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The supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle (SCO 2 BC) has emerged as a promising next-generation power generation technology due to its potential for high thermal efficiency and compact components design. Dynamic modeling of SCO 2 BC is crucial for understanding and analyzing its performance under design and off-design conditions. Turbomachines are critical components in SCO 2 BC dynamic models. While turbomachinery components are often modeled using their design-point turbomachinery performance maps (TPM), these maps become less accurate during off-design operations. Despite the existence of various TPM correction methods that ensure model validity, the implementation of the accurate ones within dynamic SCO 2 BC models remains scarce in the literature. This is crucial as it potentially compromises the accuracy of the obtained results. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the errors in the existing literature TPM correction models (in dynamic SCO 2 BC simulation) by comparing them against dynamic SCO 2 BC models employing a highly accurate correction method. Thus, in the current work, the common TPM correction methods from the literature are implemented in SCO 2 BC dynamic models and compared against a baseline mode, which uses the highly-accurate Pham method (at both the component and cycle levels). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first work to address this research gap for the SCO 2 BC dynamic simulations and on both component and cycle levels. Additionally, another novelty is the usage of Simcenter Amesim software to dynamically model the SCO 2 BC aided with Pham model. Multible dynamic models for both the turbomachines of SCO 2 BC and the whole cycle are constructed and equipped with the different TPM correction methods found in literature to compare their dynamic behaviour that of Pham model. The Ideal Gas Compressibility factor (IGZ) method demonstrates a better performance than the other tested methods, as it exhibits the lowest discrepancy compared to the Pham model. Many of the other tested methods show significant errors. Furthermore, a popular hybrid correction combining IGZ and Pham (IGZ-Ph) is also investigated. Surprisingly, while seemingly beneficial, this hybrid approach negatively impacts accuracy, even resulting in predictions as if no correction was applied. • Two Supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle layouts are dynamically modeled in Simcenter Amesim. • Four Turbomachines correction methods are compared to the baseline Pham model. • The comparison is dynamically done on both component- and cycle-levels for the two layouts. • Correction using the IGZ method has good phase predictions but with amplitude errors. • Enhancing the IGZ method by combining it with Pham backfires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multilevel cascade SCO 2 Brayton cycles are developed based on the conventional recompression-reheat cycle to enhance thermodynamic performances using the multilevel cascade scheme. Mathematical models are proposed to characterize their thermal cycle efficiency. The results show that for three typical cases, the proposed multilevel cascade cycle with 3 compressors × 3 reheats × 2 turbines improve cycle efficiency by 2.56 %, 3.17 %, and 3.44 % in absolute change, while the other with 3 compressors × 3 reheats × 3 turbines further enhance by 3.17 %, 4.19 %, and 4.17 % in absolute change over the conventional cycle. The latter cycle as the optimal layout is chosen to perform the key parametric analysis. The cycle efficiency increases with increasing high-pressure turbine inlet temperature, while the main compressor inlet temperature has the opposite effect. It increases and then decreases with the high-pressure turbine inlet pressure, the main compressor inlet pressure, and the split ratio of the recompressor, respectively. Finally, the parametric global optimization is conducted to improve the cycle performance more deeply. It is demonstrated that the absolute efficiency can be further increased by 2.62 %, 1.81 %, and 1.09 % for the responding cases. The integrated configurations are also suggested for power generation systems with different applications. [Display omitted] • Multilevel cascade strategy-based layouts are designed for SCO 2 Brayton power cycle. • A maximum of 4.19 % increase in cycle efficiency can be achieved in the cases studied. • Response of cycle efficiency is addressed to operating parameters. • Key parameters are optimized to further improve cycle efficiency by up to 2.62 %. • Integrated configurations for typical power generation systems are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the concept of partial discharge shrouded impeller is proposed to enhance the performance of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO 2) centrifugal compressor under low flow rates, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the S-CO 2 Brayton cycle. The influence mechanism of the partial discharge shrouded impeller on the flow behavior inside the impeller domain has been revealed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results indicate a notable enhancement in the pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency of the S-CO 2 centrifugal compressor utilizing the best partial discharge shrouded impeller, showcasing improvements of 0.9% and 10.2% respectively under designed flow rate condition, while the stability parameter (S P) surpasses 0 at lower flow rates when compared to conventional impeller. With the partial discharge shrouded impeller, the flow separation on the blade pressure surface tends to occur nearer the impeller outlet, restricting the wake secondary flow shedding off to the diffuser, thus the flow loss being weakened. Meanwhile, with the optimized compressor by employing the best partial discharge shrouded impeller, the efficiency of S-CO 2 Brayton cycle has been increased by 5% relative to that with full discharge shrouded impeller. • A partial discharge shrouded impeller for S-CO 2 centrifugal compressor was proposed. • The compressor performance was improved by the partial discharge shrouded impeller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2) Brayton cycle are two key and competition technology routes as the power cycle of Lead–Bismuth micro-reactor (LBMR). However, few studies focus on the comparison of thermodynamic and economic performance between ORCs and sCO 2 cycles in nuclear micro-reactor. The objectives in this study are to perform parameters analysis and techno-economic comparison in ORCs and sCO 2 cycles with various configurations as the power cycle of LBMR, so as to provide the technical support for the selection of power cycle and its operating conditions in different scenarios. Several high/low-temperature working fluids are screened for ORCs in view to achieve high net efficiency (η th) and low electricity production cost (EPC). Multi-objective optimization is performed to solve the trade-off between η th and EPC , and then to compare the comprehensive performance of various cycles from thermodynamic, compact and economic aspects. Results show that, the η th and EPC of ORCs are comparable or superior to that in sCO 2 cycles when the two cycles have similar structures (simple/regenerative). Among the ORCs, the cascade ORC with two-side regeneration using N -Dodecane/Pentane as working fluid pair has the best performance. In all cycles, recompression sCO 2 cycle performs best, but only when the heat source temperature is higher than 460 °C, the performance of the recompression sCO 2 cycle are overall better than the cascade ORC. • Techno-economic comparison of various power cycles for LBR are conducted. • Several high/low-temperature fluids are screened in different configurations of ORC. • N -Dodecane/Pentane is the best working fluid pair for the cascade ORC2. • The η net and EPC of ORCs are slight superior to sCO 2 cycles with similar structures. • The η net and EPC of recompression sCO 2 cycle are both better than ORC when t s > 460 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Power generation from coal-fired power plants represents a major source of CO 2 emission into the atmosphere. Efficiency improvement and integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities have been recommended for reducing the amount of CO 2 emissions. The focus of this work was to evaluate the thermodynamic performance of s-CO 2 Brayton cycles coupled to coal-fired furnace and integrated with 90% post-combustion CO 2 capture. The modification of the s-CO 2 power plant for effective utilisation of the sensible heat in the flue gas was examined. Three bottoming s-CO 2 cycle layouts were investigated, which included a newly proposed single recuperator recompression cycle. The performances of the coal-fired s-CO 2 power plant with and without carbon capture were compared. Results for a 290 bar and 593 °C power cycle without CO 2 capture showed that the configuration with single recuperator recompression cycle as bottoming cycle has the highest plant net efficiency of 42.96% (Higher Heating Value). Without CO 2 capture, the efficiencies of the coal-fired s-CO 2 cycle plants were about 3.34–3.86% higher than the steam plant and about 0.68–1.31% higher with CO 2 capture. The findings so far underscored the promising potential of cascaded s-CO 2 power cycles for coal-fired power plant application. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • Supercritical CO 2 cycle was investigated for coal-fired power plant application. • Three s-CO 2 cycles were investigated as possible bottoming cycle options. • Integration of coal-fired plant with post-combustion CO 2 capture was studied. • Thermodynamic analysis and performance comparison were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC) engines are a promising system of hypersonic vehicles, the main problem being the thrust gap during propulsion. To solve this problem, we proposed a pre-cooling system of turbofan based on the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) Brayton cycle for TBCC engines fueled by hydrocarbon. A pre-cooler was set in the intake of the turbofan engine to achieve coupling between the Brayton cycle and the turbofan engine. The turbofan and Brayton cycle models were established, and several weight and limited cold source parameters were used to evaluate the system's performance. The effects of the inlet air temperature drop and pressure drop caused by the pre-cooler on the engine performance were obtained. The relationship between thermal performance and system weight of the sCO 2 Brayton cycle under different pre-cooling target temperatures and recuperated heat loads was also analyzed. The results showed that it is feasible to use sCO 2 to pre-cool the inlet air and generate power. When the pre-cooling target was set to Ma 2.2, the simple cycle could output 347 kW power with a power-to-weight ratio of 0.39 kW/kg. This study provides a new scheme for the pre-cooling and power generation technology of hydrocarbon-fueled TBCC engines. • A new scheme for the precooling and power generation of TBCC engines is provided. • Brayton cycle is proposed to address the thrust gap during propulsion. • The pre-cooling of the inlet air can maintain the gross thrust at the normal level • The Brayton cycle can output power to the aircraft while precooling the air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined system based on supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle exhibits great potential to recover waste heat from engine. However, the effective utilization of waste heat from jacket water along with that from engine exhaust still remains a challenge, owing to the heat load mismatching of different heat sources. In this paper, a novel combined cooling and power (CCP) system, comprised of a topping supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle and a bottoming transcritical CCP cycle using CO 2 -based mixture, is proposed to realize the heat recovery of both engine exhaust and jacket water. Detailed parametric analysis is conducted to study the effect of seven key parameters on system performance from thermodynamic, economic and environmental viewpoints. Thereafter, a multi-objective optimization is performed to explore the performance improvement potential. The results show that the increasing turbine Ⅰ inlet pressure and the decreasing compressor inlet temperature are conductive to all performances. Through multi-objective optimization, the optimal thermal efficiency, cost rate per unit of exergy output and environment impact per unit of exergy output are 38.42%, 0.0529$/kWh and 0.0762mPts/kWh, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the maximum net power output of the system could achieve 384.64 kW, accounting for 13.14% of the engine output, with a cooling capacity output of 268.35 kW. • A combined cooling and power system was proposed for engine waste heat recovery. • Thermodynamic, economic and environmental analysis was conducted. • Multi-objective optimization by means of NSGA-Ⅱ was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO 2 capture from coal-fired power plants (CFPP) with low cost is crucial for China to achieve carbon peaks in 2030. The manuscript proposes a novel combined cycle of supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle (SCBC) and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) in CFPP with CO 2 capture. The novelty of the proposed scheme lies on its high-level thermal integration which can efficiently complete the conversion of heat to electricity, waste heat recovery, and CO 2 capture. Exergy analysis and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) are employed to respectively evaluate the thermodynamic and economic performance. The simulation results show that the exergy efficiency of the combined cycle is 39.74% as considering CO 2 capture, resulting in a 3.41% of efficiency penalty. The introduction of ORC improves the exergy efficiency by 1.05%. The LCOE of the combined cycle is 79.03$/MWh, almost 19.3$/MWh (32.29%) more expensive than the base plant, and the costs of CO 2 captured and avoided are respectively 21.81$/tCO 2 and 26.25$/tCO 2. The results indicate that the proposed combined cycle has the potential to compete with other carbon capture technologies from the views of exergy efficiency and cost. Coal combustion in the S–CO 2 boiler and the calciner is responsible for the maximum internal exergy destructions, and increasing the cycle maximum temperature may reduce the exergy destruction. The largest cost contributor to LCOE is associated with capital expenditures (41.55%), and the cost reduction efforts should be aimed at capital expenditures. • The highly integrated combined cycle of SCBC and ORC is proposed for power generation with CO 2 capture. • The exergy efficiency penalty arising from CO 2 capture is 3.41% for the proposed scheme. • The introduction of ORC for heat recovery improves exergy efficiency by 1.05%. • The CO 2 capture cost of the proposed combined cycle is 21.81$/t. • The largest cost contributor to LCOE is associated with capital expenditures (41.55%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transient performance of an inventory-controlled supercritical CO 2 recompression cycle under synchronous adjustment of parameters has rarely been studied. In this study, a one-dimensional design of a supercritical CO 2 recompression cycle with a 10 MW output power was completed for a lead-cooled fast reactor. The dynamic characteristics of the system power, which decreased from full load to half load under three ramp signals, were compared. Furthermore, the effect of the fluctuating reactor outlet coolant temperature on the transient performance of the system was investigated. Steady-state analysis revealed that the maximum design efficiency of the system was 43.40% at a split ratio of 0.37. The dynamic results showed that the shorter the ramp signal for parameter adjustment, the more significantly the transient performance of the system degraded. When the load decreased significantly, a secondary efficiency trough appeared in the system. These poor phenomena were improved by appropriately extending the action time of the ramp signal. Additionally, the influence of coolant temperature fluctuation on the temperature at both ends of the recuperator differed owing to the difference in the heat capacity. Moreover, the reduction in the target load of the system made the fluctuation range wider for efficiency but narrower for power. • Predict the performance of supercritical CO 2 turbomachinery using machine learning. • Study the dynamic characteristics of an inventory-controlled supercritical CO 2 cycle. • Compare the transient performance of the system under three ramp-regulating signals. • Analyze the effect of fluctuating reactor outlet coolant temperature on the dynamic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supercritical CO 2 (S–CO 2) Brayton cycle is considered a promising power generation system owing to its high efficiency and compactness. This cycle has numerous layouts which have been extensively investigated for design condition performance, whereas it often operates under part-load conditions, Therefore, it is vital to compare layouts based on part-load performance. Because part-load performance is influenced by control strategies and layout elements such as recompression, reheating, and intercooling processes, the part-load performance of four typical S–CO 2 Brayton cycles including simple recuperated cycle, recompression cycle, reheating cycle, and intercooling cycle with different control strategies are explored using dynamic models. The results indicated that the thermal efficiency of the four layouts was simultaneously influenced by the layouts and control strategies. Safety performance is mainly determined by the control strategies. Moreover, when the turbine bypass valve and inventory are adopted to follow the load, the intercooling cycle overtakes the reheating cycle to attain the maximum thermal efficiency at low and medium loads. There was no overpressure or surge for the four layouts with the necessary controllers. However, when using bypass valves following the load, the four layouts are at risk of operating with overloaded drive motors at low loads. This is beneficial for guiding the selection of layouts and corresponding control strategies in different operation scenarios. • Dynamic models of four SCBC layouts are developed. • Part-load performance of four SCBC layouts are compared. • Thermal efficiency is influenced by layouts and control strategies simultaneously. • Intercooling cycle with inventory control should be preferred at low and medium loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle has been regarded as a promising next-generation power conversion system owing to its flexibility and high efficiency. Dynamic performance and control strategy are essential research topics when systems are subjected to various load demands. Inventory control has been proven as a very effective load control method and valve controls have the potential to meet wider load demands. While few studies have focused on the differences in efficiency and system performance under different control strategies. In this study, a dynamic model of recompression supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle is proposed, and its components are carefully validated. Moreover, an inventory and anti-surge coupled control strategy is proposed to achieve better control performance. Under the premise of considering system security, various control strategies meeting 0%–100% load range are compared. The primary objective of this study is to reveal the differences in efficiency and dynamic performance of various control strategies in the full load range, to provide a basis for the selection of control strategies in off-design conditions. The results demonstrate that inventory and anti-surge coupled control allow safe tracking loads as low as 0%, and it provided an absolute advantage in terms of efficiency compared to valve controls. • A kW-scale dynamic model of sCO 2 Brayton cycle is established and the components are validated against experiment data. • A coupled inventory control strategy is proposed to meet 100-0% load demand. • Various control strategies are compared to provide the selection basis in full load range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar power tower (SPT) system integrated with supercritical CO 2 (S–CO 2) Brayton cycle is a potential flexible power output station to balance supply and demand in the future power system with high renewable energy penetration, so as to maintain the reliability of power supply. Reasonable design and accurate parameter adjustment are crucial to the efficient, low-cost, and reliable operation of the SPT system with S–CO 2 Brayton cycle. Many works have studied the design optimization and operation control strategy of the system. But the research focuses and conclusions are various, and there is a lack of important summary in this field. This paper provides a review on the integrated design and off-design operation of SPT system with S–CO 2 Brayton cycle. In terms of system integrated design, the performance criteria, subsystem selections, and key parameter optimizations are summarized. Furthermore, an improved system design method based on off-design operating performance is introduced and recommended. In terms of system off-design operation, the fluctuating factors, parameter control strategies, and the actual operation results are introduced. The conclusions and study prospects for this promising technology in the aspects of design and operation are presented. • Integrated design and off-design operation of S–CO 2 based SPT system are reviewed. • Correlation between subsystem parameters should be fully considered in system design. • Influence factors and control strategies under off-design conditions are summarized. • System design method based on off-design operating performance is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A concept of coal-fired power plant built around a supercritical CO2 Brayton power cycle and 90% post-combustion CO2 capture have been designed. The power cycle has been adapted to the coal-fired boiler thermal output, this boiler has been roughly designed in order to assess the power cycle pressure drop and its cost, an adapted CO2 capture process has been designed and finally the overall heat integration of the power plant has been proposed. Due to the high complexity of such as plant, this paper does not intend to provide definitive evaluation of the concept but to explore its potential. A coal power plant with CO2 power cycle without carbon capture could achieve a net efficiency of 50% (LHV) with a maximal temperature and pressure of 620 °C and 300 bar, these performances has to be validated but the first results on pilot plant are encouraging. The CO2 capture process use monoethanolamine as solvent and is equipped with vapor recompression systems in order to reduce the heat needed from the CO2 cycle. It achieves around 2.2 GJ/ of specific boiler duty with 145 kWh/ of electrical auxiliary consumption including compression to 110 bar. The energetic evaluation of the overall power plant carried out highlights the promising potential of CO2 supercritical cycle. A net power plant efficiency of 41.3% (LHV), with carbon capture and CO2 compression to 110 bar, seem to be achievable with available or close-to-available equipment. A technical-economic evaluation of the designed power plant has been performed. It shows a levelized cost of electricity reduction of 15%, and a cost of avoided CO2 reduction of 45%, without transport and storage, compared to a reference supercritical coal-fired power plant equipped with standard carbon capture process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, the load matching and techno-economic performance of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants based on four supercritical CO 2 (S–CO 2) Brayton cycles, different solar multiple (SM) and thermal energy storage (TES) capacities are analyzed in a CSP-PV-wind hybrid system. The performance of CSP plant for meeting varied power demand in hybrid system and stable power demand are compared. Results show the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of CSP plant based on partial-cooling cycle under load following scenarios in hybrid system is 32.1% higher than that under stable output scenarios. The optimal SM to achieve the lowest LCOE under stable output scenarios is much larger than that under load following scenarios in hybrid system. As SM and TES capacity increase, the capacity factor of hybrid system increases and can even exceed 90%, which represents that CSP plant can cooperate well with PV and wind plants to provide stable base loads. The LCOE of CSP plant first decreases and then increases with the increase of SM and TES capacities. The CSP plant based on partial-cooling cycle has the best economic performance, and achieves the lowest LCOE of 0.2169 $/kWh with SM of 2.4 and TES capacity of 20 h. • CSP plant based on S–CO 2 Brayton cycle is proposed for varied power demand scenarios. • Load demand scenarios impact obviously on load matching and economic performance. • CSP-PV-wind hybrid system can meet more than 90% of the annual load demand. • LCOE of CSP plant with partial-cooling cycle reaches 0.2169 $/kWh for load following. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispatchability is a major technological obstacle for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Calcium looping (CaL) is a potential solution for storing solar energy for long periods using raw materials (e.g., natural limestone or dolomite) which are high energy density, widespread availability, and low cost. This study aimed to propose a CSP-CaL plant indirectly integrated with the recompression supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle to realize carbonation under atmospheric pressure. To understand this indirect integration, the thermodynamic models are developed in Aspen and Matlab. The results show that the considered system can achieve storage exergy efficiency in the range of 8.26–16.34%, and power exergy efficiency in the range of 13.6–23.85%. In addition, a sensitivity analysis reveals that the storage exergy efficiency is largely determined by reaction temperature and conversion. Its value decreases with calcination temperature, and increases with carbonation temperature and CaCO 3 conversion. Besides, it is found that the power exergy efficiency increase with an increase in power conditions (cycle low pressure, intermediate cycle pressure, and cycle high pressure) initially. However, above a certain pressure (80, 170, 210 bar, respectively), further increase leads to a decrease in power exergy efficiency. The results also indicate that high reaction temperature has a positive effect on power exergy efficiency. Compared to the molten-salt-based and direct integration, this CSP-CaL indirect integration offers competitive performance and promising potential for the commercialization of CSP-CaL systems in the near future. • A CSP-CaL system indirectly integrated with S-CO 2 Brayton cycle is proposed. • Storage exergy efficiency is largely determined by reaction temperature and conversion. • Power exergy efficiency is affected by power conditions and reaction temperature. • 8.26–16.34% of storage exergy efficiency and 13.6–23.85% of power exergy efficiency are achieved. • The indirect integration is more likely to be commercialization in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the off-design performance of the system integrated a simple recuperative supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle, solar power tower, and thermal energy storage (TES). The system design parameters are obtained first; then, the off-design performance of power cycle and solar receiver are analyzed from the perspective of influencing factors; finally, the daily performance simulations of overall system are conducted. This work is aimed at analyzing the system performance under more realistic conditions, and clarifying the influence mechanism between parameters of solar field, TES and power cycle under off-design conditions. Results show that the increase in ambient temperature and input energy to the receiver, and the decrease in molten salt temperature from the cold tank are beneficial to improve the solar receiver efficiency. As the power demand deviates farther from design value, the temperature of molten salt at the heater outlet is higher, which leads to lower solar receiver efficiency. On the summer solstice, the system operates continuously for 24 h with 100% electricity powered by solar energy and 17.8% daily averaged solar-to-electricity efficiency. On the winter solstice, the system operates continuously for 17 h with 72.6% electricity powered by solar energy and 17.1% daily averaged solar-to-electricity efficiency. • The off-design performance of a S–CO 2 Brayton cycle with a SPT system is studied. • Interactions between the solar field, TES and power cycle are clarified. • Daily performance with different climates and real power demands are analyzed. • System efficiencies on summer and winter solstice are 17.8% and 17.1% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, in order to deepen the grid penetration of solar energy, an innovative hybrid solar-nuclear complementarity power (SNCP) system using the supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle is proposed. A solar tower thermal system and a small modular lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) are coupled in this system. The KCl–MgCl 2 salt is chosen as both the heat transfer and energy storage materials for the solar energy block. The simulation model of the SNCP system is established by using the Ebsilon Professional code. Design point performance of the SNCP system is evaluated. The results demonstrate that the SNCP system has an incremental electric power of 77.6 MW compared with the standalone small LFR. The ratio of the incremental electric power to the total net electric power can be 31.1%. Moreover, the performance investigation of the SNCP system under the varying solar irradiance condition is conducted. The results reveal that with the solar irradiance increased, the net electric power and the ratio of the incremental electric power to the net electric power both increase. The SNCP system can operate stably under the pre-set modes and the operation behavior simulation results are in agreement with the pre-set operation strategy. • An innovative solar-nuclear complementarity power (SNCP) system is proposed. • The supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle is used by the proposed SNCP system. • The proposed SNCP system can deepen the grid penetration of solar energy. • The R&D potential of the innovative SNCP system is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]