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As developing countries, Indonesia had their municipal solid waste (MSW) production increase due to population growth and its production reached 190,000 metric ton/day in 2014. Selection of appropriate technology is necessary to reduce the waste volume primarily and to utilize waste as the energy source because of the calorific value inside. Three thermal based technologies are available for waste to energy (WtE) which are incineration, conventional air gasification, and plasma gasification. Their feasibility was evaluated environmentally and economically. None of them was environmentally feasible due to greater CO 2 emission than the CO 2 emission standard of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, two of which, conventional air gasification and plasma gasification, were economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-syngas from gasification of sugarcane bagasse is one of the most promising sources for renewable energy. As an agriculture-based biomass, sugarcane bagasse has a high content of moisture (46-52%), fibrous (43-52%) and low bulk density (80-120 kg/m 3 ). This quality of bagasse will tend to initiate agglomeration and cause de-fluidization. It will disturb the gasification process and finally will decrease yield and quality of syn-gas. Its chracteristics in low quality can be improved by pretreatment, i.e. , torrefaction process, addressed by slow heating of biomass on wet or dry conditions on atmosphere pressure for 1 hour before it is used as feedstock gasification. This preliminary work features an experimental investigation of torrefaction process of Indonesian sugarcane cane bagasse. Temperature of torrefaction varies from 150, 175, 200, 225, 250 and 300 °C. For bagasse gasification process, the optimum temperature of dry torrefaction is 150 °C. At this temperature, yield of syngas will higher than other torrefaction temperature. Temperature of dry torrefaction will give energy saving opportunities than that's of wet torrefaction (180 °C, 1 hr). Analysis ultimate and proximate also indicate that sugarcane bagasse with temperature torrefaction 150 °C give better result than other torrefaction's temperature in high content of hydrogen and low content of carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]