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The integration of source-grid-load-storage greatly improves the energy managing flexibility of regional integrated energy systems (RIES). Considering the conflicting interests of multi-operator, this paper divides RIES into 1) energy supply center (ESC); 2) load aggregator (LA); 3) energy storage aggregator (ESA), and establishes a multi-operator two-layer optimal scheduling model by combining 1) the Stackelbelberg-Nash asymmetric bargaining game based on the genetic algorithm; and 2) the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm (GA-ADMM). Firstly, considering the absence of historical data, trapezoidal fuzzy parameters are introduced to construct fuzzy chance constraints based on credibility theory to simulate the source-load uncertainties. Secondly, the uncertainty of demand response behavior, real-time carbon credits trading within RIES, and cooperation-competition behavior of followers (LA and ESA) are considered to simulate the asymmetric relationship between followers and leaders (ESC) based on GA. Then, based on the ADMM algorithm, a Nash asymmetric bargaining game considering energy dependency and energy supply-reception status is proposed to realize the revenue allocation between followers. Finally, simulations are implemented to verify the validity and reliability of the proposed model. Results show that: 1) Cooperation improves the energy-managing flexibility of followers, reduces their dependence on ESC, and thus enhances their game ability. 2) The real-time carbon credits trading enables zero-carbon energy interactions and natural gas replenishment within RIES. 3) Increases in the price of various energy and carbon credits can enhance cooperation between followers. • Source-load uncertainties are considered by FCCP. • Regional carbon credits trading based on sharing CCS is established. • The asymmetric game relationship of multi-operator is simulated. • A revenue allocation considering consumption features and efficiency is proposed. • The stability of followers' competition-cooperation relationship is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium leaching from stainless steel tailings is an urgent problem risking of the environments, calcite integument of tailings by accelerated direct gas-solid carbonation process can be formed and the inhibition factor of carbonation degree on chromium leaching rate is discussed in detail. Stainless steel tailings accelerated direct gas-solid carbonation process is investigated at 300 °C–700 °C and 0.2–0.4 MPa, and the effect of temperature, reaction time, particle size and CO 2 pressure on carbonation degree are analyzed by TGA-DSC, FTIR, SEM-EDS analysis. The results show that the maximum CO 2 uptake obtained (8.2%), corresponding to 16% carbonation degree can be obtained when 48–75 μm stainless steel tailings are carbonated for 90 min at 300 °C and 0.4 MPa. Tailings particle size, carbonation time, and carbon dioxide pressure display a positive relationship with carbonation degree, but carbonation temperature has a negative relationship. 48–75 μm carbonated tailings with varied carbonation degree and original tailings are investigated for the inhibitory factor between carbonation degree and Cr leaching rate, when leaching process is at 60 °C for 90min on the condition that L / S ratio equals 20 ml/g. The results show the inhibitory factor is fitted by random function better, and the value decreases from 31.5% to 9.7%, when carbonation degree is from 2% to 8%, and then keeps stable, when carbonation degree is still increases from 8% to 14%, which illustrates that carbonation process as a better strategy of tailings innocuous treatment at high temperature is valid for restricting Cr leaching behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has advantages in coping with the uncertainty of renewable energy and improving the stability of regional integrated energy systems (RIES). Few of the current HESS uncertainty scheduling methods consider both robustness and nonanticipativity, which may result in scheduling strategies that are not feasible in practice. Therefore, this research constructs a HESS (containing electric, thermal, hydrogen and natural gas storage devices) and forms a hybrid energy storage operator (IHESO) with an independent market position based on the HESS to provide energy services. Subsequently, a novel multi-stage distributionally robust optimization (MSDRO) method is established to maximize HESS revenue. Robustness and nonanticipativity can be satisfied in the uncertainty scheduling process of this method. After that, the stochastic dual dynamic integer programming (SDDiP) algorithm is introduced to solve multi-stage nested problems of complex systems. Finally, simulations are conducted in the actual system of three seasons and five scenarios. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The scheduling strategy provided by the MSDRO model and SDDiP algorithm can ensure effective operation based on satisfying robustness and nonanticipativity. 2) Compared with MSO, TSDRO and MSRO, the method proposed can improve the HESS economy and stability, increase renewable energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions. • A multi-stage distributionally robust model was proposed for a multi-energy system. • Robustness and nonanticipativity are satisfied in the scheduling strategy. • HESS combining electricity, thermal, hydrogen and natural gas was proposed. • SDDiP was applied to solve a multi-stage nested model. • This study improves the economy, stability and renewable energy consumption rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard compound parabolic concentrator (S-CPC) is difficult to manufacture and has extremely non-uniform energy density distribution on its absorber. A novel design method of multi-sectioned compound parabolic concentrator (M-CPC) based on the programming calculation is presented in this paper whose reliability was verified by a laser experiment. Five M-CPCs with different amounts of the reflective plane on the single side (dimension which is expressed by D) were designed by the method. The optical performance was carried out and compared between the S-CPC and each M-CPCs. The results showed that the M-CPC5 was the optimal structure among all concentrators constructed in this paper, and the uniformity of energy flux distribution on its cylindrical absorber was better than that of S-CPC. Compared with the S-CPC, the range of acceptance angle (Φ) of the M-CPC5 was expanded to ± 47° from ±30°, meanwhile, its average optical efficiency had only decreased 1.35%–31.98%. Besides, M-CPC could effectively reduce the difficulty in manufacture, maintenance and transportation of large curved glass. The proposed optimization design method could be applied to projects utilizing M-CPC with different absorbers. • Optimizing of a multi-sectioned parabolic concentrator with a tubular absorber. • A visual C program was written to determine the optical performance. • The Visual C program results were verified by a laser experiment. • The results show some improvement over a standard parabolic concentrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]