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Verifying the amount of CO2 geological storage is the key to evaluating CO2 emission reduction effect of CCUS projects. This paper based on the examples in China, according to the characteristics of different CO2-EOR projects, proposes a methodology for evaluating the amount of CO2 geological storage. The key of the method is evaluating CCUS chain from capture, transportation, EOR with storage, and finance. The evidence from different steps of CCUS must confirm each other so that it helps us to determine the amount of CO2 storage in case of missing some evidence. Further, based on this method, this paper evaluates the actual CO2-EOR with geological storage project in China. The method proposed in this paper will not only help third parties compile enterprise greenhouse gas emission reports and inventories, but also helps government to subsidize CO2 emission reduction enterprises. It will be useful for industries that implementing CCUS projects to provide key evaluation parameters and carry out necessary monitoring technologies.

Methanol vehicles, as a type of alternative energy vehicle, become an approach to mitigate the dependence on petroleum and to reduce emissions. A number of policies for implementing methanol vehicles have been promulgated by the Chinese government to achieve sustainable development. This paper summarizes existing policies for pilot projects, methanol fuel and fuel stations, technological improvement and manufacturer engagement. Then, the paper systematically reviews the released policies based on their categorisation and timeline. Whilst the released policies for pilot projects were sufficient and effectiveness, there was a lack of incentive policies for other aspects. Based on the policy assessment, it is necessary to enhance the continuity and effectivity of the existing policy mechanism. As a contribution, this paper provides some suggestions including: developing follow-up policies after the accomplishment of pilot projects; providing more incentive policies to encourage technological improvement of methanol vehicles; creating a trans-provincial methanol fuel region and enhancing manufacturer engagement by narrowing the subsidy gaps between methanol vehicles and other AEVs.

China is confronting with large amount of renewable energy curtailment, while the distributed renewable generation is in an explosive growth. To enhance the renewable energy utilization, China has embarked on reforms on distributed generation PV (DG PV) trading in the distributed energy market. This paper introduces the new reform that put forward three DG PV trading patterns –direct trading between DG PV and consumers, commissioned power grid sales and full generation purchased by the grid. We analyze the impact of DG PV trading reform on interests of stakeholders in the DG energy market. We argue that increasing integration of uncertain DG and efficient operation of DG energy market require higher technologies in storage, forecasting, smart monitoring for the grid to guarantee system reliability and security. Future roles of DG energy market are sketched out to integrate the market participants in a user-friendly and comprehensive way. This paper will be insightful to provide a framework for future Chinese DG energy market development and help it transit to an open retail electricity market in the future.

As the major energy consumer and carbon emitter, the power sector accounts for 40% of total carbon emissions in China in 2011. Understanding provincial-level driving mechanisms of CO2 emissions in power sector is vital for achieving China’s national carbon emissions reduction targets in 2030. To understand the critical provinces and driving forces of CO2 emissions in power sector, this paper firstly derives seven different driving factors based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition model. The provincial-level CO2 emissions in thermal power sectors are calculated from 2004 to 2014. Then, we analyze the CO2 emissions growth ratio of each province, provincial-level change rate of contribution and positive or negative contributions of the emission dynamics for each driving force. The main results show that the power sector of Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu contribute a lot to national CO2 emissions. The change of CO2 emissions of power sector is bigger in developing provinces compared to that in developed provinces. Based on provincial the CO2 emissions changes and total amounts, more carbon emission reduction policy should be implanted in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Ningxia. In addition, the economic scale, industrial intensity and energy intensity are the critical driving forces for total carbon emission. By investigating the critical driving forces and their contributions in critical provinces, this paper aims to provide theoretical foundations for decarbonizing power sector.

Under the influence of the idea of globalization and modernism planning, in the process of urban development, inefficient use of land, supremacy of functionalism and traffic congestion have become important problems in Chinese cities because of the expansion of land scale, the transformation of urban functions and the leading of maneuverable traffic. As the component unit of the city, urban block is also faced with the problems of unordered environment and the loss of culture. To realize the comprehensive and sustainable development of economy, society and ecological environment in the city, it is of great significance to study the corresponding urban block patterns suitable for the city. This paper starts from the perspective of local culture and conducts in-depth discussion on the internal causes of the current problems of urban blocks in China. On this basis, the paper puts forward the countermeasures of the sustainability of urban block patterns from three aspects of society, technology and management and attempts to explore the construction path of sustainable development for urban blocks in the future.

Identifying the trends and distributions of regional carbon emission efficiency would be crucial for achieving the goal of low carbon cities. This paper evaluates and decomposes the carbon emission efficiency of Chinese cities by using the methods of global data envelopment analysis. The results reveal that there is a trend of improvement for the carbon emission efficiency in Chinese cities during the research period, meanwhile there appears to be some regional disparities. Subsequently, the effect of technological progress on urban carbon emission efficiency is more significant than that of efficiency improvement. Finally, this paper also investigates some influencing factors of the urban carbon emission efficiency.

Capital formation has contributed the most towards Chinas’ carbon emissions, but capital assets are ultimately used for production. This paper by using input-output model embeds carbon emissions from capital formation to rest of final demand categories and compares results with other two common methods. Our approach has led to embedding of more carbon emissions and increased intensity. The analysis is mainly based on China’s 2012 input-output data and China Statistical Yearbook data. Under new approach, annual carbon consumption of rural households, urban households, government and foreign consumption significantly increased, urban households per capita annual carbon consumption is about 3.26 times of the rural households. Government’s 94% carbon consumption is from other non-material production sector. China’s total annual carbon export volume increased by48% under new approach. Some study limitations are also discussed in this paper. Our work is of certain reference value for understanding carbon emissions from the perspective of final consumption.

Energy is the blood of modern society and energy system plays an increasingly important role in urban development, especially in the background of a new round of energy reform. The construction of a new-generation of urban energy systems is becoming an important breakthrough to solve the bottleneck of urban development and to improve the quality of urban development in the future. From the perspective of the relationship between energy and cities, this paper analyzes the current situation and existing problems of urban energy system. Taking the research of energy system in Xiong’an New District as an opportunity, this paper explores the operation structure and implementation path of the new-generation urban energy system in Xiong’an New District. In this paper, it is considered that the new-generation energy system in Xiong’an New District will be electricity-centered, smart grid as the platform, energy transregional transmission combined with local development, optimal scheduling among multiple energy categories, and "source-grid-load-storage" high-efficiency interaction as well as the unified open market. The proposal of the new generation of urban energy system cannot only point out the direction for the planning and construction of the energy system in Xiong’an New District, but also help to solve the general problems in the urban energy system and promote the trend of energy transformation.

As the largest water consumption sector, agriculture sector plays a significant role in water resources reallocating via economic trade. Different from previous studies focusing on the impacts of economic trade on water quantity, this paper concentrates on the impacts on the water quality. Grey water footprint (GWF) of agricultural sector is used for investigating the impacts of trade on water resources. In this paper, the regional virtual grey water of agricultural trade network was built based on the GWF and multiregional input–output analysis. The GWF for agricultural sector in each region was inventoried. Then GWF of agriculture embodied in monetary flows among regions were calculated using multiregional input–output analysis. The main results showed that Shandong, Henan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Hebei were the most critical regions for water resources. Besides, Zhejiang and Guangdong have saved a large amount of water by importing water resources through agricultural trade. While, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Henan and Xinjiang are exporting a large amount of water resources. Moreover, the regions with developed economy and higher population are more dependent on agricultural imports. By identifying the critical node and pathway in virtual grey water trade, this paper aims to provide theoretical foundations for mitigating water pressure and reducing water pollution in economic trade activities.

According to the two thoughts on research of CO2 emission abatement cost – as one of the inputs into the production function model or as the undesirable output into the production function model, this paper introduced China’s iron and steel industry CO2 shadow prices were estimated respectively in 2010-2014. The results showed that: (1) there was a big difference of CO2 emission abatement cost in each region of China. The shadow price in eastern coastal area was significantly higher than that of other eastern provinces, and the shadow price in eastern province was higher than that of the central provinces and western provinces. (2) The iron and steel industry CO2 shadow price in most provinces presented the downward trend year by year.(3) The shadow price estimated is much higher than China’s seven pilot trading price of the carbon market. Therefore, in this paper, it is recommended that the government should consider the differences between regions and the reduction technology and experience mutually with formulating carbon trading price and related policies.

Driven by concerns about CO2 emissions and environmental pollution, the development of the China’s wind power industry has accelerated in recent years. In China, most of wind power plants are located in the “three north” region (northeast, north, northwest), those areas are very cold in winter, and the heating period lasts for 4-6 months per year, thus heat demand is very large, so wind heating conversion was proposed and it has become a hot point to exploit for investors. This paper provides a brief overview of the development of the wind power in China, discusses some of the current challenges in the application of wind power heating in northern China, such as technical challenges, supporting policies and benefit pattern, finally puts forward four pieces of advice for improvement. This paper hopes to play a reference in China’s future development of wind power heating projects, which helps to control air pollution and optimize the energy structure.

This paper is to research the price relationship of coal and natural gas in the international market with the method of econometrics. There is not yet an integrated market for natural gas in the international market. In North America, there is a balanced supply and demand of natural gas, with a developed market and a mature trade center. While the price in the European market is in the process of marketization, and it is mainly influenced by the price of the alternatives. There is still no trade center for natural gas in the Asian market, which is represented by Japan and ROK. And the price is hooked with that of the alternatives. In this paper, the research area of natural gas and coal in the international market will focus on the North America, Europe and Japan and Republic of Korean. After the marketization reform of coal price of China has been completed, the relationship of the price of the two will be similar to that of the European market, there will be a stable relationship between the price of natural gas and coal in the long term. The influence of natural gas on coal is bigger than vise verse.

In this paper we test the hypothesis of convergence in China’s regional energy efficiency in agriculture over a time period that ranges from 1995 to 2014. The potential convergence is analysed by two different methodologies in this paper. Firstly, the output value of the agriculture energy consumption per unit is tested and the sigma-convergence is presented by means of standard deviation (SD). Secondly, the widely-used Barro-type regressions indicate that the unconditional beta-convergence exists during the entire period.

In recent years, many countries, including China, have been actively promoting the construction of ‘new energy cities’. China’s solar radiation resources are good in general, moreover, photovoltaic utilization had a rapid development these years. This paper studies the spatial distribution characteristics of urban photovoltaic utilization basing on the analysis of the current situation of the application of urban photovoltaic projects in China. The influencing factors of spatial distribution difference is analyzed by SPSS software, which include four aspects: the solar radiation resource, the economic environment of cities, government policy and regional difference of photovoltaic enterprises. The results show that the spatial distribution difference of China’s urban photovoltaic utilization is spatial non-uniformity. The most important influencing factor of spatial distribution is policy from government, followed by market environment and urban economic development conditions, which all show a strong positive correlation. This paper aims at providing a reference for the comprehensive evaluation and policy making of China’s urban photovoltaic utilization in the future, which is based on the statistical research and analysis of the data.

The long winter time and the harsh outdoor environment cause many inconveniences of the outdoor activities to urban residents in severe cold areas. Therefore, it is urgent to study and improve the thermal environment in urban residential streets. This paper focuses on winter thermal environment of streets in open communities of northern China, by carrying out field measurements according to the characteristics of cold climate and urban residential areas. The results show that the aspect ratios of streets can directly affect their thermal environment. With the aspect ratio increases, the air temperature decreases and the wind speed increases. At the same time, facade openings can make the average globe temperature significantly increased in the streets. This paper provides basic data for the further study of thermal environment in urban streets and the optimization design of street spaces.

The environmental risk assessment is an important research content of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture, utilization and geological storage (CCUS). In this paper, we firstly addressed the exposure draft of China's Technical Guideline on Environmental Risk Assessment for Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage. Then, we applied this technical guideline to the Shenhua Group's CCS demonstration project located in the Ordos Basin, China. The feature-event-process analysis and risk matrix method were used to evaluate the consequences and the possibility of environmental risks of the project. Finally, through the example of verification, we investigated the applicability and potential problems of this technical guideline. Though the final release of this technical guideline on June 20, 2016 has some notable changes, the whole assessment method and operational procedures of this paper can be used all the time without changes.

Pure electric vehicle(PEV) technology is experiencing a rapid growth in vehicle markets of China. It could bring significant changes for society in terms of moving our economies away from petroleum and lessoning the environmental footprint of transportation. This paper reports a study into the use of China's patents to analyse transdisciplinary integration characteristic of PEV technology. The aim of this paper is to grasp the law of the development and evolution of PEV technology by revealing the feature of PEV technology, Our study is potentially useful to individuals seeking to improve the quality of their work.

This paper selects five China's cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Wuhan, respectively as research objects, where demonstration project of new energy vehicles are progressing fast. Meanwhile, framework for policy analysis of the industrial innovative chain and “demand - supply” policy is established. On this basis, content analysis is applied to study 95 new energy vehicles policies systematically during recent five-year data. In addition, this paper research the characteristics of new energy vehicles industry policy using policy instruments via comparing the differences among cities, furthermore, revise and improve the policy Formulation.

It is vital to construct low-carbon city in China in order to mitigate the huge cost of climate change especially when considering the great contribution of cities to the national greenhouse gas emissions. Many Chinese cities have made efforts in construction of low-carbon city in recent years from various aspects. The low-carbon practice in Chinese cities was reviewed in this paper, including setting up urban low-carbon development planning, establishing low-carbon demonstrative areas, focusing on such specific fields as sustainable energy system, ecological industry, green transportation, and green building. The effect of the low-carbon practice was also evaluated and certain issues requiring further concerns were discussed. It is expected that the discussion in this paper is helpful for promoting the construction of low-carbon city in China.

Cement industry plays a vital role in the process of urbanization and industrialization in China. This paper disaggregates cement consumptions into five large subsectors: building, railway, highway, rural infrastructure and others. We suggest that cement demand will reach the peak of 2.5 billion tons in 2017, followed by a slowly reduction in the next 10 years and a gradually decrease from 2.3 billion tons in 2030 to 1.5 billion tons in 2050. Based on the scenarios analysis of China TIMES model, this paper shows that carbon tax doesn’t work significantly on the technology choice and CO2 emission reduction in the short term. However, in a long run, high carbon tax may increase the application of production with CCS or wasted heat recovery and cut down the small- and medium-sized plants. Moreover, tax on all industries acts more effectively than that only on the cement industry.

In 2012, China stated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that it is very vulnerable to the effects of climate change. While climate change is an environmental issue for China, more importantly it is a development issue. China intends to advance its efforts to address climate change through sustainable development. There is growing recognition and acceptance by the Chinese Central Government, that Carbon dioxide Capture Utilization and geological Storage (CCUS) will be part of that sustainable development, and that CCUS will play a prominent role in China's climate change abatement strategies, particularly in the medium to long term. China is making significant progress in its rollout of integrated CCUS projects. China has enacted a new environmental law which will come into effect on 1st January 2015. For the first time in China the environment will be as important as socio-economic development. Despite this progress, there are currently no national environmental regulations specifically for CCUS projects in China. This paper examines China's plans to develop and implement environmental requirements for CCUS projects, the policy objectives and drivers. The paper also describes the CO 2 monitoring program at China's first end to end CCS project near Ordos; monitoring at China's first CO 2 EOR development at the Jilin Oil Field; and a program to monitor CO 2 in shallow groundwater in western China.

Listed energy company is the principal part of the energy market, including the energy investment, energy trade, energy operation etc. Stockholders are the owners of the listed energy companies, whose relationships would affect the stability of the energy market directly. In order to analyze the evolution features and stability of the relationships between the stockholders, we constructed a generator holding-based structural equivalence network of the shareholders based on the primitive affiliation network of the listed companies and their shareholders. The main data used in this paper is the semi-annual reports from 2003 to 2012 which contain the information about Chinese listed energy companies’ top 10 shareholders. The holding-based network takes the shareholders as the nodes, whether holding the same listed energy companies’ stock at the same period as the edges, and the number of the listed energy companies holding at the same time as the weights. In this paper, we improved the traditional Heuristic method and then found the maximal connected sub-graphs of the holding-based networks in different time domain by the improved Heuristic method. The main method and theory used in this paper is complex network, we calculated and analyzed the evolution and the stability of the maximal connected sub-graphs. This paper comes up with a new angle to analyze the relationships in the energy stock market, and present a new method to analyze the stockholders’ behaviors.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is one of the most promising technological solutions to realize low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels in a large scale. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), China and Italy initiated the “Sino-Italy Cooperation on Application of CCS to Coal Fired Power Plants” (SICCS) project which not only promoted CCS technology exchanges and scientific research collaboration between both countries, but also conducted a pre- feasibility study on a full chain demonstration project, including capture of CO2 from coal fired power plant, CO2 transport and storage. This paper will introduce the overall R&D collaboration progress on this project. It first reports activities designed to raise CCS capacity in China and to facilitate the knowledge sharing between Chinese and Italian academe, key outcomes of the SICCS project including the first and second Sino-Italian Scientific Meetings on technology exchange, information sharing, and preliminary feasibility study for CCS demonstration project in China. Then, this paper investigates the preliminary feasibility study of a 1.0 Mt/y carbon dioxide (CO2) capture unit for an existing coal fired power station in China carried out by experts from both China and Italy. The study results obtained with reference to Chinese 600 MWe thermoelectric power plant were compared with those of Italian CCS demonstration project. Finally, this paper concludes main results of the collaboration and preliminary study, raises a new cross-boarder science and technology collaboration mechanism based on industrialization of scientific research cooperation and technology exchange by co-conducting demonstration projects. It also extracts main features of the processes and technologies that may be applied to the demonstrative application of CCS to the 600 MWe unit of Chinese coal power plant.

Low-carbon development has become a hot issue concerned by the whole world. Governments respectively introduced the country's low-carbon strategy and action. China has put forward a series of obligatory targets and has issued a provincial area “twelfth five-year” carbon intensity reduction target. How to coordinate the contradiction between economic growth and environmental constraints, and formulating corresponding low-carbon development path and the supporting measures, has become one of the problems to be solved. Considering the regional resource endowment, stage of economic development, energy structure, industrial structure, technical development level and other factors, this article constructs the model of regional carbon emission factors, the paper takes Chongqing of China as an example. The research results show that: The major contribution of elements, in turn, is the improvement of technology energy efficiency, the optimization of energy structure, and the adjustment of industrial structure. Based on this, this paper puts forward the corresponding low-carbon development policies according to the results of analysis, from the aspects such as energy structure, industrial structure, and technological progress and so on.

Background In the last 30 years, the average energy consumption of one person has risen from 80 kgce to 204 kgce in Chinese rural areas. Considering rural areas in China occupy over a half of China's population, the study on energy usage of rural houses is crucial to the development of building energy efficiency of China. Researchers have conducted many studies on this situation, and the climate and technology are mainly considered in these studies. However, in recent years, great changes have taken place in terms of social factors of rural areas in China, for example, rural migration to the cities and gender imbalance. Some changes may lead the rural occupants to a high-carbon life-style. Objectives This research exploits the data collected from rural houses in southwest China and aims to establish which factors relate to occupant social aspects, and to what extent affects energy-related characteristics in rural houses. We hypothesize, in rural houses, that the energy efficient design strategies are not only related to climatic and building envelope physical characteristics but also may be derived with the particular considerations on social factors. Methods 50 houses in Tongzi rural area of Chongqing city were selected as the samples. In this paper, the social factors lie in three folds in this research, occupants’ demographics, life patterns, and behaviors. The energy-related characteristics embrace three aspects: thermal comfort, predicted energy consumption, and heating methods. Measurements on energy usage and environmental performance were conducted for each house. Also, we used semi-structured interviews on social factors for each family. The process of life patterns was observed by the researchers. In addition, statistics from the local government were used. The variables in this research are investigated by linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and contingency analysis. Results This study shows the female group preferred to warmer thermal conditions and spent 33% more hours in kitchens which consume over 50% total building energy in rural houses. The group with more hours per day spent outside reported the lower level at the indoor operative temperature, compared with the group with more indoor hours (P-value is 0.042). In addition, two basic heating choices in winter were adopted by rural occupants: charcoal braziers (28.6%) and indoor sun exposure (71.4%). Also, the use of charcoal braziers compromised with aging. Conclusion Although the climate and the building physical characteristics are crucial to building energy consumption and indoor environmental performance, this paper demonstrated that some social factors related to residents can affect the energy-related components, especially in the free running rural houses.

The 9th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2017) has been successfully held during August 21-24, 2017, in Cardiff, UK. The theme of ICAE2017 is “Energizing the future”. More than 600 participants from over 55 countries attended the event. As a continuation of this prestigious series conference, ICE2017 followed the style of the former eight successful Conferences, held in Hong Kong/China (2009), Singapore (2010), Perugia/Italy (2011), Suzhou/China (2012), Pretoria/South African (2013), and Taipei/Taiwan (2014), Abu Dhabi/UAE (2015), and Beijing/China (2016), to have plenary sessions, keynote lectures, and parallel specialized sessions. This proceeding is a collection of the ICAE2017 papers. In total, over 800 papers were submitted, and about 680 papers were accepted after peer-review and presented at the conference. In the proceeding, 636 papers were included, which cover six topics in the area of applied energy: • Renewable Energy (151) • Clean Energy Conversion (116) • Mitigation Technologies (82) • Intelligent Energy Systems and Energy Storage (136) • Energy Management, Policy, and Economics (85) • Energy Sciences (66) In addition to the proceeding, selected papers were recommended for the consideration to the special issue to be published in the journal, Applied Energy. The host of the ICAE2017, Cardiff University, is specially acknowledged for her excellent organization of the conference. We would also like to thank the co-organizers and sponsors, including the Applied Energy Innovation Institute, Malardalen University and Future Energy Center, UniLAB, PRIFYSGOL CAERDYDD, Mercure Hotel, FLEXIS, and TATA, for their generous supports to the ICAE2017. Thanks also go to all the authors and participants for their contributions to the ICAE2017 and to this proceeding. Session organizers/chairs and reviewers have done excellent efforts to keep up the quality of the accepted papers to the conference. Finally, we would like to acknowledge our Scientific Committee members, Organization Committee members, and other colleagues for their significant support to ICAE2017.

This paper empirically analyzes the effect of the indigenous R&D, introduction of technology on the energy consumption intensity in China, based on a panel of 31 industrial sectors for 1998–2006.The results show that indigenous R&D contributes to a significant decline of energy intensity in high energy-consuming intensity group and 31 industrial sectors,and has no significant effects on energy consumption intensity in low energy-consuming intensity group. Foreign technology purchased has a significant negative influence on energy consumption intensity only in 31 industrial sectors. Domestic technology transfer has no significant impact on energy consumption intensity in all samples. This paper will interest those policy makers and industrial entrepreneurs who are willing to improve energy efficiency in the industrial sector.

This paper introduces the biggest solar cooling system in China. The solar cooling system is applied to a campus library in Hainan Island, which is the furthest south province in China. Some important factors, such as scheme selection, supplementary energy resource choice, chiller type comparison, solar collector selection, system configuration, operation and control strategy determination etc., are mainly discussed in this paper. The project was finished in 2011 summer and an on-line monitoring system was installed to know how the system operates. Some primary technical and economic analysis is made and some suggestions about how to promote solar cooling system in China are also put forward in this paper.

This paper analyzes the relevance between economic growth and carbon emission in China and finds that the two parts are highly related and, in the long run, they are in steady equilibrium and two-way cause-and-effect relationship. In this way, China should further shift its economic growth mode, develop low-carbon economy and realize sound and fast development for economy and society. There are various ways to develop low-carbon economy. This paper raises measures for pushing the development of low-carbon economy from financial perspective.

Benefiting from the reform and opening-up policy, the Chinese economy has been growing up rapidly and now is next only to the U.S quantitatively. But China now is still a developing country and the economy is imperiled both by her own congenital defect and the current global financial crisis. Therefore how to take advantage of the opportunity arising from the crisis, promote the industrial upgrading and enhance the quality of the economic development is the most important task. The paper firstly analyses the urgency of the industrial restructuring and upgrading, and then gives a positive analysis of Japan's industrial restructuring and upgrading and at last the paper gives the conclusions and recommendations from the stand point of the characters of self-development and industrial policy.

This paper describes the more commonly used domestic and international green building rating systems and details of the evaluation of U.S. LEED, its old and new versions, the trend of improvement in LEED; Compared Chinese “Evaluation Standard for Green Building” (GB/T 50378-2006)with the LEED2009, the paper points out their shortcomings, and identify the existing differences between them. Then comes out the conclusion that LEED2009 is still target to the U.S. buildings, Chinese engineers should learn from its advantage, make use in our evaluation of green building, which is suitable for China's actual conditions. But we make full use of Chinese buildings of the LEED rating system is not appropriate. Finally, we make a suggestion for “Evaluation Standard for Green Building” that we should add incentives for new energy sources can effectively develop our new energy, give a positive role in environment protection.

The development of small and medium-sized resource-based cities is facing an important strategic turning point. Circular economy development model is the only way for their transformations. With Zibo city of Shandong province as an example, the paper sets forth the circular economy action program and countermeasures for resource-based cities. The paper is divided into five parts. The first is the introduction and the second part assesses the current situations and the conditions of circular economy in Zibo city. The third part puts forward the action program of the circular economy. In the fourth part, the paper brings up specific countermeasures from four respects. In the last part, the paper gives a summary.

This paper studies the implementation of a regulation problem of China in which the energy industry's private information is unknown to the state-owned assets supervision and administration commission of the state council (SASAC). It's reasonable to use a fuzzy variable to denote the subjective assessment of the SASAC to the private information. A principal-agent model is then set up to maximize the welfare of the SASAC. Pontryagin maximum principle is adopted in this paper to obtain the necessary condition of the optimal solutions.

CCS technology is particularly important to China due to its large and rapidly rising emissions and high dependence on fossil fuel. There is a huge basin scale theoretical CO 2 storage capacity in China; however the CCS deployments will consider firstly those matched source-sink pairs with early opportunities at present. This paper presents the key results of evaluation of early opportunities for the deployment of CCS technologies within China. The proximity analysis suggests that there also are many early opportunities for CCS deployment, such as the promising EOR/EGR opportunities from using high concentration CO 2 sources. The combined benefits of short distance between sources and sinks, the potential hydrocarbon revenues and low CO 2 capture cost make these pairs as promising near-term CCS candidates. These near-term CCS candidates can be deployed at very low cost or even with some revenue. In this paper, several sources-sink pairs in China are analyzed in details, such as, the pairs of high purity CO 2 emission sources and aquifer, co-storage of waste gas stream and depleted gas fields, IGCC and aquifer. These early opportunities will provide China the chance to develop and spread CCS technologies steadily from early stage to commercial stage.

Energy efficiency in China has a great gap with developed countries. Even among different regions in China, energy efficiency has huge differences. This paper investigates the impact of administrative monopoly power price on regional energy efficiency. Based on the analysis of its conduct mechanism, the empirical section data of various provinces in China in 2006 are used to check the hypothesis of this paper. The finding is that the huge difference in administrative monopoly power price among regions is an important factor impacting energy efficiency, the higher the administrative monopoly power price, the higher the energy efficiency .The artificial inter-provincial barrier in power market and administrative monopoly power price hinders the circulation of power resources among different regions so that there is no efficient allocation of resources all over the country. Besides, it is hard to rectify low allocation efficiency by relying on market force. Regional protectionism and inter-provincial barriers of the power market should be broken to form uniform national power market so that energy efficiency can be enhanced and huge energy saving potentials can be released © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS

Distinguished from former literature which focuses on the static or balanced analysis, this paper established the timevarying parameters model based on state space model to find the dynamic relationship between China's energy consumption and economic growth. After applying Chow test, unit root test and cointegration test, this paper estimated the parameters of state space model with Kalman Filter Algorithm, then found and analyzed their internal regularity.

There is close relationship between science & technology inputs and economic growth. Based on the data of science & technology input and economic growth, the paper makes the econometric models analysis on the economic growth and science & technology input of the three major coastal economic regions of China. The paper analyzes and compares the contribution rate of science & technology inputs to economic growth of the three major economic regions.

This paper is about to quantify the effect of China's urbanization on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by separating the part driven by the economic growth from the whole effect. In order to be accurate to estimate unknown parameters, this paper follows the method of Blanchard & Quah (1989), in which identifying conditions are set by assuming some shocks have no long-term effect on corresponding explained variables. We conclude that 1) Urbanization shock has an inverted hump-shaped effect on GHG emissions, in other words, nowadays the process of China's urbanization has been accompanied with saving energy and reducing emissions; 2) The growth rate of GHG emissions, owning to the GDP shock, can be raised by almost 1.53% annually and the urbanization level approximately contributes to 18% of the change of CO2 emissions based on empirical results; 3) China's emission reductions, in the short run, are actualy in expense of decreasing economic growth and delaying the p rocess of its urbanization.

Tourism Environmental Carrying Capacity (TECC) is an important index to judge sustainability of scenic zone, which is calculated by Tourism Ecological Footprint (TEF) and Tourism Ecological Capacity (TEC). Based on theories and models of TEF, this paper calculated TEF, TEC, and TECC in Yellow Crane Tower scenic spot. In 2008, TEF per capita was 0.0570hm2, footprint of transportation and waste were large, occupied 55.89% and 33.20% respectively. TEC of Yellow Crane Tower was 108.45hm2 in 2008 and it will be 176.80hm2 in 2012. Therefore, TECC was 3 804 tourists per day and it will be 6 204 tourists per day in 2012. Actually, TECC reached 3 354 tourists per day in 2008, which showed that tourists were under Carrying Capacity, but it is in vigilant situation of sustainable development. Finally, this paper put forward some suggestions on tourism sustainable development in Yellow Crane Tower.

Coal is central to China’s continued economic growth and CCS is one of the most promising technological solutions to curb the CO 2 emitted from the continued use of coal. This paper introduces some areas of recent R&D on CCS in China and focuses, in particular, on the Near Zero Emission Coal (NZEC) project, a China-UK CCS initiative. NZEC is being undertaken in three phases, with the current project comprising the first phase. The ultimate aim of NZEC, following Phase 3, is to have constructed and operated a coal-fired power plant with integral CCS in China. In this paper, some of the early progress made in NZEC Phase 1 is described. Launched in November 2007, the objectives of Phase 1 are to build confidence in CCS and to explore technology options for demonstrating coal-fired power generation with CCS in China. The Phase 1 partnership of nine leading UK organisations and 20 from China demonstrates the strong collaborative working relationship that exists between China and the UK, at all levels, to develop CCS as a key climate change mitigation technology. Apart from NZEC, China is involved in several national and international CCS initiatives and some of these will be touched upon in this paper. The success of the 18-month first phase will, to a large extent, be measured against its contribution to increasing CCS capacity in China and against strengthened links between Chinese and British experts. Activities designed to raise capacity are described.

China and the United States respectively adopted desulfurization electricity price and emission trading to achieved the effective sulfur dioxide emissions reduction in thermal power industry. By the methodology of cost-benefit analysis and comparative analysis with the United States, this paper analyzed the coal-fired power plants’ desulfurization cost, benefit, and social emission reduction cost of China’s desulfurization electricity price policy. The main findings are, the results of cost-benefit analysis show that China’s policy against the polluter pays principle, polluters can get benefit from this policy. Second, in terms of the cost of emission reduction, China’s cost is very high with 5.52 billion U.S. dollars in 2000 while the USA only cost 0.5-2.0 billion US dollars. Also, compared with the decreasing social cost of the United States, the China desulfurization electricity price policy leads the social SO2 reduction cost expanded and economic inefficiencies. The conclusion is, as the policy’s objective has been achieved, the desulfurization electricity price policy in China should be cancelled. The way of reducing pollutants emission in the form of price subsidies cannot be extended to other pollutants or other industries emission control.

Electric vehicle, as the most promising innovative solution for energy transition, has gained high priority globally. The newly issued Chinese new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation is expected to have a dramatic impact on the development of Chinese and even global electric vehicle market as well as energy structure. This paper focuses on the development of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under the regulation and establishes a bottom-up model to compare different batteries from the perspective of credit cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that small BEVs will always have the highest credit cost-effectiveness and midsize BEVs can obtain the highest credit quickly before 2020. As for different Li-ion batteries, the LFP battery is losing superiority compared to NCM batteries, and the NCA battery is slightly inferior to NCM811 because of the technical difficulties through 2020. Under the guidance of policies, the larger the vehicle and AER, the higher nickel batteries will be applied. It’s predictable that with the rapid development of batteries, the credit cost-effectiveness will be higher and higher. Moreover, the capacity of high nickel batteries will continue to expand, which will have a great influence on the demand and price of different materials.

Long-distance high-voltage power transmission has been developing at an unprecedented rate in China, connecting the power-rich northwest and southwest with Central and Southeast China, where most of China’s power demand locates. Albeit the fast increase of long-distance power transmission capacity, intangible transmission barriers start to appear, which restrict power transmission and result in renewable power curtailment. The barriers stem from the immaturity of power market. Therefore, considerations from government on economic and social viewpoints gain more weight. In this paper, economic and environmental impacts of power transmission on a power importing province are quantitatively analyzed based on a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The power transmission from Sichuan, a typical hydropower exporting province, to Jiangsu, a typical power importing province and one of China’s most developed regions with large power demand, is analyzed as a case study. Results show that both economy and greenhouse gas emissions in the power importing province tend to decrease. It indicates that traditional government performance appraisal system, mainly values economic growth, would take partial responsibility for the barriers and the curtailment. Taking environmental assessment index into consideration would lower the barriers. Establishing a mature power market is the fundamental way to eliminate the barriers.

The paper aims to explore key factors for the development of microgrid from the perspective of application and put forward some new proposals for promoting the microgrid projects in China through the review and extension researching combined approach. The main drivers of microgrid in China are promoting the local consumption of renewable energy, improving the ability to resist emergency, and saving power transmission loss. An overview of experiences with microgrids policies in China shows that optimal capacity planning for microgrid, energy storage technologies, and incentive market policy are key factors to promote the application of microgrid in China.

This article briefly introduces the conception and connotation of the sponge city, and 30 pilot cities of sponge city are discussed according to the different rainfall belt in China. On the basic of this point, we take Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province in the humid area and Ji’nan, Shandong Province in semi humid area as the examples, summarizing their climatic characteristics, the construction demand, the construction idea and route, as well as the related guarantee. Authors believe that the sponge city construction ideas need to rely closely to the local climate characteristics, geographical characteristics, special conditions and other practical situations. In addition, this paper also provides a reference for other cities to build sponge cities in the same rainfall belt.

In Saudi Arabia, the current production of electric power is mainly relying on crude oil which causes a high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions and no power is generated from any renewable sources. However, recently Saudi Government has announced a development plan ‘The Saudi Vision 2030’ where the target is 20% of the production of power from the renewable sources mainly from solar and wind. Like other countries e.g., China, India, US and UK that produce a significant amount of their electric power from renewable sources. Saudi Arabia has a vast land area where there is a plenty of prospect to install renewable power plants (solar and wind farm) to generate a significant amount of electric power to meet their 2030 target. This paper analyses past 10 years wind data in various location of Saudi Arabia to investigate the feasibility to generate power. This study also recommends the potential locations that are suitable for wind power generation including suggestions of the wind turbine specifications.

This paper selected “2+26” cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, consistent with China’s policy scope, as research objects from 2006 to 2015. Global spatial correlation index and local Morans’I scatter chart are applied to test spatial autocorrelation of energy consumption and air pollution. Results showed that energy consumption and air pollution in the region presented spatial autocorrelation. The high-pollution concentrated area gradually shrank which were mainly distributed in Tangshan and Tianjin, the low-pollution concentrated area was further enlarged and had a band-like distribution. Based on the findings, we should strengthen urban linkages in energy management, talent management and environmental management, and promote coordinated development among cities. Besides, air pollution prevention and control should take the pollution transmission between cities into account, high-pollution concentrated areas like Tianjin and Tangshan are key cities. Moreover, it is vital to conduct the interest coordination and compensation mechanism for cross regional air pollution and implement the joint regional air pollution control.

Forecasting of the gasoline demand is a key issue for refineries in China. Some international energy organizations (IEOs) and international oil companies have estimated the gasoline demand in China for the next 20 years. These organizations and companies used the assumptions that the technology of clean-energy vehicles do not gain significant progresses, and they do not consider the trends of policy changes of different provinces in China. So the forecast of IEOs (international energy organizations) may not reflect the real trend of gasoline demand in China. In this paper, we considered more stringent regional environmental regulations and the possibility of technological progress in clean-energy vehicles, using the bottom to up method to estimate the gasoline demand of all 30 provinces in China, adding them up, to gain the forecast of total gasoline demand in China for the next twenty years. The result shows that gasoline demand will increase slower and decrease faster than the estimation of some mean IEOs (international energy organizations).

Public bike system (PBS) improves mobility in a healthy, emission-free, and congestion-reducing way. Various studies have examined the characteristics of PBS. Hitherto, there lacks a quantitative analysis directed to the effects of the newly emerged dockless bike-sharing system (DBSS) on the PBS. To fill this gap, this paper takes Nanjing PBS as a case study, to explore the changes of PBS usage after the popularity of DBSS at two levels, including user level and station level. Results show that the DBSS has a greater effect on weekdays than weekends, and in contrast with users over 40 years old, users who are younger, especially those of 21 to 25 years old, have a larger reduction in usage frequency. These findings suggest that the DBSS appeals to young commuters to some extent. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of PBS, more attention should be paid to the improvement of stations where young commuters often borrow and return bikes. As for the impacts of DBSS on the trip duration, there is no significant sexual difference. Notice that the patterns of pickups and returns over the hours of the day remain unchanged after the popularity of DBSS, but for station dynamics over the days of the week, the number of active days is reduced.

International audience; The paper considers the health damage effect attributed to energy consumption and local pollutant emissions, which has been long ignored because of cost. The study bases on national level and conducts a four-scenario analysis, including Reference Scenario (REF), Deep Decarbonization Pathway Scenario (DDP), End-of-Pipe Control Scenario (EPC), and Co-Control Scenario (COC). By applying China-MAPLE model and CV method, the study calculates the future emissions of air pollutants in China and its health damage. Results show that in COC scenario, the emissions of SO2, NOX and PM2.5 will drop to 1.76, 8.43 and 6.43 million tons respectively in 2030, and the economic losses caused by PM-SO2, PM-NOX and PM2.5 emissions are 0.159 %, 0.025% and 1.604% of China’s 2010 GDP respectively, and in 2050, the proportions drop to 0.098%, 0.014% and 1.128%. The results provide a reference for the government to formulate policy.