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This paper investigates factors associated with variation in daily total (electricity and gas) energy consumption in domestic buildings using linked pre-COVID-19 smart meter, weather, building thermal characteristics, and socio-technical survey data covering appliance ownership, demographics, behaviours, and attitudes for two nested sub-samples of 1418 and 682 British households selected from the Smart Energy Research Laboratory (SERL) Observatory panel. Linear mixed effects modelling resulted in adjusted R2 between 63% and 80% depending on sample size and combinations of contextual data used. Increased daily energy consumption was significantly associated (p -value < 0.05, VIF < 5) with: households living in buildings with more rooms and bedrooms, that are older, more detached, have air-conditioning, and experience colder (more heating degree days) or less sunny weather; households with more adult occupants, more children, older adult occupants, higher heating temperature setpoints, and that do not try to save energy. The results demonstrate the value of smart meter data linked with contextual data for improving understanding of energy demand in British housing. Accredited UK researchers are invited to apply to access the data, which has recently been updated to include over 13,000 households from across Great Britain. This paper provides guidance on appropriate methods to use when analysing the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reviews the annual energy and water performance of an aspiring low energy/carbon affordable housing development in southern UK, comprising 25 houses heated by a biomass fueled district heating network. Electrical, heat and water consumption data was collected for all dwellings and more detailed data logging was conducted on a sample of four. The data was analysed to benchmark the overall site performance and compare the individual dwellings. The individual dwellings performed efficiently in terms of electricity, heat and water consumption. Significant variation was identified between maximum and minimum consumers, even when typical performance correlates (i.e. number of occupants, floor area) were accounted for. Water consumption varies by a factor of > 7 and heat and electrical consumption by > 3 which, given the homogeneous design and specification of the buildings, suggested that occupant behaviour was important. Site-wide energy consumption and losses (over and above individual dwelling use) reduced energy and carbon emissions performance by 85% and 70% respectively. Although energy consumption in UK homes can be substantially reduced, the challenge for zero-carbon design is to address issues of total system performance, occupant behaviour and whole-building energy performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]