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• Adobe Yaokang for traditional heating in cold climates was presented. • A quantitatively analysis of the thermal performance of Yaokang was conducted. • Effect of Yaokang heating on indoor air quality were analyzed. • A mathematic model based on thermodynamics equilibrium of Yaokang was proposed. As a traditional heating system, Yaokang are widely used in cave dwellings in rural China. Yaokang are built by local craftsmen, according to traditional construction methods. To study the thermal environment of Yaodong dwellings with Yaokang heating and the effect of the burning of Yaokang on the health of residents, the thermal performance of Yaokang and the indoor air quality with Yaokang heating were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that Yaokang has an excellent thermal storage capacity, and can supply heat to the room for a long period, even after the burning has stopped, with a thermal efficiency of 67.7%. Meanwhile, the concentrations of CO, particulate matter (PM2.5), CO 2 , and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the indoor air were generally within the ranges of good air quality or light pollution. Finally, based on the theory of thermodynamics, a mathematical model of Yaokang heating process was established, and verified using experimental data. Based on the model, optimization of the thermal characteristics of Yaokang and effective regeneration designs for the Yaodong can be obtained. This study can also provide basic data and theoretical support for the protection and inheritance of vernacular buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]