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This paper summarises the results of a study to identify and quantify the potential impact of measures and policies to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning in European countries over a 10-year period. The market penetration of air conditioning in Europe has increased steadily over several decades. On a “business as usual” basis, its energy consumption would increase by over 50% by 2020. Measures to restrict this increase are therefore important, but the savings potential straddles several overlapping areas which are subject to different constraints including those imposed by the replacement rates of systems and products, and the refurbishment rates of existing buildings. This work reported in this paper is based on the use of information from a variety of sources in a highly disaggregated model to assess the “realisable” savings over a 10-year period, taking into account relevant constraints. The paper summarises results at a European level, focussing on those cases that generate the greatest realisable savings. Savings are possible in three areas: improved equipment and system efficiency, reduced cooling loads, and more effective operation. The cases that offer the largest savings provide the basis for recommendations for policy measures, often using existing policy instruments. In addition, areas where further work is needed are identified. More detailed results and information about the study and additional recommendations can be found at http://www.bre.co.uk/searchresults.jsp?category=5&q=energy+management [1] . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Elevators and escalators have received little attention from an energy efficiency perspective in the past. To close this gap, this paper analyses energy efficiency potentials and suggests policy measures for the European elevator and escalator market. As a precondition, the electrical energy demand of elevators and escalators in the European market is analyzed, based on expert estimations and the results of a monitoring campaign. The estimated current demand is compared to scenarios where the implementation of best available technology for the relevant equipment is assumed and the savings potentials thereof are calculated. The results indicate that considerable technical efficiency potentials exist for elevators (more than 60%) and escalators (around 30%). However, various specific barriers impede the diffusion of these energy-efficient technologies. They include issues like a lack of awareness and relevant information as well as split-incentive problems. The technological analysis is therefore complemented by an investigation of how to overcome these barriers, leading to a set of recommendations on how to improve energy efficiency in the elevator and escalator market. Suitable measures could be implementing standardized methods for electricity measurement, introducing a labeling system and including elevators and escalators in the legislative framework. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]