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• Solar-wind-diesel hybrid system is proposed for a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant. • A 3E fuzzy decision-making optimization model is developed for ten distinct energy systems. • Performance of flow batteries and pumped hydro storage technologies are investigated and compared. • Hybrid system with battery option results in better energy, economic, and ecological benefits. • Sensitivity analysis on storage cost show more savings in NPC and COE with pumped hydro than the battery. This paper aims to propose a conceptual design model for sustainable hybrid renewable stand-alone energy system (HRSES) to meet the electricity demand of a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant in Baltim, Egypt. The model investigates the feasibility of different HRSES alternatives and develop a fuzzy-based multicriteria decision-making model for meticulously selecting the optimal energy solution. Both zinc-bromine flow battery and turbine-pumped hydro energy storage technologies are integrated independently with wind, solar, and diesel power sources. Firstly, the proposed model uses HOMER software to execute an energy-economic-ecological optimization analysis for studying the practicability and components sizing of nine HRSES alternatives. Second, an integration between Fuzzy-AHP and Fuzzy-VIKOR decision-making methods is executed to choose the best design considering ten performance criteria. In the second stage, the fuzzy environment is engaged to expedite decision-makers to express their ratings in linguistic terms and to achieve more sensible and accurate results. Among ten feasible alternatives, the results reveal that the optimal system consists of 5 × 20-kW wind turbines, 328-kW photovoltaic array, 100-kW diesel generator, 112 batteries and 235-kW converter. This system has the best economic performance among all alternatives with least NPC, COE, and payback-period of $1,048,046, 0.101$/kWh and 1.1 yr, respectively. Besides, it has a treasured share of renewable of 95.55%; hence, it produces a realistic CO 2 of 25,426.46 kg/year. Lastly, the sensitivity analysis illuminates that the future load growth and low-interest rate hurt upcoming investments while the projected reduction in the cost of energy storages has an encouraging influence on financing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Large-scale reverse osmosis desalination powered by hybrid renewable energy source. • The optimal off-grid power system was photovoltaics/wind/diesel/battery/convertor. • The emitted carbon dioxide of the optimal system outperformed diesel system by 81.5%. • Energy storage systems are required to meet the energy demand during night times. Seawater desalination is a viable source of potable water, particularly for the coastal and remote areas. However, their sustainability is limited by the intensive energy demand of the present methods. Renewable energy is an inexhaustible source of energy, accompanied by cost reduction benefits and clean power generations. Seawater desalination powered with renewable energy sources is being attractive, mainly if the utility-grid is absent. This paper aims to design a renewable energy system, to meet the electrical load demand of large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant (1500 m3/d), and to find the optimal sizing and techno-economic and environmental feasibility assessment of several off-grid power systems. Two off-grid scenarios with different combinations of hybrid power systems were proposed and compared with the base-case of diesel. The first scenario consists of a photovoltaic, wind turbine, diesel, and generator, while the second scenario is equipped with battery storage devices. A total of eleven hybrid renewable energy systems were modelled, analyzed, and compared with the aid of HOMER Pro software to identify the best performance and the optimal plan configuration. The optimization results show that the proposed photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery/convertor system outperformed the other alternatives and exhibited reduction potential of 60.7%, 73.7%, 62% and 81.5% lower than the existing diesel with regards to the net present cost, renewable fraction, cost of energy, and carbon dioxide emission, respectively. The optimum case consists of 451 kW solar panels, 25 wind turbines, 250 kW diesel power, battery storage of 352 string, and 358 kW system converter. The results obtained by the optimal plan with low cost and environmental protection aspects would provide a new sight for real field applications of large scales reverse osmosis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-objective optimization model for the optimal design of HMGESs is proposed. • The optimization model includes energy, economic and environmental aspects in the assessment. • SPV/WDG/DslG/Battery is the most economic, sustainable, and ecologically favorable option. • A power management strategy is applied efficiently on the optimized system to safeguard system power quality. Currently, the global gives a unique awareness of sustainable development by exploiting renewables to provide the people with affordable and clean energy and preserve the climate. This paper proposes a methodical and explicit framework of four phases, to design an autonomous hybrid renewable energy system in a community area in Egypt: preliminarily assessment, design optimization analysis, findings evaluation, and power-quality assessment. In the first three phases which performed by HOMER Pro® software, five hybridization scenarios are evaluated and compared regarding their life-cycle cost, carbon outflows, and reliability to distinguish the extraordinary scenario to supply the addressed community area. Contrary to the majority of studies that suffice only the first three phases, the fourth phase is proposed to perform a power-quality valuation based on a power management strategy (PMS). The results reveal that the optimal configuration consists of a photovoltaic generator, wind-driven generator, diesel-genset, battery-bank, and a power converter with the minimum net present cost of 351,223 $ and energy cost of 0.2262 $/kWh among all configurations. The optimal system has a negligible capacity shortage of 0.0955% and produces the least amount of emitted gases by 50.43 tones/year due to the high renewable fraction (57%). Moreover, the optimal proposed system can recover the invested money after only 3.4 years. The proposed PMS profitably harmonized the system's energy exchange, kept sufficient reserve energy at all times, and maintained the system stability under various meteorological and load disturbances. This can be verified from the superior stabilization of the dc-bus, load voltage and frequency during the examined disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Model for the design and control of an off-grid 100% renewable system is proposed. • Nine alternatives of solar/wind/different storages are modelled and optimized. • Evaluation criteria are cost, emission, and load voltage/frequency constancy. • Solar/wind/lead-acid battery shows the most economic and reliable alternative. • Lead-acid battery/supercapacitor is more efficient than battery only. The continuous rise of global electricity demand and significant dependency on fossil fuel-based centralised power plants are the main indicators of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, thus negatively affecting climate change and human health and increasing the earth temperatures. This alarming situation has demanded the transition to 100 % renewable energy to decarbonise energy use. However, the fluctuating weather resources, and high investment cost are the major challenges with renewable energy implementation. In this context, the combined integration of multiple sources with energy storage in a so-called hybrid renewable energy system was developed as a durable remedy for the previous issues. This paper proposes a joint and conceptual approach for techno-economic design and dynamic rule-based power control of an off-grid solar/wind hybrid renewable energy system integrated with a hybrid energy storage system that comprises a lithium-ion battery, lead-acid battery, and a supercapacitor. Such concurrent integration of 100 % renewable energy systems and hybrid energy storage systems is lacking in the existing literature. First, with the aid of HOMER software, the feasibility and optimisation analysis of nine different configurations was performed in 1 min resolution to find the optimal component sizes. Second, MATLAB/Simulink models were assembled for the winning design based on a dynamic rule-based strategy to investigate and analyse the system's dynamic response, power equilibrium, DC-bus voltage supervision and load voltage/frequency control against instantaneous and dynamic changes in the load or renewable energy resources. The proposed approach was promoted and validated on an actual case study for isolated residential community electrification in Saudi Arabia, in which a multi-tier framework was adopted to accurately simulate the stochastic energy consumption of the community's households. From the design results, the hybrid renewable energy system, which integrates solar, wind, lead-acid batteries, and converter with optimal capacities of 55 kW, 18 kW, 325 kWh and 42 kW converter, respectively, is the most cost-effective alternative with the minimum net present and energy costs of $232,423.3 and $0.3458/kWh, respectively. The system has the least unmet load with 13.5 kWh/years (0.02 %), thus ensuring maximum reliability and customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, the developed control strategy efficiently improved the dynamic response, the DC-bus voltage stability, and the load voltage/frequency during different climatological and load interruptions. Further, the use of lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors has effectively diminished the maximum overshoot of the DC-bus and load voltages by 50 % during all disturbances. In addition, the integration of supercapacitors proficiently saved 2.3–6 kW during wind speed change and 2–9 kW during simultaneous changes in the radiation and load. Overall, the presented method, together with the reported results, provides an improved understanding and highlights the extent to which the successful integration of hybrid renewable energy system and hybrid energy storage system can be used to develop reliable and sustainable energy access for off-grid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]