this article provides new insights into the achievement of the "dual carbon strategy" with particular reference to coal mining; it also summarises the holistic life cycle of gas management in terms of overburden activity, gas transport patterns, reservoir characteristics and typical technologies. It also summarises the holistic life span of GHGPC management in terms of overburden activity, GHG transport patterns, reservoir characteristics, and typical technologies. Finally, the authors discuss and conclude the article with proposed methods for future research directions. • The role of GHGPC in carbon neutrality was talked about from various aspects. • Technologies for GHG transport, extraction, and utilisation were elaborated. • GHG extraction technologies in coal mining were introduced. • New energy supply and the dual carbon strategy in coal mining were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently a great number of empirical research studies have been conducted on the relationship between certain indicators of environmental degradation and income. The EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) hypothesis has been tested for various types of environmental degradation. The EKC hypothesis states that the relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita takes the form of an inverted U shape. In this paper the EKC hypothesis was investigated with regards to the relationship between carbon emissions, income and energy consumption in 16 EU (European Union) countries. We conducted panel data analysis for the period of 1990–2008 by fixing the multicollinearity problem between the explanatory variables using their centered values. The main contribution of this paper is that the EKC hypothesis has been investigated by separating final energy consumption into renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption. Unfortunately, the inverted U-shape relationship (EKC) does not hold for carbon emissions in the 16 EU countries. The other important finding is that renewable energy consumption contributes around 1/2 less per unit of energy consumed than fossil energy consumption in terms of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in EU countries. This implies that a shift in energy consumption mix towards alternative renewable energy technologies might decrease the GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One promising solution for developing low-emission power technologies is using gaseous fuel combustion in pure oxygen when the exhaust gas mixture is composed of H 2 O and CO 2 , and where CO 2 is separated after steam condensation. The paper presents the results of computational analyses providing to the Spray-Ejector Condenser (SEC) development, which is one of the crucial components of the negative CO 2 gas power plant (nCO 2 PP) cycle development. The proposed design of the ejector-condenser to ensure the high effectivity of vapor condensation and CO 2 compression with preparation to separation, ready for application in gas power cycle, is a novelty of this research. Different computational techniques leading to the development and better understating of ejector operation were applied. The main operating conditions in the characteristic connected with the developed nCO2pp cycle points were investigated to evaluate the impact of the operating conditions on SEC performances. The amount of motive water needed for the cooling purpose is susceptible to the inlet water pressure and temperature and strongly affects the generated pressure of the suction stream. The preliminary results confirm that the SEC's basic design and geometrical dimensions can be applied in the negative CO 2 power plant cycle. Results from CFD modeling give the possibility to investigate the turbulent flow of water/steam/CO 2 mixture together with the condensation process occurring at this same time. It is found that the average droplet diameter and motive water supplying method significantly effects the condensation intensity. The further direction of the presented computational research activities and results is to test various designs of Spray-Ejector Condensers that will enable the evaluation of the direct contact condensation process and develop the final geometrical design. • Spray-Ejector Condenser application in negative CO 2 gas power plant is presented • Performances of Ejector Condenser were calculated using developed model to provide guidelines for a detailed design process • The basic design of the Spray-Ejector Condenser in two variants was developed • CFD model for Direct Contact Condensation was developed, and the impact of water droplet size was studied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar thermal devices with large installation areas represent technical, economic, and environmental challenges to design, construct, and operate them. Heat pump assisted with a solar thermal installation (STI) guarantee heat load supply at target temperature of a process, minimizing STI occupied area, environment impacts and associated costs. This paper deals with the design of two heat pumps, each one assisted with a STI. For designing solar network (which together the storage tank makes up the STI), lower irradiance levels than winter period are considered, guaranteeing continuous process operation. For designing each heat pump, two refrigerants with Ozone Depletion Potential of zero and Global Warming Potential of 7 (in one of them) are evaluated. This designing methodology is applied to a second-generation production of bioethanol case study. When heat is generated through a heat pump assisted with STI, the solar network absorber area is reduced by 85%, comparing with required area if only a STI produces heating. The same thing happens to generate electric power. Solar fraction value is one, 81,360 tons/year of not burned bagasse avoids 63,142 tons/year of greenhouse gases emissions. Still always guaranteeing the supply of energy to process, the impacts on environment and soil are minimized. [Display omitted] • Significant reduction of large solar thermal installation and storage system areas. • The cost of solar thermal energy is below the cost of fossil fuels. • Operation of the solar collector network under adverse irradiance conditions. • Profitable heat and power production from solar thermal energy plus heat pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper will summarise the European Strategy for Energy and Climate Change. In current international negotiations Europe has proposed a 20% reduction in GHG (greenhouse gases) in the developed countries by 2020 or 30% should there be an international agreement in the domain. However it is important to define measures to achieve the targets. One of the principal tools is to improve energy efficiency under the energy efficiency action plan, which will help to achieve a 20% energy saving by 2020. On the other hand, the amount of energy from renewable sources consumed in Europe will have to rise from its current level of 8.5%–20% by 2020. These are ambitious but achievable targets. Nonetheless, these can only be achieved through strong investment in areas of the knowledge triangle which strengthens research and innovation in the energy sector in Europe. The paper covers European Energy and Climate Change Policy, the European Strategic Energy Technology plan, the consequences of the Lisbon Treaty, European and national Road maps to a low carbon economy, the Energy Efficiency Plan for 2011 and finishes with a brief consideration of the EU’s energy infrastructure priorities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Facing the challenging problems of data quality, the ambitious targets of greenhouse gas emissions need practical forecasting methods to aid in formulating policy. A forecasting method, which has shown strong potential, is the rolling grey prediction model. To enable accurate forecasting, this study develops an adaptive grey model, which captures the essential features of a developing trend. The novel model is combined with a buffered rolling method to enhance accuracy. Compared with conventional models, the adaptive grey model with a buffered rolling method improves the adaptability in pursuit of data characteristics and it uses a nonlinear programming method to generate a satisfactory time response function for prediction. The proposed approach is constructed to forecast Chinese greenhouse gas emissions from 2017 to 2025 and compared with other benchmark models. Empirical applications show that the proposed model has advantages over others. The forecast data are decomposed by logarithmic mean Divisia index, and suggestions on emission mitigation are put forward based on factors analysis. Highlights • This paper proposes a novel adaptive grey model with buffered rolling method. • The proposed model is employed to predict Chinese greenhouse gas emissions. • The emission will rise to approximately 9911 million tons in 2025. • The forecast values are decomposed to analyze factors impacting emissions. • Suggestions based on the analysis are provided for mitigating emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The solvent extraction process (SEP) is a promising technology for bitumen production from oil sands. This paper investigates the energy requirements and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a propane-based super-heated vapor solvent extraction process as an alternative to in situ techniques, steam assisted gravity drainage, and cyclic steam simulation. A vapor solvent-based extraction model of 25,000 barrels per day of bitumen was developed to evaluate energy and GHG emissions. The energy- and emissions-intensive units were identified and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to study the impact of key operating parameters on the plant's overall emissions. Uncertainty analysis was performed on the most sensitive parameters. The results show that SEP natural gas and electricity consumption are 60.5–89.9 MJ/barrel and 19.7–19.9 kWh/barrel of bitumen, respectively. The GHG emissions range from 24.8 to 29.1 kg CO 2 eq./barrel of bitumen. The demethanizer unit, responsible for more than 90% of the electrical energy, is the most GHG emissions-intensive unit. GHG emissions are mostly influenced by the solvent-to-oil ratio. On the whole, the SEP emissions footprint is promising; however, the results must be extended to upgrading and refining emissions in order to understand the full life cycle GHG emissions of the transportation fuels produced. Highlights • A simulation model is developed for vapor solvent-based oil sands extraction. • The extraction process has lower energy and emissions than thermal processes. • The extraction process is sensitive to energy consumption. • GHG emissions are impacted most by the solvent-to-oil ratio. • Reducing the solvent requirement will result in lower emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The way in which GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions associated with grid electricity consumption is handled in different LCA (life cycle assessment) studies, varies significantly. Apart from differences in actual research questions, methodological choices and data set selection have a significant impact on the outcomes. These inconsistencies result in difficulties to compare the findings of various LCA studies. This review paper explores the issue from a methodological point of view. The perspectives of ALCA (attributional life cycle assessment) and CLCA (consequential life cycle assessment) are reflected. Finally, the paper summarizes the key issues and provides suggestions on the way forward. The major challenge related to both of the LCA categories is to determine the GHG emissions of the power production technologies under consideration. Furthermore, the specific challenge in ALCA is to determine the appropriate electricity production mix, and in CLCA, to identify the marginal technologies affected and related consequences. Significant uncertainties are involved, particularly in future-related LCAs, and these should not be ignored. Harmonization of the methods and data sets for various purposes is suggested, acknowledging that selections might be subjective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The gaming and hospitality sector has been expanding rapidly in recent years. Concurrently energy consumption in this sector has surged significantly. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth and introduces the 4-parameter logistic functions to model the growth of electricity consumption and other related parameters in the world’s gaming center–Macao, China. The accuracy of the growth models were assessed by using the mean absolute percentage error and the root mean squared percentage error. The paper also introduces the application of life cycle analysis to greenhouse gases emissions for electricity consumption. As Macao in recent years has imported a significant amount of electricity from a coal-fired power plant in its nearby area – Zhuhai, the impact analysis included greenhouse gases emissions from the extraction, transportation, processing, and combustion along fuel life cycles in the local power plant as well as Zhuhai’s power plant. We found that the emissions associated with the imported electricity contributed greatly to total emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Based on the empirical data of 28 international airlines, this paper studies the impact of airline cooperation on Greenhouse gases (GHG) abatement costs under CNG2020 strategy. We propose a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Cross PAC model to discuss the differences in pollution abatement costs (PAC) between arbitrary scene and cooperation scene. The main findings are as follows: 1. Airline cooperation helps to reduce the GHG abatement costs of most airlines. 2. Star Alliance and SkyTeam Alliance can help airlines reduce GHG abatement costs, but the Oneworld cooperation is not effective. 3. The GHG abatement costs of Iberia, British Airways, TAP Portugal, Finnair, Emirates and Singapore Airlines are zero. Highlights • The impacts of cooperation on airlines’ pollution abatement costs are firstly studied. • A DEA Cross Pollution Abatement Costs model is proposed. • 28 international airlines are the samples. • Airline cooperation helps to reduce the pollution abatement costs of most airlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This construction industry is responsible for over 30% of the total industrial CO2 emission in Korea, and bearing wall apartment housing represents more than 50% of all housing in Korea. A new multi-residential Modularized Hybrid System (MHS) for construction of apartment housing may reduce the amounts of construction material used as well as the amounts of CO2 emission. This paper collected and compared data on the CO2 emission properties of construction materials for bearing wall and new MHS apartments including concrete, reinforcing steels, formwork, and gypsum board. MHS construction techniques reduce CO2 emission by 25.1% by requiring less concrete and reinforcing steels for slabs and walls that would otherwise be needed in conventional bearing wall structures. This paper also shows that migration to a Rahmen structure utilizing an MHS frame can provide an alternative solution to reducing CO2 emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper employs a simulation model of the European power sector to analyze the abatement response to a CO2 price through fuel switching, one of principal means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in any economy. Abatement is shown to depend not only on the price of allowances, but also and more importantly on the load level of the system and the ratio between natural gas and coal prices. The interplay of these different determinants vitiates any simple relation between a CO2 price and abatement and requires the development of more than two-dimensional graphics to illustrate these complex relationships. In the terms of the literature on the use of marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs), we find that these MACCs are not robust as usually defined and we suggest that the more complex topography developed in this paper may be more helpful in visualizing this abatement response to a CO2 price. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The diffusion of cogeneration and trigeneration plants as local generation sources could bring significant energy saving and emission reduction of various types of pollutants with respect to the separate production of electricity, heat and cooling power. The advantages in terms of primary energy saving are well established. However, the potential of combined heat and power (CHP) and combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) systems for reducing the emission of hazardous greenhouse gases (GHG) needs to be further investigated. This paper presents and discusses a novel approach, based upon an original indicator called trigeneration CO 2 emission reduction (TCO 2 ER), to assess the emission reduction of CO2 and other GHGs from CHP and CCHP systems with respect to the separate production. The indicator is defined in function of the performance characteristics of the CHP and CCHP systems, represented with black-box models, and of the GHG emission characteristics from conventional sources. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown in the companion paper (Part II: Analysis techniques and application cases) with application to various cogeneration and trigeneration solutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper provides a set of specific examples to show the effectiveness of the trigeneration CO 2 emission reduction (TCO 2 ER) indicator proposed in the companion paper (Part I: Models and indicators) to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction from cogeneration and trigeneration systems. Specific break-even analyses are developed by introducing further indicators, with the aim of assessing the conditions for which different types of combined systems and conventional separate production systems are equivalent in terms of GHG emissions. The various emission indicators are evaluated and discussed for a number of relevant application cases concerning cogeneration and trigeneration solutions with different types of equipment. Scenario analyses are carried out to assess the possible emission reduction benefits from extended diffusion of cogeneration and trigeneration in regions characterized by different energy generation frameworks. The results strongly depend on the available technologies for combined production, on the composition of the energy generation mix, and on the trend towards upgrading the various generation systems. The numerical outcomes indicate that cogeneration and trigeneration solutions could bring significant benefits in countries with prevailing electricity production from fossil fuels, quantified by the use of the proposed indicators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explores two linked theses related to the role energy in economic development, and potential sources of increased energy efficiency for continued growth with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The first thesis is that, while reduced GHG emissions are essential for long-term global sustainability, the usual policy recommendation of increasing energy costs by introducing a carbon tax may be relatively ineffective under current market structures and have an unnecessarily adverse impact on economic growth. Our second thesis is that there exists a practical near-term strategy for reducing GHG emissions while simultaneously encouraging continued technology-driven economic growth. Moreover, this strategy does not require radical new technologies, but rather improved regulation or—more precisely—better deregulation of the electric power sector. In respect to the first of our two theses, this paper addresses a deficiency in neoclassical economic growth theory, in which growth is assumed to be automatic, inevitable and cost-free. We challenge both the assumption that growth will continue in the future at essentially the same rate (“the trend”) as it has in the past, and the corollary that our children''s children will inevitably be richer and better able to afford the cost of repairing the environmental damages caused by current generations [Simon et al., The state of humanity. Cambridge MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.; 1995]. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper estimates the consequences in fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission due to the possible intervention of the electric run trolley buses in the existing public transport system in a particular road up to the year 2025 in Kathmandu Valley. It projects the scenarios on the basis that the passenger travel demand is the function of population and income. Basically, it uses the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System software to develop Business as Usual scenario and the five alternative scenarios. The alternative scenarios are 100% replacement of vehicles catering to mass-transit in the concerned routes, 50% replacement, 25% replacement, stopping future growth of other vehicles catering to mass-transit in the concerned routes and 25% replacement in the first year, and combination scenarios. The results estimate that the passenger travel demand will increase by three folds from the year 2003 to the year 2025. It projects the three-fold increase of the existing vehicle activity by the year 2025 in Business as Usual scenario. The fuel consumption will increase by 2.4 times compared to the year 2003. It estimates the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission as 8.5 thousands tons in year 2003 which will increase by more than 3 times in year 2025. It estimates that 174.3 thousands tCO2 e can be avoided in combination scenario. The paper concludes that the intervention of clean energy transport in the existing public transport can have a significant positive impact on the GHG emission and current fuel consumption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Blue carbon trading provides not only an extra impetus to the diversification of the carbon trading system, but also substantial support for achieving the net-zero greenhouse gas emission target. Being aware of its importance, this study strives to lay a theoretical foundation for it and help blue carbon fully realize its value. While staying realistic and considering the complex relationship among the relevant participants in blue carbon trading, as well as their objective needs, this paper develops an evolutionary game model consisting of a demander, a supplier, the government, and a third-party institution to make a simulation analysis based on certain key parameters in order to determine how to maximize efficiency of blue carbon trading. The results show: (1) an extraordinarily high or low price will simply benefit one party to a transaction, but at considerable cost to the interests of the other party, which hence is unfavorable to blue carbon trading in the long run; (2) the government may increase, directly or indirectly, the willingness of the other three parties to participate in the trading through appropriate regulations, especially through adjustments to the emission quotas, which has the most significant impacts on overall blue carbon trading; (3) although the final choices of the demander, supplier, and third-party institution on whether to participate in a transaction are generally consistent, nonetheless, high derivative values of blue carbon products may drive the supplier to continue to engage in the related industry even when the demander has no purchase intent. In this case, the supplier does objectively provide a continuous supply of blue carbon, though it does not subjectively intend to do so. • Generally, the willingness of some participants is consistent. • Quota adjustments and price changes have notable impacts on participants. • Higher derivative value enables the supply of blue carbon to be maintained. • Government can set higher offset limits for blue carbon based on its nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of multi-carrier energy systems in the context of local energy markets, e.g., thermal market, virtual energy hub plants have become more prominent in many countries to achieve sustainable energy supply networks. The former researches on techno-economic operation of virtual energy hub plants did not consider the promoted power-to-X (P2X) conversion facilities alongside hydrogen market to assess the energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic issues in an integrated manner. To this end, this paper presents a risk-averse multi-objective method to tackle the self-scheduling problem of the virtual energy hub plant and address the mentioned issues. The considered virtual energy hub plant is operated based on the different energy carriers, i.e., electricity, heating, cooling, and hydrogen, P2X units, electric vehicles, and developed demand response (DR) strategy. The virtual energy hub plant operator tries to maximize its revenue by participating in the local energy markets and minimizing CO2 emission rates considering different uncertain sources. The combined heat and power (CHP) unit and DR strategy are utilized as practical solutions for the instability of renewable power output as well as exploiting opportunities in various local energy markets. To model the proposed strategy, a non-probabilistic information gap decision theory (IGDT) is developed. The presented model is applied to a sample test case, and numerical results confirm that the profit of the virtual energy hub plant is increased by up to 17.54%, and the CO2 emission rate is reduced by up to 10.24% considering the up-to-date energy storage systems, developed DR strategy, and P2X units. • Trading of the virtual energy hub plant in the electricity, hydrogen, and thermal energy markets. • The flexibility level of the virtual energy hub plants is improved by considering the impact of the hydrogen market. • The maximum profit for the virtual energy hub plant as well as minimum carbon emission rate are achieved. • The eco-friendly energy conversion facilities development such as P2X, P2H, P2C and P2HY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron and steel sector, characterized by fossil fuel-driven processes is one of the most difficult to decarbonize and a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Various new technologies promise to change this, but their development is highly uncertain. This paper aims to analyze the prospects of key low-carbon technologies in the sector, focusing on the impact of technology learning, in the light of the uncertainty related to the learning rate. An optimization energy system model was used with an iterative learning formulation, adopting different learning assumptions. The results show that learning may have only a minor impact in the short and medium term, reducing global carbon emissions of the sector by 3% (at most) in 2050, compared to a non-learning scenario. In the long term, high learning potentials for novel processes are important, leading to a market share of up to the 80% by the end of the century. The learning potential for Carbon Capture and Storage processes, however, plays no role in the simulations. Early investments and research and development can help unlock the full potential of the technologies, while more detailed studies should be performed to better understand the retrofitting impact in the shorter term. • Impact of technology learning on iron and steel sector's key technologies is studied. • A bottom-up optimization model is used, with an iterative approach to learning. • Results show learning strongly affects only on a limited number of technologies. • Deep decarbonization of the sector is achieved in the scenarios only after 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing pressure from environmental concerns and the energy crisis, transportation electrification constitutes one of the key initiatives for global decarbonization. The zero on-road global greenhouse gas emissions feature of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are encouraged to facilitate the electrification of the transportation sector to reduce carbon emissions. However, the benefits of these vehicles in terms of carbon emission reduction would be hindered if the fast-charging stations (FCSs) and hydrogen production stations (HPSs) were powered by coal-fired power plants. To achieve overall emission reduction, a low-carbon expansion planning strategy is proposed in this paper to determine the eco-friendly configuration of IES consisting of electricity-gas-hydrogen networks associated with FCSs and HPSs to supply electricity and hydrogen to EVs and FCVs, respectively. Then a novel carbon emission allocation strategy based on the carbon emission flow (CEF) model is developed to specify the locational carbon emission in the IES and facilitate the low-carbon expansion planning strategy. Given locational-differentiated carbon intensities, the expansion planning scheme installs low-carbon generation devices in a rational place to satisfy the carbon emission constraint. Furthermore, the Wasserstein distance (WD) method and an adaptation cost technique are innovatively applied to cope with the uncertainties in the proposed planning model, namely the traffic flow levels, renewable-based power generation levels, and conventional load levels. Finally, numerical experiments validated the effectiveness of the proposed expansion planning strategy in effectually achieving the lowest carbon emission of the proposed IES under a representative scenario set. • An expansion planning is designed to determine the eco-friendly configuration of IES. • An IES associated with FCS and HPS is formulated to supply EVs and hydrogen FCVs. • The carbon emission distribution is quantified to improve the decarbonization in IES. • Wasserstein distance method is employed to generate typical uncertainty scenario set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new expansion planning model of integrated electricity and gas networks with the high penetration of renewable energy resources, using a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming approach. The proposed method concludes the generation and transmission expansion planning of electricity network and natural gas network expansion planning. Since the outage of natural gas-fired units due to gas network faults is possible, in this paper, integrated electricity and gas network expansion planning is studied by applying N − 1 contingency to these systems. Photovoltaic power plants are used for generation expansion planning to reduce emission and greenhouse gases. Reduced disjunctive model is applied to decrease the calculation time of applying N − 1 criterion to power systems. A scenario-based stochastic method is exploited to study the correlated uncertainty of the photovoltaic generation and electrical loads. The proposed model is applied to two case studies, including modified Garver's system & 5-nodegas network and IEEE-RTS system & Belgian gas network. The numerical results show that using photovoltaic generation in the expansion planning problem while considering contingency in both electrical and gas networks decreases costs by 9.08% and 7.08%, and reduces emission by 38.71% and 34.62% in the first and second systems, respectively. • A stochastic integrated planning of electricity and gas networks is developed. • The problem is modeled as multi-objective mixed integer linear programming. • N-1 contingency is applied on both electricity and gas networks simultaneously. • New devices which should be added to the system are determined optimally. • Costs and emission are reduced noticeably because of using photovoltaic units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative liquid fuels are attracting a lot of attention due to their potential for addressing possible future oil supply shortages. In China, oil shale, coal and biomass are considered as three significant feedstocks for alternative fuels. However, quantitative assessment of the sustainability of liquid fuels production based on these feedstocks is scarce. This paper uses the LCA (life cycle assessment) method to analyze energy consumption, GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, cost and local employment effects of liquid fuels production from these feedstocks. The results show that the energy consumption of BTL (biomass-to-liquid) processes is much lower than that of production of petroleum based fuels, whereas STL (shale-to-liquid) and CTL (coal-to-liquid) processes have higher energy consumption; the GHG emissions of BTL are much lower than those of STL and CTL, which do not perform well from a GHG emissions perspective; when the crude oil price is lower than 50 $/bbl, there is no economic advantage from the three alternative fuels studied, however the economic benefits increase with increase in the crude oil price and become clear as the crude oil price approaches 100 $/bbl. It is further found that more local job opportunities could be created by developing these three alternatives. Several policy suggestions for sustainable development of the liquid fuels industry are formulated on the basis of four assessment metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of greenhouse gas emissions, urban air pollution, and rising transport fuel prices, on the low-income capita in India, necessitate appropriate measures to ensure commodities are sustainably available. This paper presents a study whereby biodiesel blends produced from waste cooking oil are optimised for use in urban medium-duty commercial vehicles, accounting for factors of production capacity, economics, and approximated engine characteristics. An artificial neural network model, trained with experimental data, is used to predict performance, combustion, and emission parameters. The results for various biodiesel blends are applied to a standard driving cycle to obtain variations in key factors. A multi objective optimisation is carried out with engine operation parameters to arrive at optimised biodiesel blends varying between 25% and 81% based on different criteria such as minimising fuel cost, enhancing engine efficiency, and reducing emissions. Considerations when choosing blend concentration are discussed in light of different governmental targets. • Artificial neural network model for predicting engine performance using biodiesel. • Consideration of production, performance, economic, and emission criteria. • Optimisation of biodiesel blends for transport in India considering life cycle. • Blends between 25% and 81% achieved depending on optimisation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residue-based bioenergy (CRB) is a green replacement for fossil fuels and an effective way of utilizing crop residues. Understanding CRB's GHG reduction effects is critical for predicting its contributions to carbon neutrality. However, many studies have focused on single products or regional assessments, and results remain uncertain and lacking in systematic examination of the diversity in products, feedstock types and their supply. Therefore, this paper systematically investigates the GHG reduction efficiency, driving factors and abatement costs of principal CRB products using a database of 225 cases composed of 71 carbon trading projects and 154 projects analyzed in scientific publications. The results show that bio-power and/or heat (bio-P&H) is highly efficient (689 kg CO 2 e/t dry CR) and economical (269 $/t CO 2 e) in reducing GHG emissions, but liquid biofuels is not encouraged because of its inefficient performance. Plant size and feedstock collection radius significantly affected GHG reductions of bio-P&H and liquid biofuel. Recommended plant sizes and feedstock types for CRB production were identified from environmental and economic perspectives. Overall, these results clarify the patterns and driving factors of GHG reduction efficiency and abatement costs of various CRB products, providing a framework for optimizing CRB development to combat climate change. [Display omitted] • AsSessing GHG reduction patterns of various crop residue-based bioenergy products. • Comprehensive assessment of the environmental and economic performance. • Identifying the impacts of key factors influencing GHG reduction efficiency. • A meta-analysis based on both scientific publications and project datasets. • Bio-power & Heat shows good GHG reduction efficiency with lower abatement cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of greenhouse gases should be reduced for the slowing of global warming. Carbon capture by adsorption, which is available to retrofit of existing power plants and to integration with renewable energy, is an effective technology to reduce CO 2 emissions. However, the heavy energy consumption has already become a limitation to scale-up applications. Thermodynamic research, especially entropy analysis, could quantitatively clarify the irreversible loss and provide a guidance to the energy-saving design. Considering that classical thermodynamics is powerless in the description of significant kinetic characteristics of adsorption carbon capture, non-equilibrium thermodynamics is thus required, as it could provide a detailed analysis on the contributors and mechanisms of entropy sources. In this paper, the entropy source contributors of adsorption systems, which are composed of entropy generation of 9 irreversible factors for different adsorption cycles, were derived. An entropy research framework was proposed and illustrated through a case study of vacuum temperature swing adsorption (VTSA). The results are also compared with the classical exergy method, and the difference between the results of the two methods for entropy generation is 1.97%. This paper provides a thorough research framework for detailed thermodynamic analyses of adsorption carbon capture. • Entropy analysis framework based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics for CO 2 capture by adsorption is derived. • The entropy source of the adsorption CO 2 capture technologies is summarized. • A new dimensionless number of specific entropy generation is derived. • A case study on VTSA was presented using the developed analysis framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of electric vehicles on the power grid translates to operational challenges and opportunities of using these vehicles as distributed energy resources. This paper presents an algorithm for utilities to identify optimal scenarios for controlling electric load of plug-in electric vehicles on a neighborhood transformer, and their potential contribution to reducing overloading through controlled charging and feeding power back to the grid. A dataset of real-world driving data of 2800 vehicles in Canada is used to emulate realistic driving patterns for the simulations. The electric load of vehicles charging is estimated for different charging scenarios, battery capacities, and numbers of electric vehicle. Operational energy consumption data of single-family homes are used to predict realistic power profiles of a residential neighborhood. Different scenarios of controlling the electric load on a pole transformer are investigated for two seasons to account for ambient temperatures. By simulating the charging impacts of electric vehicles on a neighborhood transformer, the research presents a simplified control algorithm of optimal strategies to control and reduce transformer overloading. Results show that vehicle-to-grid is an effective measure to reduce peak loads, while climate condition, vehicle penetration rate, and driving profile are the key factors to the control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the sustainability of alternative transport fuels is essential for directing the development while reducing their impacts. The aim of this paper is to assess the environmental and economic life cycle impacts of alternative transport fuels and compare with conventional fuels. The sustainability assessment was performed for selected fuels, including diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, fuel cell and electricity, using SimaPro 8.05 life cycle assessment software and Recipe methodology. The study revealed the highest environmental impacts for ethanol flexi fuel technology, followed by biodiesel at close to 80% to the ethanol impacts, liquefied petroleum gas at 45%, gasoline at 30%, diesel at 25%, electricity at 15%, compressed natural gas at 5%, and the minimum for hydrogen technology with only 3% of environmental impacts comparing to ethanol. The total economic costs (including capital costs and operating costs) on per km basis are the highest for battery electric vehicles (electricity fuel) followed by ethanol based flexi fuel vehicles, biodiesel, diesel, gasoline, compressed natural gas, hydrogen (fuel cell) and the minimum for liquefied petroleum gas. The combined environmental and economic impacts revealed hydrogen fuel cell is the best performing fuel technology with only 3% of the impacts of ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental degradation and the health hazards caused by the petroleum fuels needs a compelling research for the alternate energy source. This paper analysis the pongamia methyl ester (PME) as an alternate source of fuel for CI engines without making much changes in the existing engine technology and without causing much difficulties for the scientists and engineers. The study reveals the use of PME as either an alternate fuel or substitute for the diesel may definitely reduces the green house gases at the same time the employability in the agricultural field will be increased by retaining the migration of the farmer community towards cities or towns for search of employment. It was observed that the use of PME as fuel reduces carbon monoxide to an extent of 8.2% compared to diesel at the same time HC reduced by 8.9% also there is considerable reduction in oxides of nitrogen. There was increase in BSFC of 4.2% and the thermal efficiency reduced by 2.4%. But the environmental sustainability and the employability for local community and promotion of agriculture prefers the PME as an alternate fuel for the transport, agricultural and power sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanized harvesting of paddy crop has led into open field burning of paddy straw. Burning of million tonnes of paddy straw releases huge potent greenhouse gases which creates perturbations to regional atmospheric chemistry. This paper presents a case study on utilization of paddy straw for power generation through biomethane and bioethanol production on commercial scale and improved biomass cookstove on domestic scale. Three scenario (biomethane, bioethanol and pellet for improved biomass cookstove) have been compared for their energy economics and emission. It has been revealed that if paddy straw is not being burned, it can be effectively utilized for biomethanation and bioethanol production which can yield energy equivalent of 8.0 GJ/tonne and 5.6 GJ/tonne, respectively, while pelletized paddy straw can be used in improved biomass cookstoves to meet out thermal cooking energy requirement with reduced indoor air pollution. The analysis further revealed that biomethanation of paddy straw reduces net global warming potential by 2750 CO 2 e kg emissions/tonne. However, bioethanol production showed net global warming potential reduction of 2549 CO 2 e kg emissions/tonne. The pelletization of paddy straw for improved cookstove showed net global warming potential reduction of 2459 CO 2 e kg emissions/tonne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right after the enforcement of the Directive (EU) 2015/1513, amending the Renewable Energy Directive of the European Union, the situation of the biodiesel sector in Spain is particularly uncertain. Although domestic biodiesel production has significantly increased since 2013, many plants are still idle, leading to an excess of capacity. This paper aims to provide an operational framework that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with economic optimization to determine the feedstock combination for domestic biodiesel production in Spain in compliance with this Directive, and quantify the associated impacts. A multi-sector, mathematical programming model is proposed in a Partial Equilibrium setting, implementing an LCA module. The optimal oil mix for the sector is highly dependent on assumptions regarding land use change in crude vegetable oil exporting countries. Increasing greenhouse gas savings thresholds enhance the use of waste oils and domestic oilseeds, while preventing deforestation of carbon-rich ecosystems; the only exception is the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. A double-counting scheme for waste oil biodiesel is necessary to make plants with second-generation technology work at full capacity, delivering further environmental benefits. Although there is room for further improvement, the model can provide very good insights for biodiesel policy analysis in the context of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas emission is a vital problem affecting the fate of mankind. To reduce the emission, passenger cars with various types of power system has been introduced in China. However, there is an uncertainty that whether these vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and how much emissions can be reduced, especially in terms of life cycle aspect. In this paper, a calculation method has been established to study their life cycle carbon emissions, with consideration of various power system, model class and electric driving range. It is found that most NEVs and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEVs) have emission reduction effects compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The emission reduction rate of vehicles is between 6.56% and 44.4% in 2020, 13.97%–53.39% in 2025 and 19.65%–57.49% in 2030. It is also found that this reduction rate is significantly different between different vehicle class, power system and electric driving range. Battery electrical vehicle (BEVs) in 2020 with electric driving range over 700 km are even worse in carbon emission, the worst is −33.08%. The results could be useful for GHG emission prediction and power system selection for companies. Policies can be formulated to guide enterprise choosing power system with lower carbon emission. • List three main factors influencing the life cycle carbon emissions of passenger car. • Analyze the sensitivity of various vehicle models to three influencing factors. • Analyze the carbon reduction effect of three main factors between 2020 and 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) has become an important strategy and proactive approach for the iron and steel sector of India to produce environment friendly and to reduce manufacturing cost. There are several environmentally conscious manufacturing indicators to evaluate ECM programs. Among those indicators, energy consumption and greenhouse (GHG) emission may be considered critical environmentally conscious manufacturing indicators (CECMI) for Indian iron and steel sector. This paper focuses on forecasting energy consumption and GHG emission for a pig iron manufacturing organization of India because the managers are interested to know the current and future trends of these indicators for better environmental policy. For forecasting purpose, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) is applied to reveal that ARIMA (1,0,0) × (0,1,1) is the best fitted model for energy consumption. Regarding GHG emission, ARIMA (0,1,4) × (0,1,1) is the best fitted model. In both cases, the forecasts resemble those of the seasonal random trend model, however they appear smoother because the seasonal pattern and the trend are efficiently averaged for energy consumption and as well as GHG emission. Selection of the correct ARIMA models for these indicators will help in accurate forecasting in order to achieve better environmental management practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy is one of the fundamental renewable energy sources. It decreases fossil fuel combustion and consequently net greenhouse gas emissions since no new carbons aren't released to the atmosphere. Generally, agricultural, forest, animal and urban wastes are considered as potential sources for biomass energy. Among these sources, agricultural wastes are the most suitable type to generate biomass energy in Turkey. Aegean Region has a great potential with respect to its lands and its diversity of agricultural products. In this paper, the most appropriate location for a biomass power plant has been investigated among the eight alternative locations in Aegean Region by examining both quantitative and qualitative criteria. It is the first time, an integrated model including fuzzy sets, analytic hierarchy process, opinion aggregation method, and information axiom method has been proposed to obtain a solution for such a problem. According to the results, Aydin is determined as the most appropriate location for a biomass power plant at Aegean Region. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to present the reliability of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]