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Highlights: [•] A graphical method to study the operation of counterbalance valves is presented. [•] The method is suitable to study the impact of valve settings on energy consumption. [•] Energetic considerations on a hydraulic crane were performed through numerical simulations. [•] Test were performed to validate the model on steady-state and transient conditions. [•] Energy consumption reduction potentials in current applications were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Electrification to increase off-highway vehicles efficiency. • Electro-hydraulic unit as a prime mover of off-highway vehicles. • Integrated hydraulic gear machine and permanent magnet synchronous electric machine. • Electric and hydraulic machines integration to increase compactness. • High rotational velocity operation to increase efficiency. In recent years, increasingly stringent emission regulations have spurred an electrification trend in off-highway vehicle technology. To address challenges such as the high cost of power electronics components, limited battery capacity, and the substantial modifications required for the vehicles, there is a pressing need to develop high-speed, cost-effective, compact, and efficient electro-hydraulic units capable of powering vehicle functions. In response to these demands, this paper introduces an innovative morphology for an electro-hydraulic unit and outlines the integration method for a crescent-type internal gear machine with a permanent magnet synchronous electric machine. The proposed morphology aims to minimize component count through a shaftless solution while incorporating a cooling system that utilizes the same working fluid as the hydraulic machine. The design approach utilizes a genetic algorithm optimization process to maximize overall energy efficiency and compactness. Insights gained from the optimization results shed light on the relationship between key design parameters and unit performance, enhancing the understanding of this electro-hydraulic unit. A prototype of the unit was manufactured and tested, demonstrating a volumetric efficiency ranging from 81 % to 97 % at a maximum rotational velocity of the pinion of 6000 rpm. These results validate both the morphology and the design approach, indicating the feasibility of designing compact electro-hydraulic units that leverage hydraulic machines with higher maximum rotational velocities than commercially available counterparts as a mean to enhance efficiency and compactness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]