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This paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions, deadweight tonnage (DWT) of the total global shipping fleet, fuel oil consumption, and economic activities for marine transportation using cointegration, error-correction, and Granger causality techniques. The intensity of carbon emissions and energy consumption, in addition to the elasticity of emissions and DWT, is discussed. It is concluded that (1) there exist long-run relationships between these variables for the period of 1980 and 2006; (2) the higher levels of economic activities induce more DWT growth than the growth ofemissions; and (3) the fuel oil consumption is a weak exogenous variable to produce theemissions. This paper also found that the cost of mitigation is increasing, and thus carbon finance is likely to become more common in the future. These results also provide policy recommendations to combat climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Europe has experienced fast-paced urbanization development over the past three decades. This paper empirically investigates the long-run equilibrium relationships and causal relationships among urbanization, renewable energy consumption, and CO2emissions, and this is important for EU countries’ future sustainable development. DOLS and FMOLS approaches are used for the period 1992–2014 . Granger causality results show that there is a unidirectional relationship from CO2emissions to urbanization, and there is no causality between renewable energy consumption and CO2emissions. The results have important implications for EU policymakers on the path toward a sustainable society. Urbanization can have negative impacts on the natural environment with the net effect being hard in EU countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Present paper analyzes the interrelations between output, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in light of Malaysia’s development experience from a commodity-based economy to an industrial-based economy by means of a vector autoregression (VAR) framework. The results suggest substantial interactions among the three variables. Moreover, manufacturing output tends to exert persistent influences on carbon emissions, energy consumption, and non-manufacturing output. Meanwhile, the significant causal relations from non-manufacturing output to energy variables are found for first few years. These results are robust to the inclusion of additional variables – namely, trade openness, investment, and population – in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the short- and long-run causality issues among energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and economic growth in Korea by applying time-series techniques. It employs annual data covering the period 1971–2008. Tests for unit roots, co-integration, and Granger-causality based on an error-correction model (ECM) are presented. The results show that bidirectional causality exists between economic growth and energy consumption and between energy consumption and CO2emissions. Moreover, unidirectional causality from CO2emission to economic growth is detected. These results imply that Korea was dependent on carbon energy consumption for its rapid economic growth in the past, causing considerable CO2emissions. Korea needs to make a considerable effort in developing energy-efficiency technologies and renewable energy to accomplish green growth with low carbon emissions, which the government has declared to be part of its national agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the long-run and causal relationship issues between economic growth, carbon emissions, energy consumption, foreign trade ratio, and employment ratio in Cyprus and Malta by using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach of cointegration and error-correction-based Granger causality models. Empirical results over the period 1980–2006 suggest an evidence of a long-run relationship between the variables at 5% significance level only in Malta. Thus, Granger causality models are estimated only for Malta. Results for the existence and direction of Granger causality show that the causality runs from carbon emissions, energy consumption, foreign trade ratio, and employment ratio to economic growth but not vice versa in Malta. The overall results indicate that energy conservation policies, such as rationing energy consumption and controlling carbon dioxide emissions, are likely to have no adverse effect on the real output growth of Malta. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]