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Dependence on natural gas and oil as the main energy carriers has led to serious economic crisis and climate changes, especially in developing countries like China. Among the different renewable biomass materials currently available for power generation, agricultural residue is one of the feedstocks receiving more attention from researchers in the field of energy and agricultural science, probably due to its availability, low price, and socioeconomic advantages. In this work, a detailed study of various scenarios for electricity production such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification was carried out. After a detailed comparison, it was found that the gasification process is a better energy system for electricity production because of its total cost and environmental problems are lower than those of other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the need for a future climate change protocol with the aim to protect the environment and reduce global warming trends. Such protocol shall provide a framework for developed nations, such as the United States, as well as developing nations, such as China, in order to further improve both their economy and their standards of living. Considering the elaboration of the future emission reduction framework, a comprehensive understanding of the current and future energy consumption portfolios is provided. The United States and China were used as illustrative examples and the existing emission reduction policies as basis. As a result, it was found that there is an urgent need to formulate such protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]