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Green Energy efficiency is becoming more important because of the resulting cost reduction and image of green society which helps to enhance competitiveness in a globalized green market. Pulp and paper manufacturing is a large-scale industry which is generally regarded as important for national development. The Pulp and Paper industry consumes approximately 2.5% of total industrial energy consumption in Thailand by 44 factories distributed throughout the country. Therefore, energy efficiency improvement can play a significant role in the industry. Investigations of the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and technologies using bottom-up Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) in the pulp and paper mill process are required. This study examines the concept, methodology, and the usefulness of the energy conservation supply curve, and the potential to create the appropriate energy policies to the Thai Pulp and Paper Industry.

The main goal for energy efficiency is to reduce energy consumption in all ways – in production, transmission and consumption. The European Union has the main role in energy reduction and has set many key instruments to reduce energy consumption. The methodology which is used in this paper specifies energy loads using appropriate indicators in the next years. In this paper three types of indicators are used – total heat energy consumption, MWh/year; specific energy performance of buildings consumption, kWh/m2 year; heat supply tariff, EUR/MWh. Once the indicators are set, the next step is to show results. In this case the ArcGIS program which is very suitable for visualizing data between different regions is used.

The international drive to reduce carbon emission and improve energy security is focusing the attention on consumer behaviour, where significant energy savings are expected by a simple modification in attitude at minimal costs. Energy consumption in buildings in most countries accounts for 20% to 40% of the total consumption, as a result this makes household energy conservation an opportunity to reduce energy consumption. Most countries try to drive behavioural change via different strategies such as educating the public, improving feedback to consumers, enhancing building insulation, the use of smart meters and in some cases by increasing energy prices. This paper investigates the relationship between energy cost and people's consumption behaviour. Normally, energy cost is changed incrementally in most societies which makes the relationship between energy cost and behaviour a complex relationship; because it is linked to many factors such as inflation and the increase in average household's income. The increase in energy prices risks the introduction of fuel poverty which could result in many social and health concerns. In order to address the relationship between energy cost and people's behaviour, a unique case study is addressed by focusing on a group of Qatari students living in the UK. The reason behind this is that Qataris have a distinctive situation where they enjoy subsidised electricity in their own home country, but when they move to UK, they are expected to pay for their electricity consumption. When their energy bill becomes a significant part of their monthly income, would this have an influence on their behaviour in comparison to living in Qatar? This paper has addressed the above question through a survey to Qatari students living in the UK and the results show that electricity cost was a main factor in their behavioural change; however, other factors also play an important role in their consumer behaviour such as values, education, culture and independent life style.

This paper focuses on the structure of Thai energy data flow from measuring, reporting and verification system of designated factories and commercial buildings (DFBs) under Thailand's Energy Conservation and Promotion Act (No.2), B.E. 2550 (2007). All DFBs have to submit their energy management report annually which covers their energy consumption, process, target, and conservation measures, in both real and potential measures including thermal and electrical energy, from energy audit. This paper concludes and analyses the structure, verifying system from the DFBs and energy auditor. The author found that the five-digit ISIC coding system have been applied to all DFBs along with energy/fuel, production, and energy conservation measure coding system development.The specific energy consumption have been used as major indicator in energy consumption verification of each sub-sector. The energy auditor team have important role in verifying the energy management report according to the auditor's guidelines.The barriers and policy recommendations in energy system arrangement are also raised.

The Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are more and more mixed and exploited in urban site buildings. The main goal of this paper is to understand the nonlinear dynamics of the energy consumption of a building in real time. This way will lead us to predict, in real time, the energy needed depending on the weather. The knowledge of good models is essential to design efficient predictors. This paper develops a simulation model for energy consumption and production of a house equipped with a multiple RE sources systems (PV, Thermal, Wind and storage system). Storage using batteries is also considered. This forward prediction is useful for the Energy Management System that will control the energy sources for the power production answering the demand. After the analysis of house consumption for thermal heating and the classical loads, we consider the modeling of the energy source. This analysis will be used to try new real time management approaches which decide on the optimum connection of the RES to be used for the power demands at each time instant depending on the weather conditions and the Hybrid RES operating states.

International audience; The paper considers the health damage effect attributed to energy consumption and local pollutant emissions, which has been long ignored because of cost. The study bases on national level and conducts a four-scenario analysis, including Reference Scenario (REF), Deep Decarbonization Pathway Scenario (DDP), End-of-Pipe Control Scenario (EPC), and Co-Control Scenario (COC). By applying China-MAPLE model and CV method, the study calculates the future emissions of air pollutants in China and its health damage. Results show that in COC scenario, the emissions of SO2, NOX and PM2.5 will drop to 1.76, 8.43 and 6.43 million tons respectively in 2030, and the economic losses caused by PM-SO2, PM-NOX and PM2.5 emissions are 0.159 %, 0.025% and 1.604% of China’s 2010 GDP respectively, and in 2050, the proportions drop to 0.098%, 0.014% and 1.128%. The results provide a reference for the government to formulate policy.

A multi-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicle requires a reasonable drive mode switching method to achieve energy conservation control, which is not sufficiently investigated in the past. To fill the blank, an energy conservation strategy based on drive mode switching is studied in this paper to reduce the energy consumption of multi-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicles. The strategy is developed on the basis of a four-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicle, and a drive mode switching subsystem is established in a hierarchical vehicle dynamics integrated control system. The proposed strategy will determine the number and position of the wheels that involved in driving in real time according to the characteristics of the in-wheel motor and the road conditions, and improve the efficiency of driving system by making the involved wheels work in high efficiency zone as much as possible. Results of the comparison simulation which conducted in Matlab/Simulink environment shows that the presented strategy based on drive mode switching could markedly reduce the energy consumption of four-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicle. The basic idea of this driving mode switching method is also applicable to other multi-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicles.

Retrofitting of existing buildings plays a critical role to achieve sustainable development. This is considered as one of approaches to achieving sustainability in the built environment. In order to evaluate energy consumption of the existing building which had transformed into green building, this article takes the green office building as an example, which located in the summer hot and cold winter zone in China. Collecting the building energy consumption from 2014 to 2016, analyzing energy saving effects by comparing with the standard for energy consumption of building (GB/T 51161-2016) and other cases. Results showed that energy consumption of the case building decreased from 728 MWh to 633 MWh year by year. According to the correction formula in the standard, the corrected value Eoc=72.12 kWh/ (m2·a) is lower than upper limit (85 kWh/ (m2·a)) but higher than target value (70 kWh/ (m2·a)). Therefore, there is large energy conservation potential in air conditioning system and lighting. By comparing with the energy consumption of green commercial buildings in other countries, the result indicates the energy consumption is one-third of the foreign green commercial buildings.the paper provides a reference for the actual operation energy consumption of retrofitting of existing buildings in this area.

According to the 2015 Thai Energy Conservation Plan, the government aims to reduce energy consumption by 37% in 2036 compared to the final energy consumption in 2010. The industry sector consumes about 35.7% of total energy consumption. Non-metallic sector accounts for 30.74% of the energy consumption of the industry sector. The cement industry is one of the non-metallic sector that consumes up to 60.69% of the energy consumption of the non-metallic sector. Specific energy consumption (SEC) and Baseline energy consumption (BEC) are used as a tool to assign energy conservation target for each industry sector. This paper presents BEC and SEC for cement production. There are 12 of 21 participating cement plants that provide relevant information to be used for BEC and SEC analysis. According to the analysis, the BEC and SEC of cement production does not depend only on the quantity produced, but also ambient temperature and humidity. Therefore, setting a typical BEC and/or SEC target for reducing energy consumption is not appropriate and unfair to the factory. The BEC and SEC equations are developed using statistical approaches. The cement productions are classified into 2 categories; clinker and cement. Regression equations are developed to determine the relationship between BEC/SEC and relevant variables, including BEC/SEC for electrical energy, thermal energy and total energy.

This paper focuses on the designated building in Thailand. According to the Energy Conservation Promotion Act 1992. This study draws attention to the energy utilization index (EUI) used to compare energy consumption and the finding of the efficiency. This is the initial energy assessment and the finding of the baseline setting of the energy consumption of buildings in the commercial, emphasizing on the hospital groups. From the energy consumption data of hospitals in Thailand, it is found that the relatively high power consumption is the top of the commercial because of its 24-hour service. To support the accident or emergency that might cause anytime and the use of high energy for the medical equipment and facilities for the service users. This study collects baseline data for 45 large hospitals, by using 2015 annual data, and it is representing 32.17% of total hospital energy consumption. Which is Multiple linear regression analysis is introduced to analyse factors affecting energy consumption which leads to the baseline setting analysis of energy consumption of large hospital buildings. It can also be used as a reference for future energy conservation planning.

A monitoring platform is designed, set up and used to store the measured indoor climate data such a temperature and humidity from an air-conditioned classroom to the purpose of thermal comfort evaluation. In addition, the measured current using smart current sensors at the power cables, which supply the air conditioning and ventilation system, was transmitted to the monitoring platform and calculated by soft code for the energy consumption when the air conditioner is switched on. The detail of energy and indoor climate monitoring system can be found in previous publication as well as the monitoring platform. In this paper, the data stored in the monitoring platform are used for the analysis of temperature and humidity distribution in the air conditioned room as well as the thermal comfort based on the predicted mean vote, PMV, with various occupant clothes simulated criteria. Temperature and humidity sensors are installed at various positions around the room provided 24/7 climate monitoring. In order to illustrate the thermal comfort, the comfort index is indicated by the calculation of the predicted mean vote that ranges from -3 to +3 where the zero meant neutral. The results show that the occupants wore long sleeve shirt with jacket and trouser for male, and short sleeve shirt with jacket and full-length skirt for female would reach the thermal comfort at lower temperature than others. In other words, the waste energy could be reduced simply by setting up higher cold temperature cooperated with switching off the air conditioner sometime before the end of the last class of the day, according to the indoor temperature curve analysis, which could save energy for roughly 18%.

The Thailand twenty-year energy efficiency development plan in 2015 aimed at decreasing energy consumption in the building sector about ten percent by 2030. One of the strategies is to promote residents upgrading high efficient home appliances and changing their behavior. This paper investigates the existing residents’ behavior and their interest in behavior change for reducing home energy consumption. The survey was conducted from four hundred households in Bangkok neighborhood areas. The questionnaires includes four parts covering: i) personal information, ii) an understand of energy saving strategies and way to receive information from the saving campaigns, iii) a number of home appliances and its usage schedule, and iv) energy-saving habits and behavioral changes in the future. Women are more likely energy-saving habits than men. Most residents presently selected efficient air conditioners and home appliances with energy rating labels and a few did change their behavior. Potentially saving more energy, they were interested in changing their behaviors on low-cost activities and minor retrofits of building structure. Understanding such household energy conservation behaviors could significantly contribute to effective energy policy making which suits the resident’s need and encourages home energy savings.

The European Directives promote the energy consumption assessment in residential and industrial sectors in order to identify specific measures for getting energy savings. This paper presents the results of the energy use analysis, carried out for a wine manufacturing firm located in Southern Italy. The energy consumptions of the main wine production processes are investigated, showing that the cooling is the most energy-intensive user. Potential actions as thermal insulation of storage tanks and integration of solar cooling system are proposed and analyzed in terms of energy saving to improve energy efficiency of the refrigeration process in the winery.

The household sector has become the second largest consumer of final energy, ranking only next to the industrial sector in China. Except for the direct energy consumption of household sector, people's consumption activities also indirectly affect the energy consumption of multiple production sectors. This paper investigates the direct and indirect impact of household consumption activities on energy consumption in China from the consumers’ lifestyle perspective based on the input-output analysis. The results show that China's energy consumption caused by household consumption activities in 2012 accounts for 24.7% of the total finial energy consumption. The indirect energy consumption of household consumption activities is 1.35 times more than the direct energy consumption. Residential activities cause the most indirect energy consumption, while the smelting and pressing industry of ferrous metal is the most energy-consuming industrial sector influenced by household consumption. We also find that the low-carbon pattern and accelerated technological advance can reduce the indirect energy consumption effectively by scenario analysis.

In this paper, we used Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) method to evaluate the energy consumption and GHG emission of Distributed Energy System projects. We studied the China Resources Snow Breweries Natural Gas Distributed Energy System project, and designed another 5 cases with different energy pathways to compare their energy consumption and emission performance. The result shows the All Natural Gas project saves 8% energy and reduces 38% GHG emission compared with tradition project using coal and grid electricity. Although renewable energy projects’ emission reduction effect is not as significant as that of All Natural Gas project, we found renewable energy projects have the potential to develop in the future. We concluded that policy makers should support the development of gas based distributed energy system projects and further research should be made to shed light on corporate's decision making.

There is great potential to improve the energy efficiency of large public buildings due to the intense energy use. Since 2011, a research project has been conducted to study the energy consumption characteristics of the buildings in China. This paper presents the findings particularly related to government office buildings in Qingdao city. It is found that the occupancy density and the type of cooling system are major energy consumption influencing factors. Most of the study buildings have an energy consumption intensity between 20 kgce/m2 and 30 kgce/m2. It is suggested that air-conditioning system should be given particular attention when determining energy retrofit subsidies.

In modern societies buildings largely contribute to the energy demand and account in some countries for up to 45% of the primary energy consumption. Detailed consumption data can be used to offer advanced services and provide new business opportunities to all participants in the energy supply chain. In recent years, the intensified research effort by the scientific community and companies from the energy sector has led to an improved estimation of the building energy consumption. This paper proposes a tool that combines on one hand architectural characteristics and, on the other, user interactions with a building to precisely estimate its energy consumption and supply costs. The tool also determines the sensitivity of the energy consumption and the related costs for any variations applied in the building configuration or in the energy tariffs. The identification of critical parameters allows building managers to adopt appropriate measures to improve energy efficiency of the considered building. For the demonstration and validation of the proposed approach the developed tool is then applied to a case of an office building located in Madrid (Spain). It is explained in detail how the estimates of the building energy consumption and the costs were calculated and the sensitivity analysis performed.

This paper presents the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in the residential sector for both Thailand and Vietnam. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model is employed for analysis of energy consumption and CO 2 emissions under three scenarios. The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, which represents the residential sector without any climate policy intervention. The energy system in the base year 2010 is modeled using the secondary data and then existing energy consumption trends will be projected to the end of the planning period, that is 2030. The demand side management (DSM) scenario focussed on the efficiency improvement of four electric appliances: lighting, air-conditioners, cooking, and refrigerators to reduce the energy intensity in the residential sector. In the renewable energy (RE) scenario, the renewable energy utilization is used to analyze the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in the residential sector in both countries. Results are compared for both countries to find out which scenario is suitable for energy savings and CO 2 emission reduction.

This paper presents the design of a solar mixed-use community and the analysis of its performance, in term of total energy consumption and potential energy generation. The sample community, assumed located in northern climate combines residential and commercial buildings. It forms a base-case scenario, as part of a wide scope research program aimed at assessing the effects of multiple design parameters on the performance of such neighbourhoods and the development of design guidelines for energy sustainable neighbourhoods. Residential buildings include single-family houses and apartment buildings, while the commercial amenities include a primary school, an office building, retail and a supermarket. Energy simulations indicate that detached and attached houses can achieve an energy positive status, while apartment buildings and offices are capable of supplying only a small portion of their energy consumption, due to limited available roof surface. While apartment buildings represent 69% of the total annual energy demand of the neighbourhood, they contribute just 51% to total energy generation. The community as a whole generates annually 63% of its energy demand. These results suggest that efforts at optimizing energy performance of such neighbourhoods should be focussed on medium- to high-rise buildings such as office and apartment blocks.

Current approaches of designing and refurbishing residential buildings in urban developments to achieve net zero emission performance focus mainly on operational energy largely in terms of thermal aspects. The embodied energy of buildings and systems and additionally the transport energy of their users are typically overlooked. More recent studies have revealed that these two energy demands can represent more than half of the life cycle energy for over 50 years. This paper initiates an approach which takes into account the energy requirements at the building scale (i.e. embodied and operational of the building and its systems) and the city scale i.e. transport energy (both direct and indirect) of the users of a net zero emission house located in Auckland, New Zealand and evaluates its energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. In addition it investigates various scenarios related to transport technology focusing on internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and battery powered electric vehicles (BPEVs). The main conclusion is that there is a need to develop integrated tools which should enhance the efficiency of net zero emission houses and user transportation modes in a single framework such that each of the embodied, operational and transport energy emissions attributed to the building users can be reduced in order to move towards a low energy society.

Greenhouse gas emissions from homes arise primarily from fossil fuels burned for heat, the use of products that contain greenhouse gases, and the handling of waste. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. The household sector is one of the biggest aggregate consumers and this is the reason why increasingly policies have been considering it. One of the key factors in curbing energy consumption in this sector is widely recognized to be due to erroneous behaviors and systems malfunctioning, mainly explained by the lack of awareness of the final user; so, training the final user to energy awareness can be more effective and cheaper than other policies. In this context, energy management in homes is playing, and will play even more in future, a key role in increasing the final consumer awareness towards its own energy consumption and consequently in bursting its active role in smart grids. The aim of this paper is to highlight the economic benefits of low cost intelligent control domestic devices, to identify energy behavior, system status and improve energy efficiency. The scope is to develop interaction between final users to create a network of energy consumption efficiency. The paper presents an application of Multi-scale Principal Component Analysis to diagnose inefficient occupant behavior and systems malfunctioning and suggest good practices of energy conservation.

Energy consumption by industrial sectors has possessed a large proportion of total energy use in many countries especially China. For the purposes of energy conservation, the government of China has implemented long-term policies to continuously assist thermal power industries in improving the energy efficiency. This paper investigates the short- and long-term causal relationship implied by the standard coal consumption per unit product of power (SCC), the rate of electricity consumption of power plant (EC), the total water consumption per unit product of power generation (WC) and the total oil consumption per year (OC). The result indicates that there is mutual influence among variables. The SCC is significantly correlated with the EC, a large amount of EC may impact SCC heavily. The OC is proved to be a new driving factor, and it has long-run equilibrium relationship with other three variables.

The built environment represents a major share of global energy consumption. To effectively reduce the energy consumption of urban conglomerations, concepts to sufficiently integrate and manage energy from renewables are necessary. In this paper the energy-hub concept will be applied, which describes the relation between input and output energy flows and can be used to optimize the energy consumption during planning and operation. The concept will be used to evaluate a number of future energy scenarios for a village in Switzerland which has the goal of eliminating the consumption of fossil fuels. As a starting point the existing situation concerning the energy demand of the village with respect to different uses, the different energy carriers, their origin, their distribution and networks is captured and analyzed. In the next step the potential for different means of decentralized energy production is evaluated. Decentralized energy production includes building integrated or local renewable energy production by photovoltaics, biomass, or small hydro power. In the third step, different future energy scenarios for an energy sustainable community are defined. These different scenarios are distinguished by their scale of implementation. Finally an energy hub model of the village is developed and used to evaluate the different energy scenarios., Energy Procedia, 57, ISSN:1876-6102, 2013 ISES Solar World Congress

Energy use in residential and commercial buildings and towers represents more than 30% of energy consumption. The increase in number of buildings and towers in most of the major cities worldwide led to several initiatives for energy conservation programs with the main objective to achieve energy savings. Most energy strategies include energy conservation beside the increase in the penetration of renewable energy technologies. This paper shows business model and engineering design framework for practical implementation of energy conservation in buildings. Key performance indicators are modeled and used to evaluate energy conservation strategies and energy supply scenarios as part of the design and operation of building energy systems. The proposed system approach shows effective management of building energy knowledge on the basis of Energy Semantic Networks (ESN), which supports the simulation, evaluation, and optimization of several building energy conservation scenarios. Case study hotel is used to illustrate the proposed building energy conservation framework. 2014 The Author. Scopus 2-s2.0-84923503842

Consumption of plastics is directly linked with economic growth of plastic industry of respective country. India's plastics consumption is only about 2% of the world. Despite of proposed growth, higher cost of Energy requirement for processing are obstructing growth of plasticulture. Energy efficiency/conservation measures in plastic processing requires attention to harness alternate energy sources through technological modifications during material processing. This paper depicts practical solution for partial usage of non- conventional energy source; solar energy in conventional plastic process method. About3-5% of total energy required for processing is utilized for drying and precondition of material. Thus attempt is made to use solar energy for drying of Nylon-6 and polypropylene (PP) by designing natural convection based Solar Dryer. Drying of Nylon-6 is found to be in the falling rate period. Nylon-6 took nearly 6 hrs. (1days) to reach 0.15% moisture content value. Effective diffusivity is varied from 4 - 6.5 X 10-9cm2/sec. Temperature rise for PP material is achieved up to 70 °C in the dryer, hence preheating is achieved with same dryer design. Solar dryer can certainly reduce conventional energy consumption during plastic processing at industrial scale. Cost benefit analysis shows that adaptation of solar energy dryer for plastic process industry lead to economic production of plastic goods.