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By not following standard scientific nomenclature for parts per million by volume (ppmv) and parts per million by mass (ppm), the authors of Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (AR4), introduced confusion between these units. This confusion in AR4 has spread to the scientific community and has potential to create problems. Carbon dioxide contributed approximately 11% of the change in atmospheric warming during the period from the ice ages to the pre-industrial level of 275 ppmv. This is consistent with the current proportion of warming by carbon dioxide, and casts doubt on carbon dioxide being almost 100% of the cause of atmospheric warming from 275 to 378 ppmv. The climate sensitivity parameter calculated for the projected temperature change range of 2.9°C to 6.4°C is physically impossible to achieve. The lower temperature range is unreliable. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has an important obligation to make these problems known to policymakers and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines lifetime for CO2 as the time required for the atmosphere to adjust to a future equilibrium state, and it gives a wide range of 5-200 years; however, a number of published data show a short lifetime of 5-15 years. This implies that anthropogenic emissions of CO2 are sequestrated more easily than expected, suggesting it would be beneficial to look at other climate factors when making long-term predictions. Considering the magnitude and the time length (cycle), climate change can be interpreted as the result of the complex coupling of astronomic forces (e.g. the Earth's orbit and cosmic-ray flux) as well as terrestrial forces. Regarding the Earth's climate as a complex (nonlinear) system, it is necessary for the climate research community and policy makers to distinguish between variations caused by anthropogenic and natural occurrences, and the problem of how to do so arises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past century, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has significantly increased in our atmosphere, creating numerous catastrophic effects and environmental impacts. There are three main CO2 capture methods: (a) post-combustion, (b) pre-combustion, and (c) oxy-fuel combustion implemented to capture CO2 from significant CO2 emitting sources. Further, the captured CO2 is utilized to convert it into value-added products. The current status of potential combined CO2 capture and CO2 utilization methods provide the solution to the issues of greenhouse-gas CO2 emissions from anthropogenic activities and the ever-growing energy demand challenges. These unique approaches dramatically reduce the overall energy penalty, cost-effective, and have a low environmental impact. As of now, carbon management is more intensively shifting toward the carbon utilization for minimizing energy consumption and replacing fossil fuel with the cleaner energy sources. This paper presents an idea of co-integration pathways for CO2 capture and CO2 utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has been considerable concerned because of the increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Gansu province is a typical less-developed and heavy chemical industrial province, its CO2 emission per unit of the gross domestic product (GDP) is 252.52 ton per million Chinese yuan (t/M-CNY) in 2019, which is 48.42% more than national average value. Gansu province faces the following dual pressures including maintaining economic growth and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This paper establishes a low carbon development system dynamics model in order to investigate the effects of four carbon reduction measures (technical progress, industrial transformation, fuel substitution, and low carbon awareness) on reducing CO2 emission over the period of 2020–2030. The simulation results indicate that, without direct intervention, the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP is projected to be 171.34 t/M-CNY by 2030. While utilizing technical progress, implementing industrial transformation, fuel substitution, and low carbon awareness could potentially be 2.12%, 3.33%, 0.72% and 1.27%, respectively less than that. For the sake of achieving the goal of CO2 reduction in the long run, the local government should address today's industrial transformation and adopt reasonable combination of adjustment and control policies immediately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper measures the technical inefficiency and the shadow price of Korean fossil-fuel generation companies (GENCOs) between 2001 and 2016 at the firm-level. To obtain robust empirical results, this study employs both commonly used deterministic and stochastic estimation methods. The empirical results are as follows: the inefficiency estimates are approximately 0.09 (deterministic) and 0.08 (stochastic); the estimates of CO2 shadow price, in KRW/tCO2, are 82,758 (deterministic) and 49,830 (stochastic), which shows high volatility in the annual average shadow price. In addition, we find that the results of the deterministic method without any random errors show a large variation in the trends of technical inefficiency and shadow price, while the stochastic method with random errors yields only moderate volatility. Our empirical results are expected to assist policymakers in determining how much potential mitigation can be achieved through improved efficiency, and the range of the CO2 shadow price will contribute to more efficient policy tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the view that improving the efficiency of energy use will lead to a reduction in national energy consumption, and hence is an effective policy for reducing CO2 emissions. It argues that improving energy efficiency lowers the implicit price of energy and hence make its use more affordable, thus leading to greater use. The paper presents the views of economists, as well as green critics of 'efficiency' and the 'dematerialization' thesis. The paper argues that a more effective CO2 policy is to concentrate on shifting to non-fossil fuel fuels, like renewables, subsidized through a carbon tax. Ultimately what is needed, to limit energy consumption, is energy conservation not energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of public–private partnership investment in energy and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, taking into account the critical role of economic growth and trade openness in Pakistan from 1992 to 2019. The linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models are employed to check the co-integration link between dependent and independent variables, further estimate short-run and long-run associations, and examine the symmetric and asymmetric effects of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The empirical findings show that public–private partnership investment in energy reduces environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. Similarly, economic development and trade openness harms the atmosphere by raising CO2 emissions. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption significantly negatively affects CO2 emissions. In addition, the findings also authenticate the asymmetric link between public–private partnership investment in energy and the environment, as CO2 emissions are caused mainly by positive shocks in public–private partnership investment in energy in the short and long run. This study proposes financing renewable energy projects through public–private partnership is needed for an environmentally friendly future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic thermal greenhouse system highly supports the production of biogas. The system’s prime advantage is biogas heating and crop drying through varied directions of air flow. Further, it diminishes the upward loss of the system. This paper aims to model a practical greenhouse system for obtaining the precise estimation of the heating efficiency, given by the solar radiance. The simulation model adopts the self-adaptive firefly neural network model that applies on known experimental data. Therefore, the error function between the model outcome and the experimental outcome is substantially minimized. The performance analysis involves an effective comparative study on the root mean square error between the adopted self-adaptive firefly neural network model and the conventional models such as Levenberg–Marquardt neural network and firefly neural network. Later, the impact of self-adaptiveness, FF update and learning performance on attaining the knowledge regarding the characteristics of SAFF algorithm is analysed to yield better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of atmospheric carbon dioxide is the sine qua non for all plant growth and thence for all marine and terrestrial life forms. The purpose of this paper is to show that proposed reductions in anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to below the level of observed annual incremental biospheric absorption of those emissions would reduce the growth of the basic feedstock of all life forms. Agronomists have for long known and demonstrated in controlled experiments both in greenhouses and in field studies the dramatic impact of increases in its level on crop yields. These studies have all been local. The regression analysis here of historic data on global food production shows it may well be more dependent on increases in the availability of atmospheric carbon dioxide (henceforth written as [CO2]) than on changes in fertilizer consumption and global mean temperature (GMT). This implies that if the drastic reductions in total anthropogenic emissions of CO2 to be sought at Copenhagen (December 2009) are adopted and applied, they will, even if they aim at only a 60% reduction on the 2000 global level by 2050, bring emissions to below the incremental volume of their biospheric absorption. That could seriously imperil growth of global food production. We show how in its role as a fertilizer that raises global Net Primary Productivity (NPP), increases in [CO2] have a natural negative feedback mechanism that offsets a large proportion of growing emissions: more [CO2] causes more plant growth, but more plant growth takes up more CO2 thus limiting the further rise. This contrasts with the unproven positive feedback assumed in all models deployed by the IPCC whereby, allegedly, rising [CO2] will result in falling biospheric absorption and ever larger increases in [CO2]. We show there is no sign in the observations since 1958 of "saturation" of the capacity of the planet to continue absorbing more than half of all anthropogenic emissions of CO2, so there is no evidence for the IPCC's positive feedback. Biospheric absorption of increases in anthropogenic CO2 emissions would only have to increase from the average 57% of all anthropogenic emissions from 1958 to 2008 to 60% to achieve the likely Copenhagen 60% emissions reduction target. The rapid growth of absorption of total anthropogenic emissions to over 6% p.a. between 1997 and 2006 relative to total emissions growth at 2.6% p.a. over that period (Le Quéré 2008) confirms this manner of attaining the Copenhagen target is easily attainable-and helps to explain the growth of food production at rates in excess of global population growth. It also limited the growth rate of aggregate [CO2] between 1958 and 2008 to only 0.41% p.a. Our results show that with warming in the absence of growing carbon fertilization, agricultural production could be less by more than 10% by 2080 than at present (2007:Table 5.8). That means starvation for most of a global population likely then to be at least 50% larger than now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the strategic challenges for companies arising from the EU-wide greenhouse gas emission trading system (EU-ETS). Tools are suggested to help companies develop synchronised abatement and trading strategies in their dynamic decision making and facilitate overall cost-minimising behaviour. Furthermore, an EU-ETS simulation game is presented, which has recently been carried out in Germany,and which combines the advantages of a field experiment and a controlled laboratory experiment. The results of the game suggest that the proposed trading system will not automatically result in the expected cost savings. Different factors can be identified as the causes, such as specific design parameters of the EU-ETS, participants' lack of experience with a new instrument, their lack of trust in the market mechanism and risk aversion. The simulation results stress the need for companies to acquaint themselves with the rules and the range of possible strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation has been recognized as a global issue due to high energy consumption and economic growth. This situation needs researchers to focus on, thereby, the current article examined the impact of renewable energy production (REP), energy import, renewable energy consumption (REC), gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in China. The study considered secondary data and extracted it from the World Bank database covering the period 1981 to 2018. The current article has examined the stationarity of the constructs using Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests and investigated the association among constructs using the quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) model. The data revealed that REP, energy import, and REC, had a significant and negative linkage with CO2 emission in China. In contrast, GDP, inflation, and FDI are linked with CO2 emission in a positive manner. The article also guided the policymakers regarding the policy development related to reducing carbon emissions using renewable energy production and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the linkages between renewable energy consumption (REC), nonrenewable energy consumption (NREC), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and economic growth in emerging Asian countries during the period 1975–2020 using a panel augmented mean group (AMG) estimation technique. The results of the long-run coefficient elasticity show that REC, NREC, employed labor force, and capital formation contribute significantly to long-run economic growth. The research analysis also found that NREC significantly increases long-term carbon emissions while REC significantly reduces long-term carbon emissions. Moreover, gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP3 have a significant positive impact on environmental degradation while GDP2 has a significant adverse impact on environmental pollution, thus validating the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in selected emerging Asian economies. The country-wise AMG strategy points out that India and Bangladesh have no EKC hypothesis, China and Singapore have an inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis and Japan and South Korea have an N-shaped EKC hypothesis. Empirical evidence from Dumitrescu and Hurlin's causality test shows a two-way causality between REC and economic growth, supporting the feedback hypothesis. Strategically, this study suggests that more renewable energy is a viable strategy to address energy security and reduce carbon emissions to protect the environment and boost future economic growth in selected emerging Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revisits the energy-growth nexus by incorporating the effect of clean energy, CO2 emissions and technological innovation within the research background of Norway and New Zealand over the period from 1971 to 2010. The result of the autoregressive distributed lag model indicates that there is long-run equilibrium among clean energy, economic growth, CO2 emissions and technological innovation for both countries. The result of the Granger causality test suggests that the use of clean energy does assuage CO2 emissions at the expense of economic growth. As the majority of countries are supposed to participate in the pace of environmental protection, examining Norway and New Zealand provides readers an insight of the double edge effect of clean energy on CO2 emissions and economic growth. It is worth to mention that the endogenous growth theory plays an effective role in the energy-growth nexus. To optimize the benefits of clean energy use, Norway and New Zealand should pay attention to their research and development processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study corroborates the asymmetric and heterogeneous associations between clean energy intensity (CEI) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions among the world's top ten renewable energy consumer countries using quarterly data from 1970Q1 to 2018Q4. We quantify the complete dependence structure between CEI and CO2 at quantile distributions using a novel quantile-on-quantile (QQ) method proposed by Sim and Zhou (2015). Compared to classic approaches such as quantile regression and ordinary least squares, the QQ technique can provide more information on the overall relationship between CEI and CO2. Furthermore, we also seek to determine causal relationships between CEI and CO2 using a quantile Granger causality approach suggested by Troster. According to our empirical evidence, the link between the two variables is predominantly negative. Moreover, there are significant disparities across countries in the quantile ranges of CEI and CO2. In particular, there is a weak positive link between CEI and CO2 in the case of Sweden, Italy, Japan, and Australia, which may be because CEI has a minimal direct influence on CO2 in these countries. The empirical findings clarify that policymakers should fund renewable energy industries to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current trends in energy supply and use are patently unsustainable - economically, environmentally and socially. Without decisive action, energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will more than double by 2050 and increased oil demand will heighten concerns over the security of supplies. To change our current path will take an energy revolution and low-carbon energy technologies will have a crucial role to play. Nuclear power among other technologies needs to be widely deployed if we are to reach our greenhouse gas emission goals. Every major country and sector of the economy must be involved. But what level should we aim for, what are the roadblocks to be overcome and what are the milestones that we must achieve? This paper will discuss the nuclear roadmap to 2050, produced jointly by the IEA and NEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discusses on the article by Tom Quirk about carbon dioxide sinks that was published in the previous issue of "Energy & Environment." It impart that Quirk should have examined the difference of the annual changes to avoid the false conclusion that the step changes have importance. The authors also discusses several faults in the conlusions of Quirk. It notes that the paper of Quirk is worthless in understanding previous studies on stable carbon isotopes ratio.

ALSTOM Power Service delivers solutions not only to recover degradation, but also to increase the performance and efficiency of the installed global power generation fleet. Such performance improvements also reduce greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 emissions. The mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol promote the implementation of CO2-reducing state-of-the-art technologies to developing and emerging economies. Having installed the world's largest power generation fleet, ALSTOM wants to make use of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to make technology implementation economically attractive for non-Annex I countries. This paper gives an overview and outlook for environmental mechanisms and technologies, the value proposition and some experience in pioneering a CDM project with a gas turbine upgrade in a non-Annex I country. It is shown that in a crediting period of 10 years 3 million tons of CO2eq can be saved on a mid-sized power plant. Assuming a price of € 8 per ton of CO2eq for Certified Emission Reductions this would lead to an annual revenue of 20 % of the initial implementation cost, representing a very attractive business case for the plant operator. The described CDM application can be a decisive factor for proceeding with a fuel switch or an upgrade. The revenues earned from emission trading enables the plant operator to make the investment to reduce Kyoto-relevant emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of carbon dioxide through the atmosphere is a complex system because it consists of several cycles; e.g., through the biosphere which produces and consumes it, and through the Earth's water surfaces which absorb and emit it. These processes are dependent on temperature but their reactions to temperature have different signs. Temperature rise promotes both the consumption and the production of carbon dioxide by the biosphere but liberates carbon dioxide from water surfaces. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the behaviour of these processes. It considers these flows and assesses observations of the movement of carbon dioxide to and from the atmosphere. The disturbance of the natural cycle by current anthropogenic emissions is used as an instrument to throw light on what is actually happening to cause alteration to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Also, these considerations are used in attempts to model the processes with mathematical equations derived from physics and biology. It is concluded that it is not possible to decide on a preferred mathematical model because the disturbing signal is still too low in comparison to the observed natural variation in the system. Hence, the use of existing models of the system would have high uncertainty if extrapolated to higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Lastly it is suggested that the consideration only of human emissions, neglecting the possibility of other natural sources contributing to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, may lead to erroneous calculations of the involved flow rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a literature study of the observations on temperature changes and the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It investigates the cause-effect relationship between these parameters, and makes an alternative interpretation to that given by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new policy approach is needed to deliver carbon dioxide savings in the UK; this paper proposes carbon rationing for personal energy use. Current policies are extremely unlikely to result in sufficient savings to meet the 2010 national reduction target. Indeed, when international air travel emissions are included, carbon equivalent emissions have not actually fallen since 1990. In the domestic sector, energy efficiency is expected to deliver significant carbon savings, but data from recent decades show this to be a triumph of hope over experience. Instead carbon rations for personal transport and household energy use are suggested. Rations would be equal, tradable, mandatory and would decrease year-on-year. The aim would be to make guaranteed carbon savings in an egalitarian way. Practical details of rationing are outlined and concerns about its effects are debated. Finally, it is concluded that rationing has great potential to enable the UK, and other countries, to meet their carbon saving targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the role of advanced power generation technology in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. In order to quantify the importance of these technologies a scenario approach is applied comparing a "business as usual" scenario with technology cases which assume the accelerated development and earlier availability of certain advanced technologies. The simulations with the POLES world energy model demonstrate, that the availability of advanced technology for power generation alone does not lead to emission reductions needed to stabilise carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere at a sustainable level. To achieve that additional policy measures are necessary. It is however shown, that the availability of advanced technology has a crucial impact on the cost to meet emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change caused by greenhouse gases is receiving worldwide attention. CO2 (carbon dioxide) emission accounts for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions. The current measures against emission of CO2 are mainly control of emissions, sequestration and fixation, but CO2 emission decreased by only 1.6% in Europe during the past decade. CO2 recovery and reuse may offer new options for the greenhouse gas strategy.CO2 recovery technology such as the amine process is economically and technically feasible for industrial-scale application, and the recovered CO2 can be utilized for energy production, development of new energy resources, agriculture, etc. Recycling of CO2 on a large scale is discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological and ocean sequestration of carbon dioxide is a potential climate change mitigation option that is currently receiving an increasing level of attention within business, academic and policy communities. This paper presents a preliminary investigation of possible public reaction to the technologies under consideration. Using a focus group approach, we consider the similarities between carbon storage technologies and analogous technologies that have generated strong reactions with the public. Initial results suggest that, in principle, carbon capture and storage may be seen as an acceptable approach as a bridging policy while other options are developed. However, concerns were raised regarding the safety of storage and trust in the ability of the various institutions to oversee the process in the long term. This analysis forms part of an on-going study which will continue to investigate the perceptions of a range of stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic CO2 generations from use of fossil resources has led to catastrophic climate problems. Biochar is a promising material for CO2 capture and storage in soil, because it does not require additional storage space. To produce biochar, pyrolysis is required in an oxygen-limited condition. In an attempt to offer more environmentally benign route for biochar formation, this study introduced CO2 as a reaction agent. Using rice husk as a model compound, biochars were produced under CO2 and N2 condition. Porosity of rice husk biochars (RHBs) were enhanced under CO2 condition, because CO2 affected to formation of nano-sized pores. pH and moisture retention capacity of garden soil was controlled with an addition of RHBs. Mixtures of garden soil and RHB were also used as cultivation media for growth of barley grass, and plant growth in the mixtures was improved by 20% comparing to garden soil. Moreover, CO2 contributed to enhanced syngas generation during biochar production through gas phase reactions between CO2 and volatile compounds. Thus, this study proved that CO2 is a useful reactant for pyrolysis of biomass waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between financial instability and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India from 1980 to 2020. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used to measure long-run and short-run dynamics, followed by the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to determine the causal direction. As per the findings of the study, financial instability has an insignificant effect on CO2 emissions. However, economic development, energy use, and urbanization have a detrimental effect on environmental quality because it releases a significant amount of CO2 emissions into the environment. Our empirical findings confirmed the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve. The outcomes of the VECM show that the long-run causality can be noticed in CO2 emissions, financial instability, energy use, and urbanization. Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the results were verified by using a variety of diagnostic tests. This research presents novel results that add to the current literature and may be of particular importance to the country's policymakers regarding the financial system and its importance in environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this paper consists of reports of Russian carbon dioxide emissions, and a range of adjustments is then made on the assumption of similar under-reporting for both carbon dioxide and acid rain emissions. based on previous research on emissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from the former USSR. This range of estimates is then compared with reports of greenhouse gas emissions from other major industrial Western countries. The next section of the paper provides information on technological options for the reduction of carbon dioxide and acid rain emissions within a framework of available fuels and combustion processes. The paper continues with a discussion of theRussian economic, political and commercial factors which will influence the practical implementation of those technologies in that region, and concludes with suggestions for further research on technology transfer processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Group of 20 (G20; excluding EU economies) were selected as the research objects, and the dynamic network slacks-based model (SBM) was used to evaluate the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and forested area on the efficiency and productivity of the industrial and agricultural sectors from 2011 to 2015. Empirical results showed that: (1) The efficiency of the industrial sector was superior to that of the agricultural sector among the G20 countries. Argentina, Australia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US maintained the best industrial sector efficiency values, falling on the efficiency boundary, whereas Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, and the US had the best agricultural sector efficiency values. (2) Argentina, Indonesia, and the US had the best overall efficiency value of G20 countries. Saudi Arabia (0.0303), China (0.2721), and the UK (0.2809) had the lowest efficiency values. (3) Only France and Germany had higher than average total factor productivity, while Indonesia and Saudi Arabia had declining industrial and agricultural sector productivity. (4) The proportion of forested area (546.02%) was the most important variable to be improved due to the influence of desert topography, followed by the proportion of agricultural output values (60.86%) and the proportion of industrial output values (38.02%) in some countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, owing to industrial expansion, urbanization, the rapid growth of the human population, and the high standard of living, the utilization of the most advanced technologies is unavoidable. The enhanced anthropogenic activities worldwide result in a continuous increase in global warming potential, thereby raising a global concern. The constant rise in global warming potential forces the world to mitigate greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is considered as the primary contributor responsible for global warming and climatic changes. The global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions released into the atmosphere can eventually deteriorate the environment and endanger the ecosystem. Combating global warming is one of the main challenges in achieving sustainable development. Carbon capture and storage is a potential solution to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. There are three main methods for carbon capture and storage: post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion. Among them, post-combustion is used in thermal power plants and industrial sectors, all of which contribute a significant amount of carbon dioxide. Different techniques such as physical and chemical absorption, physical and chemical adsorption, membrane separation, and cryogenic distillation used for carbon capture are thoroughly discussed and presented. Currently, there are various materials including absorbents, adsorbents, and membranes used in carbon dioxide capture. Still, there is a search for new and novel materials and processes for separating and capturing carbon dioxide. This review article provides a comprehensive review of different methods, techniques, materials, and processes used for separating and capturing carbon dioxide from significant stationary point sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beer-Lambert law does not apply strictly to the relationship between radiative forcing (RF) of CO2 and concentration in the atmosphere, i.e., ΔRF = 5.35ln(C/Co). It is an approximation because water vapour competes unevenly with CO2 over the IR absorption wavelength range. We propose a quadratic model as an improved approximation. It links concentration to RF thereby allowing RF calculation at any concentration, not just ΔRF. For example, at 378 ppmv of CO2, the level in 2005, it calculates RF = 8.67 W m-2, or approximately 2.7% of the total RF of all the greenhouse gases. A second and independent method based on worldwide hourly measurements of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity confirms this percentage. Each method shows that, on average, water vapour contributes approximately 96% of current greenhouse gas warming. Thus, the factors controlling the amount of water vapour in the air also control the earth's temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is an important driver of economic growth for several countries in the world. However, the rise in tourism activities has raised concerns regarding emissions resulting from tourist activities such as transportation as well as the consequent effect on the quality of the environment. Hence, this study examines the impact of tourism and other factors such as investments, energy utilization and economic growth on carbondioxide (CO2) emission in the emerging industrialized seven countries namely (China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Indonesia and Turkey) for the period 2000 to 2018. The study uses the Pool Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL), ordinal least square (OLS), dynamic ordinals least square (DOLS) and fully modified least square (FMOLS) estimators as well as Dumitrescu and Hurlin Causality Test. Long run regression estimates reveal that a increase in tourism activities lower carbondioxide emissions in the E7 countries which can be traced to the adoption of environmentally friendly tourism. Furthermore, investment in energy and economic growth, the majority of the regression results point that both factors lower carbondioxide emissions in the emerging seven (E7) countries while energy consumption is a driver of CO2 emissions in the E7 countries. The study suggests that the implementation of environmentally friendly tourism be sustained to continually improve the quality of the natural environment in the blocs. Similarly, strict regulations of economic activities in line with the protection of the environment are advised while the use of renewable energy is needed to reduce emissions in the E7 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, media and scientific journals have given increasing attention to worldwide extreme weather (EW) events and their possible relation to climate change and specifically to recent warming of the earth's climate. This warming which has been linked to human CO2 emissions has been referred to by the IPCC as 'Anthropogenic Global Warming' (AGW). A brief overview of the ongoing debate is presented, synthesizing worldwide EW events of last decades and analysing the possible linkage between EW and AGW. It is concluded that the postulated AGW/EW link is a perception than reality, the perception being fostered by increased and uncritical media attention to recent EW events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong climate-forcing effect of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations advocated by the IPCC, is at odds with climate developments during geological, historical and recent times. Although atmospheric CO2 concentrations continuously increased during industrial times, temperatures did not increase continuously to the present level but stagnated or even declined slightly during 1880 to 1900, 1945 to1977 and again since 1998. Total solar irradiation rose from a low in 1890 to a first peak in 1950 that was followed by a sharp decline ending in 1977, giving way to a period of rapidly increasing radiation peaking in 2002 when solar activity started to decrease, possibly declining to a new Little-Ice-Age type low. The Greenhouse Effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, claimed and widely propagated by IPCC, is particularly vexing as it is widely over-estimated without adequate scientific justification. Large observed climate variations documented for geological and historical times, as well as the lack of insight into the behaviour of complex systems, seriously question the Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) concept propagated by the IPCC. The climate variability during industrial times was essentially governed by changes in solar activity with increasing atmospheric CO2 content playing a subordinate role. The climate controlling effect attributed by the IPCC to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is rejected since supporting models are not compatible with observations. Lastly, the authors consider from a historical and philosophical science point of view why current mainstream climate change research and IPCC assessments may have been on an erring way for several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Mauna Loa Curve initiated by chemist Charles Keeling. Keeling Curve measured the carbon dioxide concentration of air on the active volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii which is considered as the fever curve of the world. It is stated that the curve represents the life's work of Keeling. The Mauna Loa measurements indicated a rise since carbon dioxide concentration has been assessed in the upper troposphere by dozens of balloon flights and after World War II by rockets. The curve is a high precision analytical method that finds the origin of the carbon source.

The article discusses issues and topics concerning global warming. Several nations around the world have taken measures to fight and counteract global warming. It was also proven that developed countries are the largest contributors of carbon dioxide emissions which are the primary cause of global warming including Great Britain, Australia, Brussels and Danish. It notes that Japan leads in energy efficiency. It was suggested that these great contributors of carbon emission should furnish 95 percent of the needed funds to counteract the global warming. Result of the research also shows that the main effect of carbon dioxide emission is not global warming but deadly acidification and micronutrient starvation of plant plankton in the sea, resulting to loss of all fish in 2048.

The article discusses the problems on global energy. This paper focuses on the world's need of energy and the challenges the comes with it. Fossil fuel has become the main source of energy and the world is increasingly becoming dependent on it. How this can be satisfied is the major challenge faced in the 21st century. There are ways in achieving economical sources such as the explorable oils, natural gas, coal, and regenerative energy sources. However, the world must address the issues of limited resources on accessible fossil fuels and the increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by burning of fossil fuels.

Focuses on the adaptation of flexible mechanisms to fulfill the obligations of the Kyoto Protocol in Europe. Use of options to absorb carbon dioxide emissions by proper land-use-change; Exploitation of greenhouse gas reduction potential outside the energy sector; Implementation of proposals in the area of energy and transport policy.

Examines the strategic value of carbon dioxide recovery and storage technology from the political and administrative dimension. Scientific knowledge of climate change; Status of research and development on carbon recovery and storage technology; Characteristics of long-term energy and climate scenario analysis.

Examines the hypothesis that climate change is caused by carbon dioxide. Argument of additional infrared absorption; Radiation transport; Greenhouse effect.

This study aims to analyze the behavior of Chilean industrial sources when a CO2 tax, an emissions trading system with a total reduction target of 30%, or both instruments simultaneously are applied. For the above, an optimization model is built that is then calibrated with firm -level data obtained from the Annual National Industrial Survey (ENIA). Specifically, the model assumes that industrial sources have the option of maintaining their original emissions, replacing their current fuels with less polluting ones to pay fewer taxes and/or trade of emissions in a carbon market. The results show that to reduce emissions by at least 30% a tax close to US $17.5/tCO2 could be applied with a total cost of US $106 million, but it would be better to apply an emissions trading system with a similar price because the total cost would be US $21.3 million. If both economic instruments are applied together, the total cost of reduction is higher than when the instruments are implemented independently. Thus, it is concluded that Chile could move from a CO2 tax to an emissions trading system in order to reduce the costs of its environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the view that improving the efficiency of energy use will lead to a reduction in national energy consumption, and hence is an effective policy for reducing CO2 emissions. Itargues that improving energy efficiency lowers the implicit price ofenergy and hence make its use more affordable, thus leading to greater use. The paper presents the views of economists, as well as green critics of 'efficiency' and the 'dematerialization' thesis. The paperargues that a more effective CO2 policy is to concentrateon shifting to non-fossil fuel fuels, like renewables, subsidized through a carbon tax. Ultimately what is needed, to limit energy consumption, is energy conservation not energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks, within the extended framework of the so-called environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), to analyse the nonlinear effect of economic growth and energy consumption on environmental pollution (measured by CO2 emissions) in 30 countries, over the period 2000 – 2018. The panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is used to allow such a relationship between variables in different economic regimes to be determined. According to the analysis results, this study strengthens the idea that the relationship can be described as a shaped business cycle, in which economic growth first increases environmental degradation, and then, after a certain growth (income) level has been reached, reduces it. This business cycle relationship suggests that environmental improvements will eventually occur as economies grow. Another implication of these results is the importance of using energy in a greener way to combat climate change and to sustain economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extant, energy and exergy analysis of a CI engine running on PB20 (20% polanga biodiesel by volume blended with 80% diesel by volume) mixture of 20% polanga oil methyl ester (POME) with 80% diesel by volume) and diesel. The results of the study show that the heat loss percentage is maximum, and the exhaust loss percentage is minimum for the tested fuels in energy distribution. The percentage of exergy destruction is maximum, and exergy due to heat loss percentage is minimum for the tested fuels during exergy breakdown. PB20 provides 1.4% less energy to the engine than diesel fuel to give the same power. The rate of heat transfer for PB20 is more than that of diesel. Energy loss due to exhaust gas for PB20 is 13% less than that of diesel fuel. The exergy input is about 6–7% higher than the fuel energy input. Exergy destruction of diesel is more than that of PB20 by 3.18%. Exergy loss due to heat loss of PB20 is higher than that of diesel by 1.5%. Overall, the test results indicate that better combustion and efficiencies with less irreversibility are found with biodiesel. Uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis are carried out by considering the temperature parameter. The uncertainty lies between the true values. Thus, PB20 can be a partial replacement for diesel as a fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric motors consume a large share of electricity in cement industries. Traditionally, most of the motor applications use variable frequency drive to save electricity, but they do not optimally minimize power consumption always. Pumps and fans are the applications where significant energy savings can be obtained at partial load by implementing optimal flux control. The present work identifies 10 large-size pump motors of an integrated cement manufacturing unit and proposes optimal flux control in a novel way during their operation. The proposed method eliminates run-time optimal flux computations, perturbations, and convergence issues as compared to conventional techniques along with excellent dynamic response. Significant savings of $0.237 million in annual energy cost, 3261.6 tons of combusted coal, and reduction of 3359.5 tons green-house gas emissions in a year are estimated at an average 90% loading condition. The estimated energy saving will be in line with “good practice” benchmarks for industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines energy conservation and energy efficiency policies and programs, mainly in the UK but also in Denmark and the Netherlands. It explores the theoretical and practical differences between conservation and energy efficiency and shows how, particularly in the household sector, energy demand continued to increase despite a rangeof policies to improve energy efficiency. Energy efficiency's ability to deliver energy and CO2 savings may be significantly counter-balanced in the short term by trends towards, greater use of appliances and increasing comfort standards. Over the medium and longer term energy efficiency should prove much more beneficial as saturation is reached for many energy services. However without action to raise energy prices (e.g. through taxation) the potentially beneficial effects of energy efficiency programs may be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes 'DREAM-World', a simple model of global carbon emissions using logistic equations to describe the variations, over the period l900-2100, in world population, GDP per capita, energy intensity and carbon intensity. The resulting simulations of historical and projected future carbon emissions are in reasonably good agreementwith both the historical emissions data and with three published future emission scenarios, chosen to reflect a wide range of possibilities. The use of logistic equations highlights the need to consider when the inflection points in key variables, such as GDP per capita, will occur in future. The modeling exercise also highlights the fact that, because energy intensity cannot in principle reach zero whereas carbon intensity can, energy efficiency improvements can only 'buy time' in the carbon abatement process: a shift to carbon-free energy sources is ultimately required - if global economic growth is to continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change due to an increase in greenhouse gases such ascarbon dioxide is now regarded as a serious worldwide environmental problem. It is described herein that there is a relation between the tropical zone and the polar/subpolar zone in the heat balance of the earth. The main purpose of the present paper is to show how the boreal environment should be incorporated in the study of global warming. The boreal environment is found to be affected by global warming, butthis sensitive environment plays an important part in the terrestrial radiation which releases thermal energy into space. This event depends upon a high albedo in the polar/subpolar zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is stimulated by the debate in the US about optimal abatement paths, in particular recent claims that it would be economicallypreferable to defer such abatement action, in favour of measures that support technology development but do not affect emission trends for many years. This paper categorises the various economic issues involved and concludes that for each economic argument that has been advanced to justify deferring emission constraints, there are countervailing economic arguments that could be used in support of rapid near-term emissions abatement. Rational policy lies between these extremes. A policy of deferring all emissions abatement exposes economic systems and industries, as well as the environment, to significantly greater costs and risks than those arising from a more balanced approach. Furthermore the modelling studies that have been used to justify deferring emissions abatement do so because they embody the economic factors favourable to delay and largely neglect the countervailing issues,to the point where they cannot be considered as relevant to a balanced assessment of the issues relating to economically optimal abatement timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust scientific evidence shows the sun angle controls water vapour content of the atmosphere, the main component of back radiation, as it cycles annually. Water vapour content measured as the ratio of the number of water molecules to CO2 molecules varies from 1:1 near the Poles to 97:1 in the Tropics. The effect of back radiation on Earth's atmosphere is up to 200 times larger than that of CO2 and works in the opposite direction. Thus, if CO2 has any effect on atmospheric temperature and climate change we show it is negligible. Consequently, current government policies to control atmospheric temperature by limiting consumption of fossil fuels will have negligible effect. Measured data reported in IPCC report Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (AR5) indicate increased water vapour content of the atmosphere is the cause of the 0.5°C temperature increase from the mid-1970s to 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this manuscript is to look anew at Energy intensity, an indicator often used as measure of efficient economic development, which currently does not include any environmental component. The authors compared results obtained on the same sample by using Energy Intensity, a well known indicator, and Index of Energy Intensity Cost, an improved indicator suggested by the authors. The new indicator includes carbon emission cost, since 96% of carbon emission is result of energy consumption. Besides the introduction of a new component, the authors changed the nature of the indicator itself. Namely, traditional Energy intensity is based on physical values. The new indicator is expressed in monetary values - more suitable for monitoring economic development. Monitoring in the EU27 region, by using two chosen indicators, shows opposite results. Measuring of Energy Intensity, EU27 region showed positive trends. Measuring of Index of Energy Intensity Cost showed negative trends. Further modifications to Energy intensity are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the report issued by the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change on the theory that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ACDC) is due to emission of CD from fossil combustion. The study was conducted by scientist S. Fred Singer and colleagues which revealed that increased ACDC is due to various factors including variations in solar activity. The study also found that there are no evidences that ACDC has caused extreme weather events.