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Abstract As pollution has become a significant issue in China, developing clean energy power generation is one of the main strategies to promote the sustainable economy. Based on the partially closed input-output model corresponding to 29 industries in 2012, this paper categorized power generation sectors to coal-fire power generation, gas power generation, wind power generation, photovoltaic generation, biomass energy power generation, and nuclear power generation to analyze the impacts on environment and social-economic developments. The results showed that improving single clean energy technology would lead to different degrees of positive impacts on environment, but the effects of GDP development and employment are highly correlated with the various generating costs. For the high generating costs, the clean-energy technologies would contribute to the positive effects; however, the drawbacks of social economic development could overweight the benefits for the low generating costs in short run. In addition, improving diverse clean energy generating approaches could promote GDP growth, reduce pollution, and increase employment. Finally, this paper provided some policy suggestions for the green-energy power supply and low-carbon economic developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed photovoltaic (PV) system is playing an increasingly significant role in the fast growing global PV market, as a renewable power supply source. In rural and remote areas, the integrated PV technology with remote micro-grid offers a potential solution for agriculture and small businesses to access to clean, reliable and efficient energy source. As the cost of solar PV modules continues to show a downward tendency, the distributed PV systems with remote micro-grid are capable to meet growing energy demand with affordable price. Meanwhile, a series of policies and actions have been enacted in China since 2013, to motivate the distributed-generation PV development as equal as large-scale PV development. However, compared to coal-fired power plants or large-scale PV systems, a barrier exists in securing financing of distributed PV systems, which has high up-front costs and the risk of commercializing renewable energy initiatives. Under current market incentives and barriers, this paper studies the existing financing methods in distributed PV systems with remote distributed micro-grids. In comparison with other financing sources, a case study approach is employed with distributed PV water pumping system in China to introduce crowd-funding as a new source of financing in distributed PV systems. Through the SWOT analysis, this paper identifies a capacity for new financial approach of crowd-funding with PVWP deployment. The scenario is modelled for different stakeholders and organization forms that target social network interactions in crowd-funding, and the results provide insights for incentives and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technology roadmap is the document that is generated by the technology road-mapping process. It usually identifies the critical system requirements, the product and process performance targets, and the technology alternatives and milestones for meeting those targets. In effect, a technology roadmap identifies alternate technology “roads” for meeting certain performance objectives. CCUS has great potential to reduce CO 2 emissions substantially from the whole lifecycle of traditional energy-intensive industry at a large-scale. In this paper, we do not want to address how to generally make a CO 2 technology roadmap. We are concerning about the gaps and suggestions which should be closed in the coming revision of China CO 2 technology roadmap 2011. The paper presents a summary of latest situations of international and national CCUS technical roadmaps. Then, the challenges existed in the past and also emerged currently in China are proposed. Finally, some comments and suggestions for the coming version of China's CCUS technology roadmap are displayed to guide ongoing development of CCUS in China based on the development situation and challenges of China CCUS RD&D in the past and at the present stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is one of the most promising technological solutions to realize low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels in a large scale. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), China and Italy initiated the “Sino-Italy Cooperation on Application of CCS to Coal Fired Power Plants” (SICCS) project which not only promoted CCS technology exchanges and scientific research collaboration between both countries, but also conducted a pre- feasibility study on a full chain demonstration project, including capture of CO 2 from coal fired power plant, CO 2 transport and storage. This paper will introduce the overall R&D collaboration progress on this project. It first reports activities designed to raise CCS capacity in China and to facilitate the knowledge sharing between Chinese and Italian academe, key outcomes of the SICCS project including the first and second Sino-Italian Scientific Meetings on technology exchange, information sharing, and preliminary feasibility study for CCS demonstration project in China. Then, this paper investigates the preliminary feasibility study of a 1.0 Mt/y carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture unit for an existing coal fired power station in China carried out by experts from both China and Italy. The study results obtained with reference to Chinese 600 MWe thermoelectric power plant were compared with those of Italian CCS demonstration project. Finally, this paper concludes main results of the collaboration and preliminary study, raises a new cross-boarder science and technology collaboration mechanism based on industrialization of scientific research cooperation and technology exchange by co-conducting demonstration projects. It also extracts main features of the processes and technologies that may be applied to the demonstrative application of CCS to the 600 MWe unit of Chinese coal power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, China stated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that it is very vulnerable to the effects of climate change. While climate change is an environmental issue for China, more importantly it is a development issue. China intends to advance its efforts to address climate change through sustainable development. There is growing recognition and acceptance by the Chinese Central Government, that Carbon dioxide Capture Utilization and geological Storage (CCUS) will be part of that sustainable development, and that CCUS will play a prominent role in China's climate change abatement strategies, particularly in the medium to long term. China is making significant progress in its rollout of integrated CCUS projects. China has enacted a new environmental law which will come into effect on 1st January 2015. For the first time in China the environment will be as important as socio-economic development. Despite this progress, there are currently no national environmental regulations specifically for CCUS projects in China. This paper examines China's plans to develop and implement environmental requirements for CCUS projects, the policy objectives and drivers. The paper also describes the CO 2 monitoring program at China's first end to end CCS project near Ordos; monitoring at China's first CO 2 EOR development at the Jilin Oil Field; and a program to monitor CO 2 in shallow groundwater in western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Electric vehicle, as the most promising innovative solution for energy transition, has gained high priority globally. The newly issued Chinese new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation is expected to have a dramatic impact on the development of Chinese and even global electric vehicle market as well as energy structure. This paper focuses on the development of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under the regulation and establishes a bottom-up model to compare different batteries from the perspective of credit cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that small BEVs will always have the highest credit cost-effectiveness and midsize BEVs can obtain the highest credit quickly before 2020. As for different Li-ion batteries, the LFP battery is losing superiority compared to NCM batteries, and the NCA battery is slightly inferior to NCM811 because of the technical difficulties through 2020. Under the guidance of policies, the larger the vehicle and AER, the higher nickel batteries will be applied. It's predictable that with the rapid development of batteries, the credit cost-effectiveness will be higher and higher. Moreover, the capacity of high nickel batteries will continue to expand, which will have a great influence on the demand and price of different materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Forecasting of the gasoline demand is a key issue for refineries in China. Some international energy organizations (IEOs) and international oil companies have estimated the gasoline demand in China for the next 20 years. These organizations and companies used the assumptions that the technology of clean-energy vehicles do not gain significant progresses, and they do not consider the trends of policy changes of different provinces in China. So the forecast of IEOs (international energy organizations) may not reflect the real trend of gasoline demand in China. In this paper, we considered more stringent regional environmental regulations and the possibility of technological progress in clean-energy vehicles, using the bottom to up method to estimate the gasoline demand of all 30 provinces in China, adding them up, to gain the forecast of total gasoline demand in China for the next twenty years. The result shows that gasoline demand will increase slower and decrease faster than the estimation of some mean IEOs (international energy organizations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In China, the installed cost of distributed photovoltaic (DPV) is declining rapidly. However, the level of subsidy per kWh for DPV is adjusted less frequently by the Chinese government. This paper proposed a linkage model to forecast subsidy per kWh of DPV based on net present value (NPV) method. The results show that the increase of subsidy duration, internal consumption proportion and sunshine hours will reduce subsidy level. Therefore, it is suggested that the Chinese government should take varied and targeted measures, such as reducing different subsidies for new DPV users who install DPV in different years, choosing a longer subsidy duration and setting different subsidy levels in different regions. These varied and targeted measures are beneficial to both government and users, because they can reduce the annual financial burden for the government and the surcharges of electricity purchase for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract China is the second largest crude oil consumer in the world. Its demand tendency is of great significance in world crude oil analysis. By applying embodied crude oil method, this paper analyzed the crude oil intensities and flows in China's economic system from 2011 to 2014. The 56-sector input and output table of China published by World Input-Output Database is used. Firstly, the embodied crude oil intensity of each industry is calculated, which shows the amount of crude oil contained per unit output value of this industry. Secondly, the embodied crude oil intensity and direct crude oil intensity is compared to shed light on the unexpected consumer of crude oil After that, the embodied crude oil flows among industries are calculated. Furthermore, the final utilization of crude oil are analyzed. Lastly, the difference during 2011 to 2014 is shown and the possible reasons are provided. The result shows that Mining and quarrying industry has the highest embodied crude oil intensity, following by manufacture of coke and refined crude oil products. The embodied crude oil intensities of majority industries decreased, which means that in goods with same value from 2011 and 2014, the embodied crude oil in it decreased. The result obtained from embodied crude oil analysis and direct crude oil analysis are quite difference. It implies that embodied crude oil analysis is important in analyzing the future crude oil demand of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Global crude steel production reached 1.6 billion tonnes in 2015, registering an increase of 41% from 2005 levels, half of which is produced by China alone. Amongst other low-carbon technologies, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is identified as a key technology that will help achieve the much-needed emission reductions in the iron/steel sector. This paper delineates a techno-economic analysis of a hypothetical first-of-its-kind CO 2 capture and storage project with a 0.5-million tonne of CO 2 per annum capture capacity, using amine capture technology, in a generic Chinese steel plant. The technical configuration of the project was modelled using the Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) accompanied by a financial model analysis. The cost of CO 2 avoidance for the modelled project with transport and storage was estimated at CNY448/tCO 2 (USD65.2/tCO 2). The cost of CO 2 avoidance is sensitive to a number of assumptions, including the discount rate and the cost of CO 2 transportation and storage. There is also potential for cost reductions in transport and storage if the project were to share infrastructure with large stationary emission sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Greenhouse gas emissions have been concerned worldwide, and natural gas (NG) is regarded as an option to substitute gasoline and diesel in vehicles. This paper conducts a life cycle (LC) analysis on liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) in the heavy-duty trucks and takes the methane leakage of NG supply chains into account. The results indicate that NG production and transportation dominate as the major contributor to the total methane emissions of the NG supply chains, accounting for approximately 68.7%~86.7% of the total methane emissions estimated. LC analysis on LNG, CNG and diesel heavy-duty trucks shows that LNG and CNG heavy-duty trucks will reduce the LC GHG emissions by 11.17% and 5.18%, respectively, compared to that of diesel. GHG emissions of fuel use are the chief component and account for 71~78% of the total LC GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in recent decades has put huge pressure on water and energy supply. In this paper, the critical driving forces of water and energy consumption in China are investigated to reveal the linkage between water use and energy consumption changes. A modified Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) method is used to decompose the total effect of water and energy consumption to different driving factors with no residues generation. The total effect of water consumption change is decomposed into four driving factors including industrial water consumption, industrial structure, economic scale and population scale. Similarly, the total effect of energy consumption change is decomposed into three driving factors embracing consumption intensity, economic activity, and population. Then, we calculate contribution values of different driving forces and identify the major influencing factors. The results show that the growth of population and GDP per capita were dominant factors driving water and energy consumption, while the improvement of consumption intensity was inhibiting factor on consumption growth. The results may provide insights for synergetic management to alleviate the pressure caused by excessive water and energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper discusses the current status of CCS in China, providing an update of current projects and past activities in research and development, and a brief overview of prospects for CCS deployment in China. CCS related research in China has been building from a focus on research and development and exploration of the technical considerations o f CCS potential in China in coordination with international partners. While large scale demonstration of integrated CCS projects is still at an early stage, there is significant knowledge and technical expertise that can be derived from ongoing pilot projects. These projects employ various mature technologies that may be integrated and scaled to facilitate demonstration and deployment of CCS in the future. In addition, China is increasingly exploring opportunities in CO2 utilization to drive and support deployment of CCS–this is also known as CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). This paper provides information on some of these key activities, including details of specific projects and a background of the regulatory and policy frameworks and international cooperation on CCS and CCUS in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The international discussion on the design of international market mechanism proposed in Paris agreement is still pending and it is important to add our views to the discussion in the negotiation. It is important to understand companies' preferences in designing and planning market-based instruments. This paper uses the conjoint analysis to evaluate companies' preferences for policy alternatives of this mechanism. Data were collected from 81 companies in Shanxi province, China. The results show that companies are most concerned about four policy attributes, policies at the national level, transition of CDM projects, compliance period and flexible mechanism. The ideal policy alternative should distribute directly the tradable units to companies, co-exist with the clean developing mechanism, have longer compliance period and allow companies to bank or borrow the tradable units. The sectors with lower competition level, advanced production technologies and lower energy intensity should be given to priority when taking part in the international market mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Energy and water are basic supporting resources for economic development. In many regions, energy and water security has been great challenge for economic sustainable development, especially in developing countries like China. Water security and energy security are intimately linked due to their direct and indirect connections in economic activities. The indirect connections mean the interactions among elements due to the economic trade, which can be illustrated well through the embodied water and energy footprint through economic trade. The indirect connections play vital role in multi resource management. Comparing traditional nexus studies focusing on the system scales, this paper built the spatial nexus network to unpack energy and water spatial linkage and teleconnection based on the direct and indirect connections. Both physical resource trade and virtual resource trade are calculated to investigate the energy and water spatial relationship based on the control and dependence analyses. By exploring how energy-water nexus networks are formed and interacted each other, we aim to provide insights for energy-water spatial trade coordinated management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1995, R134a has been regarded as an ideal substitute for CFC-12 and gradually conquers mobile air conditioning (MAC) refrigerant market. However, R134a will certainly be replaced for its obvious shortcomings. In this paper, we used a systematic approach to evaluate the CO 2 -equivalent emissions when R134a, R152a, R1234yf and R744 are used as refrigerant in MAC systems, integrating a GDP-dependent Gompertz model and CO 2 -equivalent emissions of each type of refrigerant during MAC systems operate. Supposed that R134a still dominates as refrigerant in MAC systems, refrigerant CO 2 -equivalent emissions will increase by 66.43% and 88.81% in 2030 and 2050, respectively, compared with that in 2020, reaching 46.58 million tons and 52.84 million tons. Substitution from R134a to R152a, R1234yf and R744 will obviously reduce emissions in the future. CO 2 -equivalent emissions will only account for 8.74%, 0.28% and 0.07% of that in the base scenario if R152a, R1234yf and R744 are used in MAC systems, respectively. Besides, emissions can be further reduced if electric vehicles adopt R744 as refrigerant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential relocation of various industrial sectors from China to India and countries of the SE Asian region presents low cost opportunities for manufacturers, but also risks rising energy demand and CO 2 emissions. A cross-country shift of industrial output would present challenges for controlling emissions since India and SE Asian countries present higher industrial emissions intensity than China. We find that although there is a convergence in emissions intensity in the Machinery manufacturing and Paper and Pulp industries, there are significant variations in all other industrial sectors. Indian emissions are double that of China in the Iron and Steel and Textile and Leather industries and almost triple in the cement industry; Indonesian emissions are almost double those of China in the Non-Metallic Minerals and Textile and Leather industries and 50% higher in the Chemical and Petrochemical industry. We demonstrate that the expected higher emissions are driven by both a higher fuel mix carbon intensity in the new countries and a higher energy intensity in their industrial activities. While industrial relocation could benefit certain countries financially, it would impose considerable threats to their energy supply security and capacity to comply with their Paris Agreement commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy use and pollution from coal-burning industrial boilers have been major climate and environmental issues in China. Assessing the economics of various options to address coal-fired boilers is essential to identify cost-effective solutions. This paper discusses the work in using actual fuel price data and other information to assess the economics of fuel switching options of replacing coal with alternative fuels to address the industrial coal-fired boilers; our study evaluates four fuel switching options, i.e., using natural gas, oil, biomass, and electric boilers. It compares the fixed vs. operation costs and pollutant emission reduction cost of these options relative to coal-fired boilers. It concludes that natural gas would be the best option among the four alternatives in replacing coal-fired boilers. However, natural gas price plays an important role in determining how economical the replacement is. The research has established a method to assess fuel switching options for industrial coal-fired boilers, assisting policy-makers in developing cost-effective fuel switching strategies to address the energy and environmental challenges of coal-fired industrial boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the vital role of coal in the energy structure and coal transportation being a bottleneck of development in China, this paper assessed the current and future flow from a provincial perspective in an integrated and systematical way. From coal flow in 2010-2015, we found that the Xinjiang and Southwest region can be more developed to supply coal and the Middle region can be developed as a transit area for the Coastal region. From the perspective of provincial China-TIMES model, there will be a substantial growth of Southwest output while Xinjiang increase much slower due to the transportation cost in the Base scenario. Moreover, policies should strengthen the capability of the Middle region to supply energy for the Coastal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) can be a major hazardous constituent of air pollution in ambient environment. Previous studies have proved that fossil fuel combustion is the main source of PM 2.5 emissions. However, little is known for the socioeconomic factors driving the growth of PM 2.5 emissions, which has been hidden from the public due to the geographical separation of production and consumption activities. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics and drivers of PM 2.5 within China based on multi-regional input-output analysis (MRIO). MRIO is applied to allocate the physical PM 2.5 emissions along the supply chains to the final consumers. A series of socioeconomic factors are selected to diagnose the driving forces of PM 2.5 emissions. This examination of drivers for China's PM 2.5 emission is essential for pollution mitigation by guiding policy-making and targets of technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any urban planning and design project, Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of the site is a debatable factor across various stakeholders. China's increase of FAR for residential areas is one of the most remarkable cases of change of FAR in recent decades. China's urban residential projects have shifted away from low storey single-standing residential units to mid-storey mass housing projects and towards contemporary high-rise residential compounds. The changes in FAR are often very significant and is multiplied over the past few decades. In this study, FAR calculation of a meso-scale residential project located in the City of Ningbo (immediate inner city area) is put in place to shape the argument of renewable energy production and pathways towards energy use reductions. This study first elaborates on energy and policy implications of FAR. The study will then explore one example of a residential compound, based on four models of FAR (at 1, 2.5, 3 and 4). A comparison study is conducted using Eco-Tect software. All four models are analysed using their differences in heights and density. While FAR 1 is not suitable for the context of China (i.e. very low), FAR 3 and 4 are also considered to be high for energy-use reductions but are current practices. This paper argues these scenarios and concludes with impacts of FAR for energy production and reduction at meso scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we used Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) method to evaluate the energy consumption and GHG emission of Distributed Energy System projects. We studied the China Resources Snow Breweries Natural Gas Distributed Energy System project, and designed another 5 cases with different energy pathways to compare their energy consumption and emission performance. The result shows the All Natural Gas project saves 8% energy and reduces 38% GHG emission compared with tradition project using coal and grid electricity. Although renewable energy projects’ emission reduction effect is not as significant as that of All Natural Gas project, we found renewable energy projects have the potential to develop in the future. We concluded that policy makers should support the development of gas based distributed energy system projects and further research should be made to shed light on corporate's decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and air pollution are two major environmental issues linked in several ways. Air pollutants reduction would benefit from the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation policy. China is facing a serious air pollution and GHG emissions. Effective and low cost strategies to solve these problems have been discussed by a number of researchers. Previous studies typically evaluated near-term and direct co-benefits, neglecting the socio-economic impacts on CO 2 and PM 2.5 emission. In this paper, production-based and consumption-based emissions are quantified to compare the differences. Input-output analysis (IOA) is adopted to investigate the consumption-based CO 2 and PM 2.5 emissions that result from the current monetary flows and energy structure. The correlations of CO 2 and PM 2.5 emissions from both consumption-based and production-based perspectives are assessed to see the extent to which these co-benefits are valued in integrated assessment models. We distribute the indirect emissions to original sector and identify the correlations of CO 2 reductions for air quality in Beijing, which provide a new point of view on formulating impartial and effective polices of alleviating the air pollution and reducing CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Structural Vector Auto-regression Model (SVAR), this paper divides global crude oil price shock into oil supply shock, global demand shock, domestic demand shock and precautionary demand shock. It analyzes the impacts of the four types of oil price shocks on the stock returns of China's oil exploitation industry, oil refinery industry and oil sales industry by impulse response function. The sample is from 1, 2008 to 12, 2013. The results show that all the returns of the three industries response to all the four oil price shocks positively, and the impacts of the three demand shocks are most significant. What's more, the returns of different industries response to different oil price shocks differently. The returns of oil exploitation industry is mainly influenced by domestic demand shock, while precautionary demand shock plays the dominant factor of the returns of oil exploitation and oil sales industries. In addition, the more connected with the market, the more significant the impacts of oil price shocks on the returns. Namely, the return of oil sales industry responses to all oil price shocks most significantly, that of oil refinery industry comes second and that of oil exploitation industry comes the last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tackling coal-burning industrial boiler is becoming one of the key programs to solve the environmental problem in China. Assessing the economics of various options to address coal-fired boiler is essential to identify cost-effective solutions. This paper discusses our work in conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis on various types of improvement measures ranging from energy efficiency retrofits to switch from coal to other fuels in China. Sensitivity analysis was also performed in order to understand the impacts of some economic factors such as discount rate and energy price on the economics of boiler improvement options. The results show that nine out of 14 solutions are cost-effective, and a lower discount rate and higher energy price will result in more energy efficiency measures being cost-effective. Both monetary and non-monetary barriers to energy-efficiency improvement are discussed and policies to tackle these barriers are recommended. Our research aims at providing a methodology to assess cost-effective solutions to boiler problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Structural Vector Auto-regression Model (SVAR), this paper divides global crude oil price shock into oil supply shock, global demand shock, domestic demand shock and precautionary demand shock. It analyzes the impacts of the four types of oil price shocks on the stock returns of China's oil exploitation industry, oil refinery industry and oil sales industry by impulse response function. The sample is from 1, 2008 to 12, 2013. The results show that all the returns of the three industries response to all the four oil price shocks positively, and the impacts of the three demand shocks are most significant. What's more, the returns of different industries response to different oil price shocks differently. The returns of oil exploitation industry is mainly influenced by domestic demand shock, while precautionary demand shock plays the dominant factor of the returns of oil exploitation and oil sales industries. In addition, the more connected with the market, the more significant the impacts of oil price shocks on the returns. Namely, the return of oil sales industry responses to all oil price shocks most significantly, that of oil refinery industry comes second and that of oil exploitation industry comes the last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tackling coal-burning industrial boiler is becoming one of the key programs to solve the environmental problem in China. Assessing the economics of various options to address coal-fired boiler is essential to identify cost-effective solutions. This paper discusses our work in conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis on various types of improvement measures ranging from energy efficiency retrofits to switch from coal to other fuels in China. Sensitivity analysis was also performed in order to understand the impacts of some economic factors such as discount rate and energy price on the economics of boiler improvement options. The results show that nine out of 14 solutions are cost-effective, and a lower discount rate and higher energy price will result in more energy efficiency measures being cost-effective. Both monetary and non-monetary barriers to energy-efficiency improvement are discussed and policies to tackle these barriers are recommended. Our research aims at providing a methodology to assess cost-effective solutions to boiler problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) industry and vigorous incentive policies in China, the domestic application of PV has had “explosive” growth in recent years. The application in buildings is also worth of attention to find the solution of PV application in buildings and solve the problems emerged today, that is the basis to promote the PV systemsas distributed energy. In this paper, the status of PV application in buildings in China is selectively analyzed, based on the relative information of domestic PV projects. Samples of statistical analysis are 1504 PV projects from part of the domestic ones built up during 2009 to the end of 2012, mainly come from “Golden-sun Demonstration Project” and “Photovoltaic Roof Demonstration Project” . And the capacity of samplesis 6983MW which takes up 87.1% of the nationwide accumulative installed capacity by the end of 2012. The distribution status, installation form with buildings and system performance are statistically analyzed. Meanwhile some problems and suggestions such as the rationality of regional distribution, the building integration forms are discussed and the system performance improvement method are proposed. It is expected to make some contribution to the application of PV in buildings in the future in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing pressure to international energy supply, greater climate and environment problem related to the traditional fossil energy, many countries have decided to develop the renewable energy vigorously. Renewable energy technologies include hydro, wind, solar, biomass, ocean energy and geothermal. Different countries and regions have different choices on renewable energy technology because of their different economic, technical and environmental conditions. The academic has paid more and more attention to the evaluation and selection of renewable energy technology. This paper builds a comprehensive evaluation index system for Chinese renewable energy technology based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA), from economic, technology efficiency, social and environmental benefits. The result shows that wind and solar power are more suitable for Chinese economic, technical, environmental and social requirements, followed by biomass, hydropower, ocean energy, geothermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy (bio-energy) is a clean energy, which is helpful to environmental construction and CO 2 emission reduction. China is the largest energy consumer in the world, building Biomass Power Plant (BPP) is beneficial to make use of agricultural biomass as well as to reduce environmental pollution. However, many factors influence the exploitation of a proposed BPP project. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology that is able to analyze the agricultural biomass potential for BPP in China. This methodology analyses the related factors then conducts the sensitivity analyses of the main factors. Related factors mainly include local condition, demand of multiduty agricultural residues, logistics while sensitivity of main factors mainly aims to competition of nearby BPP, competition of other utilizations, price of biomass, preferential policy, etc. Based on a field study, an applied illustration of this methodology on evaluating agricultural biomass potential for a proposed BPP project is presented. The case study shows that it is not suitable to build a new BPP. In view that renewable energy projects will be promoted strongly, it is predicted that the methodology would be a potential tool, which can be applied well for BPP in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the features of embodied energy flow network between Chinese industries to show the relationships between industries in the perspective of energy. Firstly we calculated embodied energy flow between each couple of industries based on ecological input-output table. Then we build 5 networks in the year of 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007. After that, the features of these networks are analyzed based on complex network theory. The network scale, network density, weighted degree and betweenness centrality are utilized as indicators. Our result shows: The basic network features change little during research period. Industries that have most embodied energy flows changes from oil related industries to coal related industries. Two kinds of industries have the power to control other industries: industries with most weighted embodied flows and industries have close relationship with people's daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world's largest producer and consumer of household appliances, lighting and other residential and commercial equipment. Since 1989, China has developed and implemented over 40 energy efficiency (EE) standards and over 20 mandatory energy labels for a wide range of domestic, commercial and selected industrial equipment. However, there are tremendous opportunities to capture additional savings through more stringent energy efficiency policies for major energy-consuming appliances. To assess the stringency of EE standards, this paper developed an integrated products prioritization tool for energy efficiency standards improvements that comprises three component analyses: (1) analysis of market data, (2) quantification of energy savings potential, and (3) benchmarking China's EE standards to those of peer economies around the world. This integrated approach led to three independent but complementary studies, and an comprehensive analysis that resulted in a coherent set of policy recommendations on what products to prioritize for China's energy efficiency standards revisions, in order to maximize their energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pipeline transport of gas has several advantages and is also an attractive approach for CO2 transport from the existing experience. The transport cost is a key index for people to make decisions on the selection of transport means of CO2. However, the pipeline transport cost is obviously market sensitive and the existing cost models in USA, EU, etc. can’t be directly used in the cost evaluations in China. A localized assessment methodology for onshore pipeline transport cost is valuable. This paper developed a new cost estimate methodology for onshore pipeline transport of CO2 which can reflect the price level of pipe in China's market. For two transport routes of 300km with the transport amount 1.46Mt/y CO2, the transport costs are respectively 47.0 and 68.5RMB/t. A comparison with existing research work in China was conducted, which showed the validity of the methodology presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CCS is regarded as an important and strategic technology option to reduce CO2 emission, and has received tremendous attention around the world. Guangdong, as the largest economic and energy-consuming province in China, is necessary to take CCS as an important option to reduce its future CO2 emission. This paper presents the partial outcome of the first CCS-related research in Guangdong, which is aiming for preliminary assessment on the feasibility of CCS development in Guangdong. The main objective of the study is to characterize the industrial CO2 emissions and understand its CCS prospects. Coal-fired power plants in Guangdong are the major point sources, contributing to more than 90% of CO2 emissions from the electric power generation. The power plants are mainly located in the Pearl River Delta, while the newly built and projected large plants are mainly located in eastern coastal zone, which provides a great potential for CO2 capture. For the storage potential, there are six sedimentary basins in or around Guangdong with effective storage capacity of 568 GtCO2. Since the onshore storage capacity in Guangdong is limited, the northern portion of the Pear River Mouth Basin (PRMB) was considered the most promising choice for Guangdong to storage CO2. By considering the distance between source and sink, technology maturity, land resources and other factors, it can be concluded that in the short term the power plants under construction and projected located in the eastern coastal areas will be the most promising resources for CO2 capture and the corresponding storage sites are the existing oil/gas fields which located in the northeast of PRMB. But in the long term, as technologies and the international carbon market mature, the extensively retrofitting of existing coal-fired power plants in the Pearl River Delta region with CO2 capture will become possible. In order to promote the development of CCS in Guangdong, more basic investigation and policy research are necessary in the coming years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previously published cost curves focusing on CO2 transport and storage have helped illustrate the large potential for CCS technologies to deploy in China. This paper examines results from recent work to incorporate the costs of CO2 capture and compression into integrated cost curves that more fully reflect expected costs across the set of large, industrial CO2 sources and better illuminate the possible value of CCS to this fast-growing economy. Results show that significant potential exists for large-scale deployment of CCS at costs less than $70/tCO2. Mapping the cost curve results confirms that the majority of existing CO2 point sources may be able to utilize CCS technologies, and that except for many sources in southern China onshore storage capacity appears accessible and sufficient for decades of large-scale deployment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electric vehicles are developing quickly in China. Based on the expert interview, the current status, development trends, possible paths and related policy recommendations of the electric vehicle technology in China are discussed in this paper. It is found that there are some bottleneck problems for the electric vehicle development and some promotion policies should be taken in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Western Developed countries established pollutant emission rights trading market to control pollution and got good results. China got the same result rapidly by command & control. Which mode is better? This paper contrasts the pollution control cases of U.S and China, and discusses the standard of pollution control mechanism selection. Emission trading market is man-made and cannot operate well without administrative order. Command & control can also lead low effective firms out of the industry. A conclusion is drawn that in the circumstance of market failure without non-mature environment for market, command & control mode can get high efficiency and low cost results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electrification level is a significant topic in energy and electric power planning. The paper sets up a LEAP model and designs three scenarios of economic growth of China, and simulates China''s electrification level by 2030. The results show that China''s electrification level has a larger increase potential in the mid-long term and rapid change of economic development pattern can help to increase the electrification level. By 2015, energy used for power generation will account for 43.3% of total primary energy consumption, while the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will be about 23.1%; by 2020, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will increase to 44.9%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to final energy consumption will be about 25.6%; by 2030, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will be up to 47.2%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will reach about 28.9%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose a new direction of eco-tourism development in China. Using the converse thinking method, we found China eco-tourism is still locating a lower level, and has some problems: the eco-tourism plan is simple and unreasonable; the eco-tourism development has mainly focused on better ecological system resource but not the worse; the eco-tourism products mostly expense natural resource and damage ecological system, but not protect or rebuild it. Then we proposed the advice that the eco-tourism development should mainly focus on the destroyed ecosystem, go the length of “two not, one transition” when doing tourism exploitation of worse ecological system resource, and emphasize that it must protect and rebuild the ecological system but not damage it. It has important meanings to reconditioning and protecting the environment, and it is feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) conserves energy as a market-based mechanism in many countries and has demonstrated its efficiency in this respect. EPC has been developing in China rapidly in recent years. The main bottleneck for EPC projects in China lies in the lack of enough and efficient financing. The paper, adopting the method of AHP-Fuzzy evaluation, evaluates the EPC financing bottleneck in China across five sectors, namely, iron and steel, chemical industry, buildings, electricity and energy, and discusses the current financing constraints for these sectors. To enable the rapid development of EPC in China, the policy support should be outlined, and sources of finance should be widened. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the systemization process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in China through the review of China''s experience in EIA implementation and legislation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the key driving forces of this systemization process and provide advice for future improvement of China''s EIA system. It is found that there are three key drivers promoting the systemization of China''s EIA: the Government''s powerful guidance on the environmental policy implementation; the critical environmental pressure caused by the scale expansion of construction projects and planning activities; and people''s consciousness-raising on environmental protection and environmental rights. Based upon the analysis results and China''s political, legislative and administrative characteristics, some recommendations are proposed to improve the effectiveness of EIA system in China, in terms of internal measures on refining EIA legislative framework and external mechanisms concerning supporting the efficient operation of EIA legislation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the present development of environmental emergency in China that involves legislative framework, regulations and technical support system. Through the analysis of actual case, these deficiencies and problems existing in action of environmental emergency are pointed out. In the countermeasures, the punishment and fine ceiling for environmental violations should be raised by revising clauses, and fees about handling, inspection, restoring and compensation for pollution incidents should be put into the law system, and environmental protection departments should be the leadership to improve emergency response efficiency, and the technical support system should be established to build a series of technical guidelines, norms and work manuals around three procedures that include prevention and monitoring before incident, response and handling in incident and assessment and restore after incident. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to put forward a strategic framework of wetland preservation and management based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Information Systems (IS) in China. After analyzing the past and current wetland management in China, there were four problems identified existing in wetland management in China: a lack of wetland inventory, a lack of professional management, a delay in information online, and a lack of public participation in decision making. Thus, there is great need for establishing a conservation and management framework for both natural wetland and constructed wetland. A brief literature review is supplemented by a number of more detailed applications illustrating various GIS techniques which may be of use to the applied environmental issues or natural resources. GIS and IS could provide a platform to incorporate the complexities of the spatial data of all kinds of wetlands into the wetland inventory. The information collected through wetland inventories is essential for sustainable wetland management. Finally, the authors addressed the structure of the management system and put forward a strategy by online access that both benefit for decision making and public participation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Today the internet provides, at modest cost, an unprecedented level of connectivity and the ability to communicate efficiently and effectively directly with customers. The emergence of the internet has led to the rapid growth of ebusiness, and this had an effect on the business of the tourism enterprises. One of the crucial issues in the e-business is to provide an appropriate level of quality of tourism service. E-business service providers strive to provide qualitybased services by investing significant amount of money and resources in the e-business technologies such as web design, user interfaces, advertisement, security and reliability, and web server performance. In this paper the research focuses on the performance of e-business for the application to the tourism enterprises. As is known to all, performance of the tourism enterprises plays a key role in the provision of quality-based services. A number of solutions have been proposed to improve the performance of e-business services for tourism consumers to purchase the tourism product and tourism service. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has abundant coal and coalbed methane reserves.However,there is a long way for us to go in development and utilization of coalbed methane in the world.The paper describes coalbed methane reserves,development and utilization situations.It also present a clear vision of the prospect of the future utilization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper researched how to construct new energy technology patent strategy in China under the situation that the earth has been getting warmer and warmer. China has suffered a lot from climate change, so it is necessary for us to take some measures to stop it, among which new energy was considered to be a critical factor. Because of the obstacles in transfer and diffusion of new energy technology, the author put forward some suggestions on how to construct new energy patent strategy in China to solve these questions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since Kyoto Protocol is going to be expired in 2012, all the develop ed and developing countries are very concerned about the future of clean development mechanism. By using the game theory the paper analyzes the market of clean development mechanism, especially the projects of CDM between the U.S., EU, Japan and China. Based on this, the prospects of Chinese CDM market are provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper clarifies that China should take the urban-rural integration development planning as a chiefly assignment so that establish a scientific policy mechanism for implement ing its industry development and the rural land system reform; moreover, it analyses the mechanism of the regional industry development planning and its structure adjustment, as well as the industry upgrade and transformation of China. Nowadays, because of the precoondition of low_carbon development that a new innovation competition has been caused in different regions of the world. The research furtherly opens out that China''s economic development depends on the land resource utilization and its industry development; however, it explains that China''s economic transformation should deepen the rural land reform and keep the urban-rural sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to seek economic interests, environmental issues are not always the top priority in the hospitality industry in China. This paper develops a model to investigate the influence of the political, economic and cultural context on the environmental awareness and behavior incorporated in Xiamen city, China. To illustrate the differences of the environmental awareness and behavior in hotels in China, 300 hotels were selected, and a total of 451 hotel managers participated in e-mail-based and internet-based survey. The study shows that the managers of hospitality industry generally recognize the need for environmental protection, who is involved in many behaviors and activities. The economic situation and environmental efforts initiated by the government were found to have an impact on certain aspects of hotel managers’ behaviors and activities. The investigation has drawn two conclusions which need to be considered when introducing environmental sustainability into the hospitality industry. The first involves incorporating responsible technical and behavioral practices in the hotels, while the second highlights the necessity of initiating greater demand for “green” practices from the customers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy and environmental problems have been the hot issues nowadays. Energy is not only the material base of economic development, social improvement and enhancement of people''s living standard, but also the significant factor which influences human being''s living environment. A scientific and practical energy planning is the important guarantee to realize the country''s future energy development strategy. This paper analyzed the current situation of renewable energy source, the developing strategy and the relevant policies, and made up suggestions about how to develop renewable energy source better. That will contribute to the renewable energy research approach in the future [Copyright &y& Elsevier]