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Abstract: The concern on climate change leads to growing demand for minimization of energy use. As building is one of the largest energy consuming sectors, it is essential to study the impact of climate change on building energy performance. In this regard, building energy simulation software is a useful tool. A set of appropriate typical weather files is one of the key factors towards successful building energy simulation. This paper reports the work of developing a set of weather data files for subtropical Hong Kong, taking into the effect of future climate change. Projected monthly mean climate changes from a selected General Circulation Model for three future periods under two emission scenarios were integrated into an existing typical meteorological year weather file by a morphing method. Through this work, six sets of future weather files for subtropical Hong Kong were produced. A typical office building and a residential flat were modeled using building simulation program EnergyPlus. Hourly building energy simulations were carried out. The simulated results indicate that there will be substantial increase in A/C energy consumption under the impact of future climate change, ranging from 2.6% to 14.3% and from 3.7% to 24% for office building and residential flat, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Economic drivers and barriers were identified to be most significant for ZCB in HK. • User behavior changes can have a major impact on ZCB delivery in HK. • Four strategy areas most address ZCB complexities and dynamics in high-density cities. • ZCB requires micro-level measures, meso -level initiatives and macro-level visions. • A novel multi-level framework of strategies is derived for high-rise high-density ZCB. The zero carbon building (ZCB) approach has been adopted in many cities and regions as an important government strategy for addressing climate change, achieving a low carbon economy, and uplifting the quality of people's life. However, there is yet a lack of uptake of ZCB in high-rise high-density contexts, and mystery exists about its feasibility and societal acceptance. This paper aims to demystify ZCB development in high-rise high-density cities by identifying and examining the drivers, barriers and strategies within Hong Kong as a typical case. Based on the systems theory that addresses ZCBs as complex systems, the research was conducted through a questionnaire survey with 219 effective responses from and six follow-up focus group meetings with industry stakeholders. Key drivers and barriers were systematically identified, covering economic, legislative, cultural, supply chain, geographical, and skill and knowledge aspects. Specifically, economic drivers and barriers were found most significant. A novel multi-level framework of strategies was further derived, integrating micro-level measures, meso -level initiatives and macro-level visions for achieving ZCBs in high-rise high-density cities. The framework contributes a new perspective to examine ZCB drivers and barriers, and lays the foundation for a strategic decision-making tool to support ZCB developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In-situ monitoring allows for a more reliable estimation of envelope performance of residential buildings. • Policy differences are one of the main causes for the variation in building envelope performance across regions. • Potential global warming impacts ought to be considered when pondering on the future direction of envelope development of residential buildings. • Interactive policy framework underscores the necessity of devising more comprehensive public policies pertaining to energy saving. Climatic conditions can exert significant impacts on energy demand of residential buildings. Therefore, case-based evidence is necessary for aiding local policy making on building energy performance. By designing and carrying out in-situ monitoring campaigns respectively in Cambridge, Hong Kong and Shanghai, we present in this paper a cross-regional analysis of actual building envelope performance in these three climatic regions that operate under different energy efficiency policies. Compared with conventional tabulated data, information gleaned from the method of in-situ monitoring shows lower uncertainty and higher precision, especially when the wall has good thermal properties. By comparing practices in different regions and with accurate post-occupancy thermal data, the analytical results further show that the effectiveness of building-related policies on energy performance varies across regions. This is one of the pioneering studies that make interactive policy recommendations based on the evidence obtained from cross-regional, in-situ monitoring campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Building Bio-Climatic Charts are proposed for different climate change scenarios. • Time-varying significance of nine design parameters in this century are provided. • Effectiveness of airtightness will increase up to 329% by the end of this century. • Cooling potentials of natural ventilation will significantly decrease up to 69%. • A holistic passive design can reduce the building annual cooling load by 56.7%. The application of passive design strategies is crucial at the early architectural design stage for building energy use minimization. However, the time-varying effectiveness of passive design strategies in responding to future climate change in hot and humid climates are rather limited in the literature. This paper aims to examine the dynamic effectiveness of passive design strategies for residential buildings in Hong Kong under the context of future climate change. Using the newly developed hourly weather data and adaptive comfort standard model, the dynamic effectiveness of viable passive design strategies for residential buildings are evaluated over time in the 21st century by plotting Givoni building bio-climatic charts (BBCC) and simulation-based sensitivity analyses in a validated EnergyPlus model. Results show that solar protection strategies are still the highly sensitive strategies for building energy performance and the effectiveness of external windows' airtightness is expected to increase up to 329% by the end of this century, whereas the cooling potential of ventilation utilization will significantly decrease over time. When the different combination of sensitive passive design parameters is implemented onto the baseline residential building model for different climate scenarios, the annual and peak cooling load can be reduced up to 56.7% and 64.5%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The climate change is identified by the ground measurement of HK over the 37 years. • The building energy needs can be influenced by the climate change. • The TMY is suggested to be updated every 10 years or less for the climate change. • 10 to 12 years of the latest data can be proper for TMY in the changing climate. The weather data is essential to simulation-based building energy studies. The weather data should render the features of the changing climate. The typical meteorological year (TMY) developments using the long-term climate data, however, may weaken the impact of the recent climate change and the corresponding building energy responses. This paper studies the changes of the climate data (by ground measurements) and their impacts on the simulation results of the subtropical Hong Kong over 37 years. The climate changes for solar radiation, temperature and wind speed were summarised, and their daily total, average, extreme, and/or deviation values were presented. The typical weather data developed by the ground measurements of different times and period lengths (within the 37 years) determined the cooling load of a representative building in the Hong Kong, and the outcomes were compared to that of the yearly data. The period (length) of the raw measurements and the update frequency of TMY were optimized for the building energy simulations in the changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]