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To compensate for the slow dynamic response of fuel cell system (FCS) in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs), battery and supercapacitor are widely used as auxiliary supply energy sources in FCHEVs. How to reasonably allocate the required power among the three energy sources, reduce the fuel consumption and the SOC fluctuations of auxiliary energy sources becomes a tough problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose an energy management strategy (EMS) based on fuzzy control, considering the multiple constraints of hydrogen consumption and auxiliary energy SOC fluctuations of FCHEV. In this paper, the ant colony algorithm (ACA) is used for the first time to optimize the membership functions parameters of the dual fuzzy controller. The results obtained are verified in Matlab/Simulink. The proposed ACA optimized EMS can effectively reduce the equivalent hydrogen consumption and the SOC fluctuation of battery and supercapacitor by proving in four typical driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are fast evolving and their technological advancement is taking at a rapid pace. The performance usually depends upon two basic parameters for an EV, the range of the vehicle and energy consumption per kilometre for the vehicle. Drive cycles (DCs) play a major role in designing EVs. Many DCs are currently used such as the Indian drive cycle (IDC), New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) to check the performance of vehicle in term of their emissions and working standards. This paper compares an electric two‐wheeler scooter with these standard DCs for range and energy consumption estimation and found out that the range obtained using NEDC drive cycle was 130 km in comparison with the IDC which was about 95 km. The paper also highlights the importance of good infrastructure of roads in India to optimize the driving range of the electric vehicle and also stresses the use of good cooling techniques of batteries for range enhancement of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their sophisticated cell chemistry when compared to other types of cell technology now in use, lithium‐ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles. These lithium‐ion cells must be operated within certain range of working temperatures but as the energy requirements increase the cells cross the operating bandwidth of temperature and thus cooling of lithium‐ion batteries becomes necessary for its optimal performance. Battery cooling has thus emerged as an important area of research as lithium‐ion batteries do not perform well on higher temperature ranges. Thus, cooling of the batteries using a cooling system is been focused upon and various battery cooling techniques are developed using various coolants such as air, liquid, phase change material and many more. The current study is focused on the use of liquid cooling method for cooling the lithium‐ion battery pack. This paper focuses on the use of nano fluids as coolants for cooling of the lithium‐ion battery pack due to its enhanced thermal conductivity and low viscosity at higher temperature which cools the battery pack. Nanoparticles such as aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide and copper oxide which when mixed with water (base fluid) form the nano fluid solution whose properties are simulated using governing equations. The paper also validates the cooling performance of nano fluids over currently used coolants using ANSYS CFX solver. The findings reveal that using nano fluids as coolants definitely aids in lowering battery pack (BP) temperatures, and nano fluids have a higher heat rejection rate than water. Comparing aluminium oxide, copper oxide, titanium di‐oxide as a coolant for battery thermal management system, Al2O3 nano fluids exhibit the greatest temperature reduction, followed by CuO and TiO2 nano fluids, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A battery energy storage system (BESS), due to its very fast dynamic response, plays an essential role in improving the transient frequency stability of a grid. The performance of the BESS varies with the system's installation site. Hence, the optimal location of the BESS is of utmost importance for improving transient frequency stability. Therefore, this paper presents a hierarchical approach for optimizing the BESS placement to improve a grid's transient frequency stability. In most research, frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) have been considered for studying frequency stability. This paper considers two more parameters, along with frequency nadir and ROCOF, to study the transient frequency stability, settling time, and decay ratio. A novel frequency stability index (FSI) using the four transient frequency parameters has been developed. After a significant disturbance in a benchmarked test system, the FSI was used to identify the optimal location of the BESS for stabilizing the frequency. It has been observed that, after a sudden generator outage, the ROCOF and the frequency nadir improve the best when the BESS is located at the bus closest to the generator experiencing the outage. However, considering the other two parameters as well, the value of the FSI is the minimum; that is, the optimum solution is when the BESS is located at the bus that is the second closest to the generator experiencing the outage. Results of similar studies validate the proposed FSI in indicating the optimal location of the BESS in improving the transient frequency behavior of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of battery and supercapacitor provides balance over the power generation and load demand, ensuring the system's stability under transient conditions. Along with battery storage, to control its rate of charging/discharging a rate limiter (RTL) is usually employed. However, the impact of the RTL on battery storage efficiency and system performance has not been explored in the existing literature. This paper investigates the performance of a grid‐tied photovoltaic (PV) system with HESS under dynamic scenarios with different RTL values applied to the battery storage. The paper explores the simulation analysis considering transient, linear, and steady‐state conditions with varying PV generation and load demand. The simulation study shows that a lower RTL value may slow down the battery response, leading to inefficient utilization of battery storage. Alternatively, a very high RTL value will not appropriately regulate the battery current, which may lead to frequent charging and discharging and deterioration of battery life. For the proposed system, RTL with a value of 100 A/s seems appropriate, providing 1.29 Wh of energy through battery storage with an energy efficiency of 91.81% for the simulated time. The DC voltage is efficiently maintained at 400 V with a ripple factor of 0.45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new high‐gain quadratic boost DC‐DC converter is proposed for a DC microgrid. The converter has a voltage multiplier cell made up of switched inductors to obtain a high voltage at the output. It has a common ground and continuous input current, which makes the converter feasible for renewable energy and DC microgrid applications. The proposed topology consists of a single switch which makes the control simple. The converter achieves a gain of four times the traditional quadratic boost converter and can also operate in continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. The voltage stress across the switch and all the other passive components is less than the output voltage. The variation of voltage gain in the case of parasitic resistances is also shown. The reliability analysis of the proposed converter using Markov modeling is also presented by considering both open‐circuit and short‐circuit faults across the semiconductor devices. A 200 W prototype of the converter is also prepared and the hardware results of the converter are also presented in the paper. The converter operates at high efficiency of 96% at 100 W output power operation. The variation of reliability with different converter parameters like the duty cycle and the input voltage is also discussed in the paper. The experimental results in fault conditions are also shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid‐19 has given us a new way to look at our globe with regards to minimise air and noise pollution and thereby upgrading global environmental conditions. This positive pandemic outcome indicates that green energy is the future of energy, and one new origin of green energy is lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Electric vehicles are constructed with LIBs, but they have a number of disadvantages, including poor thermal performance, thermal runaway, fire dangers and a higher discharge rate in low‐ and high‐temperature conditions. The underlying fault of LIBs is their temperature reactivity. Extreme temperatures and challenging working circumstances can cause lithium‐ion cells to malfunction and cause the battery pack (BP) to overheat. For optimal performance in vehicles and long‐term LIB durability, LIBs must be thermally managed within their operating temperature span. This paper presents an overview of several cooling strategies used to maintain the internal BP temperature. This paper discusses cooling techniques using air, liquid and phase change material (PCM), heat pipe. Additionally, various BP configurations and heat generation techniques are explored. This research also discusses the usage of nanomaterials to address the BP's heat‐related problems. This study emphasises the use of nanomaterial to boost the heat conductivity of coolant in order to raise the batteries temperature into their ideal working range (PCM as well as liquid cooling). This article also provides some of the research gaps that have been found and the crucial areas on which attention should be directed in order to build the best lithium‐ion battery thermal management system technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a comprehensive solution to the challenges of managing a hybrid microgrid that generates electricity from multiple sustainable energy sources by proposing a coordinated energy management strategy and storage system. As renewable energy generation becomes increasingly popular, it introduces greater intermittency and stochasticity in energy management. To address this issue, a coordinated energy management strategy and storage system is proposed, which includes a fuzzy logic modified super twisting algorithm (MSTA). The objectives are to optimize the design and operation of microgrid including electrical based energy conversion systems such as photovoltaic and wind turbines, fuel cells, tidal energy, electric vehicle charging stations, and main grid. The second objective is to develop an energy management system for hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) and renewable energy sources (RESs) to maximize power production and ensure service continuity and smooth output energy of the microgrid, while also providing optimal benefits. To maintain cost‐effectiveness, an On/Off maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is also proposed. The contribution of this paper is to provide a solution to the intermittent and stochastic nature of renewable energy management and to improve the efficiency and durability of the energy conversion systems. The proposed management unit provides consistent output power and long‐term service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the storage of solar thermal energy with phase‐change materials to minimize the gap between thermal energy supply and demand. Various types of systems are used to store solar thermal energy using phase‐change materials. The performance of latent heat storage is dependent on the shape and size of the fins, the orientation and design of the storage unit, and its position. The efficiency of a solar thermal collector integrated with phase change material depends on the inclination of the collector, the position of the phase change material, and its thermo‐physical properties. The study of the thermo‐physical properties of various phase‐change materials and their effects is the focus of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are gaining high interest in supplying electric energy for remote communities. Energy storage systems (ESS) are utilized by green autonomous HRESs to accommodate the variability of renewable resources such as wind and solar energy systems. The lack of any traditional energy source is adding a great reliability challenge which should be compensated using expensive ESS. This challenge can be avoided by using a pumped hydro energy storage system (PHES) in harmony with batteries. The PHES is an excellent option to be used in NEOM city due to the perfect topographical characteristic of this site. The minimum cost of energy and the highest reliability is used as an objective for sizing the proposed entire green HRES. Using smart grid principles (SGP) and demand‐side management (DSM) in the design and operation stages will minimize system size and cost, which can result in a significant reduction in consumer bills. As a result, this paper introduces an innovative DSM based on a dynamic tariff. The suggested DSM technique was developed utilizing a unique fuzzy logic that takes into account the present and day‐ahead ESS situations to intelligently determine the ideal tariff for the lowest cost and maximum reliability of the HRES. This paper introduces a modified grey wolf optimization (MGWO) technique to shorten convergence time while preserving the best accuracy. The suggested MGWO is assessed against 10 swarm optimization techniques. The payback period of the project is 7 years. The findings acquired from this unique program demonstrated its superiority, with conversion times reduced by 22% to 80% when compared to previous optimization procedures. Furthermore, as compared to the flat rate pricing tariff, the usage of the dynamic tariff lowered the LCOE by 53%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting of renewable energy plays a major role in deregulated power systems. The rapid change in climatic conditions poses many challenges in recent years throughout the globe to policymakers and due to this, the forecasting of solar energy has become quite difficult to forecast with conventional forecasting methods. As compared to conventional methods, machine learning algorithms have shown better accuracy due to their learning methods with uncertain parameters. The market participants such as solar photovoltaic (SPV), battery energy storage system (BESS), and thermal units undergo challenges with the optimal dispatch strategy under such uncertainties of renewable energy. In addition to the concerned integrated system, other uncertainties affect the optimal operation of the integrated system and these are line contingencies and SPV. In this paper, we have used supervised learning methods such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), recurrent neural network (RNN), and long short‐term memory (LSTM) to forecast the hourly SPV in the day‐ahead market. Among the three methods of machine learning, results show LSTM with dense has been a better forecasting method with high accuracy obtained. The role of BESS in the optimal operation of day‐ahead hourly forecasted SPV along with the hourly thermal unit dispatch in DC optimal power flow (OPF) has been investigated in the paper. The main objective of the paper is to optimally allocate the BESS in the SPV‐BESS‐Thermal unit integrated system forming an active distribution network (ADN) to minimize the operating cost under different uncertainties such as line contingencies and SPV. The hourly dispatch of thermal units, BESS, and forecasted SPV is obtained for the short‐term market. The proposed approach is validated by a modified IEEE 33 bus system and solved by mixed integer linear programming (MILP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batteries are essential to mobilization and electrification as they are used in a wide range of applications, from electric vehicles to small mobile devices. All these devices are powered with AC or DC inside their systems, so they require different battery systems depending on their technical requirements. Batteries show unique characteristics depending on their types, and their needs vary based on their performance, ambient conditions, and so forth. One of the main demands for them is thermal stability. For batteries, thermal stability is not just about safety; it's also about economics, the environment, performance, and system stability. This paper has evaluated over 200 papers and harvested their data to build a collective understanding of battery thermal management systems (BTMSs). These studies are specifically designed to solve different problems. This paper has been prepared to show what these systems are, how they work, what they have been designed for, and under what conditions they should be applied. The BTMSs have been evaluated based on their method, method tools, discharge rate, maximum temperature, temperature difference values, and ambient and inlet temperatures. After evaluating over 200 studies, the results indicate that the passive BTMSs are not useful the cases where the temperature reaches higher values suddenly, especially for system systems that require higher discharge rates. On the other hand, active cooling methods do not manage the temperature difference in the battery cells. However, hybrid cooling methods address both cases admirably by compensating for both of their weaknesses and bringing out their advantages. The general optimum temperature for lithium battery batteries is 55°C. Even though there are many other parameters that need to be considered before making a decision for a BTMS design, the best performance for an optimum system seems to be methods 34, 38, and 22 as they are able to provide lower maximum temperature and temperature difference in the cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal compression is the state‐of‐the‐art in compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology. The study of cyclic pressurization unit in isothermal CAES is carried out in this paper. The unit can continuously compress air utilizing double vessels operating alternately. In each vessel, the large heat capacity of water and spray cooling is applied to establish a conducive environment for the air achieving the effect of efficient near‐isothermal compression. The operating mode of the cyclic pressurization unit is divided into sliding‐pressure operation and constant‐pressure operation according to the pressure of its outlet. By adopting the characteristic curves of pump, the dynamic model is built for the unit in this paper. Further, the differences between the cyclic pressurization unit in isentropic process and in variable‐speed process are quantified and compared in four different cases. In isentropic process, the energy‐saving ratio and exergy efficiency of the unit are expected to reach 20.4% and 95.0%, respectively. In variable‐speed process, the energy‐saving ratio and efficiency of the unit can achieve 7.3% and 73.4%, respectively. This gap is mainly determined by the off‐design performance of the pump. Moreover, the vessel volume should be no less than 3 m3 and 5 m3 when there is spraying and when there is no spraying. Furthermore, spraying favors the improvement of the worsened compression performance caused by the change of design parameters. The energy‐saving ratio can be improved via spraying by 1.3% to 11.0% and 1.8% to 25.6% in the isentropic and variable‐speed processes, respectively. Meanwhile, the exergy efficiency can be increased by 1.5% to 9.4% in the isentropic process and 1.4% to 8.4% in the variable‐speed by spraying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of fully electric or hybrid ships relying on battery power for propulsion and maneuvering is growing. In order to ensure the safety of these ships, it is important to monitor the capacity that can be stored in the batteries, and classification societies typically require that this can be verified by independent tests—annual capacity tests. However, this paper discusses data‐driven alternatives based on operational sensor data collected from the batteries. There are different strategies for such data‐driven state of health (SOH) estimation. Some approaches require full operational history of the batteries in order to predict SOH, and this may be impractical due to several reasons. Thus, methods that are able to give reliable estimation of SOH based on only snapshots of the data streams are more attractive from a practical point of view. In this paper, data‐driven snapshot methods are explored and applied to degradation data from battery cells cycled in different laboratory tests. Hence, data from different sources are fused together with the aim of achieving better predictions. The paper presents the battery data show how relevant features can be extracted from snapshots of the data and presents data‐driven models for SOH estimation. It is discussed how such methods could be utilized in a data‐driven classification regime for maritime battery systems. Results are encouraging, and yields reasonable degradation estimates for nearly 40% of the tested cells, although the fusion of data from different laboratory tests did not improve results significantly. Results are greatly improved if data from the actual cell is included in the training data, and indicates that better results can be achieved if more representative training data is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following years, electric vehicles (EVs) are promising technology for shifting scattered exhaust emissions in mega‐cities to integrated power plants in rural areas, especially in urban areas. Transport sector electrification and increased popularity of EVs make scientists and researchers, search for charging stations. The ideal position, charge scheduling, and developed charging infrastructure are the primary concern for the large‐scale deployment of EVs. This paper describes the possible demand for EVs charging station infrastructure and challenges in the Indian situation. Along these lines, this study also provides the research community with the latest developments and research findings of charging infrastructure for EVs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a mathematic relationship between obtained capacity and the corresponding current rate for the Li‐S and Na‐S conversion batteries. Using experimental data on different conditions of the Li/Na‐S batteries, taken from literature, it is established that the inverse value of obtained capacity is changing linearly with respect to square root of the corresponding applied current rate. The theoretical‐based relationship has been established for the Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries. Therefore, this paper proposes similar behavior for the conversion and intercalation batteries. The proposed relationship and its beyond approach proffer estimations of: alteration of capacity by rate, optimal cathode mass, corresponding reaction components, and fraction of (in)active particles. Also, they offer a quantitative criterion for performance and rate‐capability, the capability to justify observed phenomena, and also qualification of the powder, preparation, and assembling of the cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of providing consistent power to remotely situated microelectronic devices, this paper proposes a full‐length cavity‐based novel segmented doubly clamped piezoelectric energy harvester (DCPEH). The paper starts with the analysis of different possible configurations of segmented DCPEH beam corresponding to single, double, and triple cavity systems involvement. It has been observed that for full‐length single cavity involvement, the segmented DCPEH beam is resonate at minimum value (70 Hz) of resonance frequency. However, the observed value of output power response (76 mW) at such low resonant frequency is not so appropriate. Therefore, the performance of full‐length cavity‐based segmented DCPEH beam has been further investigated for series and parallel composite structural design of PMN‐35%PT (M1) and PZT‐5H (M2) piezoelectric materials. The improved value of output power (313 mW) response at low (68.8 Hz) resonant frequency has been achieved with M2‐M1 series composite form of piezoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an innovative approach to enhancing the range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) through the integration of a hydrogen fuel cell range extender. By combining the high energy efficiency of BEVs with the rapid refueling capability and extended range of hydrogen fuel cells, this hybrid system addresses the limitations of current electric vehicles in scenarios demanding longer driving ranges or quicker refueling options. Our study encompasses both experimental and theoretical analyses, leading to the proposal of a BEV configuration that includes a smaller battery complemented by a fuel cell range extender. The conventional fuel cell electric vehicle (FCV) examined relies exclusively on hydrogen fuel and features a minimal battery without plug‐in functionality, resulting in suboptimal energy economy. In contrast, our proposed BEV with a fuel cell range extender employs a larger battery capacity of 12 to 16 kWh alongside a downsized fuel cell stack and reduced hydrogen tank size. This configuration significantly improves energy recovery during braking and extends electric operation, thereby doubling the vehicle's energy economy. The proposed system not only enhances energy efficiency but also reduces the weight and volume of the overall energy storage system. Preliminary estimates suggest that the miles‐per‐gallon equivalent (MPGe) of this hybrid solution could exceed 140 over the US EPA certification cycle, outperforming existing PHEVs, BEVs, and FCVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to solar thermal power systems, a latent heat energy storage unit is one possible solution to the imbalance in supply and demand. On a shell‐tube type heat storage system, computational and experimental research was done to determine how to charge a heat storage system using honeybee wax‐biodegradable phase change material. This paper examines the impact of single, double, and triple inner heat transfer fluid tubes on the melting properties of bee wax in relation to vertical and horizontal eccentricity. Through the experimental examination of a lab‐scale prototype, the computational model was verified. A computational model was used to investigate the impact of eccentricity on different configurations for the melting process. Utilizing multiple tubes significantly shortened the charging time, according to the system analysis. In a vertically downward direction, melting time reduced as eccentricity increased. Compared to the single tube concentric case, the maximum melting time reduction for the single‐, double‐, and triple‐tube cases was 63.7%, 67.0%, and 68.34%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass‐derived carbon material has drawn significant attention recently due to its wide availability, environmentally free, and effective performance of the resulting porous carbons for supercapacitor (SC) applications. Carbon electrode material derived from biomass is used for energy storage (ES) because it has distinct qualities in porosity, a large specific surface area, and excellent conductivity. Furthermore, these materials' homogeneous, flawless biological structures can be used as models to create electrode materials with accurate geometries. The ES devices, known as SCs, also known as ultra‐capacitors, serve as a link between a capacitor and a battery. Due to their charge storage, SCs can produce a much higher density than batteries. Several factors, including the electrode's potential window, the electrode materials characteristics, and the electrolyte choice, have a major effect on SC performance. Therefore, all efforts have been made to develop SC electrode materials. This paper explains the different types of SCs and how they work. The various available biomass resources, as well as the methods for producing them, are outlined. In addition, the different types of electrode materials, activation methods, heteroatom functionalization, and electrolyte types are all thoroughly examined. The application and research advancement of biomass‐derived carbon used in SCs over the past 3 years are highlighted. Furthermore, this research outlines the benefits of SCs for the environment and the economy, as well as present challenges and future recommendations for advancing biomass‐derived carbon applications. This article aims to give an in‐depth knowledge of carbon‐based biomass materials that are used in SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials (PCMs) have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their capability of storing and releasing thermal energy during phase transformation. However, traditional PCMs face challenges like limited thermal conductivity, leakage while phase transformation from solid to liquid, thermal degradation, and durability. Researchers have concentrated on creating shape‐stabilized PCMs (SSPCMs) employing polymers as the supporting matrix to overcome these difficulties and incorporating highly thermally conductive additives to improve thermal conductivity. Compared to conventional PCMs, polymer‐based SSPCMs are often more flexible, lightweight, and durable and may be easily customized according to specific applications. Various factors like PCM loading, thermal cyclability, cost‐effectiveness and environmental concerns must be considered while constructing polymer‐based SSPCMs. This review paper comprehensively explored various polymers, including polyurethane, polyacrylates, polyolefin, and so on, as promising supporting materials for SSPCMs due to their relatively high mechanical strength, compatibility with PCM, excellent thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Natural polymers like chitosan, cellulose, and starch are also considered for eco‐friendly solutions. We have also discussed about specific properties of each polymer, their cost‐effectiveness, and the environmental impact while developing such SSPCMs to guide researchers in material selection. Applications of polymer‐based SSPCMs in solar energy storage, medical devices, building materials, electronics, transportation industry, and waste heat recovery are briefly discussed. Finally, some future development areas have been discussed to attract the attention of new researchers in this field. The information provided in this review will assist readers in understanding polymer‐based SSPCM and selecting their desired polymer for support material with diverse application methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is essential to sustain life and development and to fulfill daily requirements. A clean source of energy like the Solar Chimney Power Plant (SCPP) is essential or hybridized with conventional sources to meet the demand. Also, it will provide energy during the night and it will reduce the need and expense of physical batteries in comparison to the photovoltaic energy storage system. In this paper, a mathematical study has been done for the generation of 10 MW power from the SCPP. This paper optimized the core parameter of SCPP such as chimney height and collector radius under different operating conditions. It has been evaluated on the basis of data produced by the developed mathematical model. The current research work highlights the modern application of state‐of‐the‐art Deep Learning (DL) techniques that is, Functional Link Convolutional Neural Network (FLCNN) to map developed mathematical models. The proposed FLCNN is compared with various other Machine Learning algorithms including Support Vector Regression, K‐Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Multilayer Perceptron. Proposed FLCNN performed efficiently and achieved 91% and 93% of Adjusted R2 score for predicting values of collector radius and chimney height, respectively, which is comparable to other ML algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the world's requirements for energy in a reasonable manner is broadly viewed as perhaps the biggest difficulty challenging mankind in the 21st century. Almost a billion people around the world do not have access to electricity, and around 3 billion people rest on nonrenewable energy sources resulting in massive air pollution, which creates an expected 7 million passing for each year. Therefore, there is a need of measures to incorporate to diminish energy utilization and utilization of electricity using fuel cells, solar cells, batteries and so on. Many previous studies have confirmed on the technical and economic benefits using nanotechnology for sustainable energy production. This paper reviews studies on impact of nanofluids and nanoparticles in fuel cells and electrochemical batteries. The objective of this paper is to use the various types of nanoparticles or nanofluids and applying them as cell components (like electrodes and electrolyte) or electrocatalysts, which would affect directly in the improvement of electrical power of the cell/battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability of renewable energy generation and its mismatch with demand may lead to curtailment issues, which necessitates the deployment of energy storage on a significantly larger scale. A‐CAES is a promising technology for its green ability and technology maturity to serve as grid's load following. However, previous research mainly focuses on system analysis and core component optimal, and the performance of A‐CAES when constructing with renewable resources has not been fully addressed. In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation on A‐CAES is presented based on an annual photovoltaic (PV) output in western China. The A‐CAES is modeled from the systematic perspective and the PV output is classified into four types (sunny, mostly‐sunny, mostly‐cloudy, and cloudy). First, the performance with different weather and different rated power of A‐CAES is fully investigated. Then, performance availability with different rated power has been proposed—the optimal condition occurs with average 5.936 MWh/day capacity and 53.49% efficiency on 1800 kW rated power. The evaluation framework is suitable for evaluating the role of CAES with other sources and such result provides a reference for A‐CAES designing and further application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming essential elements for both the transport and power sectors. Consequently, they need a suitable charging infrastructure at the same time. Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) assisted by photovoltaic (PV) panels draw attention due to minimal expenditure, increased environmental awareness, and a consistent increase in the effectiveness of the PV modules. In this paper, a combination control scheme utilizing the merits of both droop and master‐control strategies for the EVCS is proposed. In addition, an isolated bidirectional DC‐DC converter combined with the snubber circuits and a three‐level boost converter that utilizes a capacitance‐voltage control design is used to further enhance the system stability. The design of the EVCS is formulated and validated through MATLAB/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous activated carbon was generated from the spent disposable papercups and explored as an air‐breathing electrode for rechargeable Li‐air battery. The carbon was synthesized through chemical activation using KOH at different temperatures 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. The crystal structure and mesoporous nature of the activated carbon were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques, and the elemental composition was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The activated carbon obtained at 800°C had the surface area of 752 m2 g−1. The oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER) kinetics conducted in rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) under Ar and O2 atmosphere with 0.1 M KOH confirmed that the carbon electrode obtained at 800°C achieved inherent catalyst activity. The high surface area, effective O2 adsorption and the more active sites provided on the surface of the C800 electrode lead to high ORR and OER catalytic activity. A CR‐2032 coin cell was fabricated to demonstrate Li‐air battery using the C800 electrocatalyst as an air‐breathing electrode that showed stable OCV and the high discharge capacity of 1035 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 Ag−1. The fabricated cell was applied for practical implementation by glowing 2.8 V commercial LED bulb for about 18 hours continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional automobiles that operate on fossil fuels have recently been recognized as one of the significant contributors to environmental pollution, particularly given their increasing numbers in relation to the global population. Electric vehicle (EV) is considered as an excellent solution to this problem. The most difficult challenge is increasing the production of EVs using efficient and affordable batteries. All types of batteries used in EV have a power loss occurs in the form of temperature. The development of a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a formidable obstacle. The new concept aims to improve the thermoelectric cooler (TEC) efficiency by integrating it with a thermoelectric generator (TEG), which is accomplished by fabricating a TEC‐TEG model. The goal of combining a TEG and a TEC is to utilize waste heat generated on the TEC hot side and convert it into a stream that can be used to feed the TEC and increase its efficiency. Finally, the objectives of this paper are:To investigate the working principle of TEC‐TEG model to regulate EV battery's temperature.To design a hybrid air‐forced TEC‐TEG model for EV batteries.To assess and verify the efficiency of a hybrid TEC‐TEG model in regulating an EV battery temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting the parameters of a lead‐acid battery under real‐world operating conditions is a significant part of solar photovoltaic (PV) engineering. Usually, the battery management system handles the battery system based on its model. However, its model's parameters can change due to its electrochemical nature. Hence, enhancing the model parameters' accuracy is required to achieve a reliable and accurate model. This research employs an improved methodology for extracting lead‐acid battery data outdoors. The suggested method combines numerical and analytical formulations of parametric battery models for solar PV energy storage. The Shepherd model, which considers the battery's non‐linear properties, is selected in this paper. Based on a modern meta‐heuristic marine predator algorithm, the parameters of two solar lead‐acid batteries are discovered using an optimal parameter identification technique (MPA). The MPA exhibits its capability in terms of fast convergence and accuracy. The acquired test results are compared to those produced by the salp swarm algorithm, artificial eco‐system optimizer, hunger games search, a new optimization meta‐heuristic method that inspires the behavior of the swarm of birds called COOT, and honey badger algorithm in terms of efficiency, convergence speed, and identification accuracy. The findings demonstrated that the MPA outperformed the other optimizers in identifying ability. This optimizer achieved 99.99% identification efficiency for both Bergan and Banner battery types, making it an excellent battery identification option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids can meet their electrical energy needs through the use of renewable energy systems and energy storage. Combining hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) is the best way to increase the systems reliability while still satisfying load demand. Suitable sizing of microgrid with optimal power allocations of HRES and BESS in terms of capacity and discharge leads to improved reliability. Cost and reliability are two important aspects of microgrid system functioning. While designing the system with HRES and BESS, there must be an appropriate balance between cost and reliability. This paper presents an algorithm for optimal design of HRES with BESS for optimizing levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and power supply reliability factor (PSRF) Particle swarm optimization and epsilon constraint based multi‐objective PSO algorithms are used to solve the objectives considering 24 hours time horizon. A hybrid Wind‐PV system with Diesel Generator and BESS is considered for the study. In this work, 12 trails of simulation runs are made to obtain accurate values of average levelized cost of electricity and power supply reliability factor along with the optimal power allocations of DGs and BESS. According to the findings, sizing of HRES with BESS optimally lowers the LCOE by reducing the quantity of power drawn from the grid and improves PSRF. ε‐MPSO provides the optimal results in minimizing the LCOE by obtaining proper energy management between HRES and BESS with improved reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of charge (SOC) estimation of lithium‐ion batteries is complex due to the various nonlinear uncertainties present in the battery. However, in this paper, a new nonlinear state observer (NSO) is proposed to be designed for the estimation of accurate and robust SOC. This proposed observer is suitable for both continuous and discrete‐time nonlinear systems. To design the nonlinear observer, two‐RC equivalent circuit model state equations are simulated for the dynamic behavior of the lithium‐ion battery. The seventh‐order polynomial fitting approach is assumed for the nonlinear relationship between open‐circuit voltage (OCV) and SOC, and the exponential fitting method is used to estimate the battery's offline parameters. Lyapunov's stability criterion achieves the stability and convergence capability of the proposed method. An urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) cycle was adopted to estimate the performance of the proposed observer by comparing it with the well‐established methods like unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and sliding mode observer (SMO) algorithms, and it was found that the proposed observer achieved better performance like accurate SOC, high convergence capability, and less SOC error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper examines the types of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS), its charging methods, connector guns, modes of charging, and testing and certification standards, and the current status of Indian standards with respect to international standards. The paper also discusses key challenges in the standardization of EVCS worldwide and provides recommendations. It is recommended to use the combined charging system (CCS) charging methodology which will cater to the electric vehicle (EV) market in the country as well as abroad and help promote faster adoption of EVs. With many advantages with CCS charging methodology such as single connector, both AC and DC charging, high power capacity, promoted by a large number of EV manufacturers across the globe, etc., it is recommended to use CCS charging methodology. CHArge de MOve (CHAdeMO) is the only charging methodology having a vehicle to grid (V2G) functionality that can be made compatible with local grid codes which can support the grid during peak load demand using the combination of bidirectional EVCS and EV batteries acting as energy storage equipment. Finally, a comparative analysis is provided between the Indian standards and international standards from Europe, China, Japan, Germany, North America, and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of Electric Vehicles into existence, there is a need to develop a significantly charging infrastructure that will make electric cars more attractive and lead to higher adoption rates. In light of the increasing demand for EVs, there is a need to develop a fast‐charging station that cuts back on the charging time and hence overcome range anxiety. Fast charging stations are capable of reducing the charging duration by up to 30 min. By way of sustainable development and availability of secure energy, the focus of the paper is to develop the fast charging station of various Electric vehicles/Plug‐in Hybrid Electric vehicles as per the grid power supply and their worldwide implementation. In this paper, we have designed a system for the fast charging of electric vehicles in which we provide continuous feedback to the dc‐dc converter considering the battery SOC by using a battery pack control module and tuning the PI controller. To reduce the fluctuation in input supply, we have studied and implemented a cosine firing scheme based voltage regulator and electronic tap changer (ETC) out of which ETC provides a very promising solution. Further, the impact of charging with time on battery resistance has also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials (PCMs) are the materials that can absorb and release energy during their phase transition. The materials have become ubiquitous but still face challenges. The inevitable transition from solid phase to liquid phase in these materials during operation limits their utility in application areas that require leak-proof properties like orthopaedic mattresses or gel packs, or applications requiring self-load-bearing capabilities (such as ceiling tiles and building walls). Entrapment of PCM in porous matrices is one of the promising methods of capturing the PCM and limiting the flow of materials in the liquid phase. The present study discusses the preparation of exfoliated graphite from commercially available intercalated graphite. The process of exfoliating the intercalated graphite has been holistically characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The graphite with a surface area of 47.37 cc/g with a purity of 99% was found to have a maximum absorption of 80% (w/w) stearic acid as PCM. In addition, this paper investigates two synthetic routes to prepare the shape-stabilized PCM. The blends are characterized and compared along six indicators: transition point, latent heat capacity, thermal conductivity, exudation behavior, FTIR, and SEM. Composite 1 refers to stearic acid absorbed in the exfoliated graphite. Composite 2 refers to the stearic acid absorbed in exfoliated graphite which is further treated with an elastomer SEBS. The leak test performed on both blends signifies that SEBS is an essential ingredient. The PCM composition optimized in this study can unlock various thermal applications with critical requirements where direct exposure of chemicals to the user is unacceptable. Further, the study itself is envisaged to serve as a framework to develop enhanced shape-stabilized PCMs with tuneable thermal conductivity and extended operation life in application areas where leakage in liquid phase is a concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electric vehicles, the battery is a key component that calculates vehicle performance. Due to their greater efficiency and the lower cost of power, charging an electric vehicle is more affordable than purchasing gasoline or diesel for travel needs. To increase the battery's lifespan, the accuracy of the battery model for electric vehicles must be enhanced. To operate at their peak efficiency, batteries must be managed properly by a battery management system. This research illustrates the functioning of a rechargeable electric vehicle battery's charging system. There are several types of rechargeable batteries used, including lead acid, lithium‐ion, and nickel‐cadmium batteries. In recent trends, are used in the majority of cars use rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries. In general, accumulated heat, rapid utilization, and total energy throughput have an impact on the battery life of electric vehicles. In this study, 50 papers were analyzed about battery charging in an electric vehicle, which utilized different measures, as well as achievements attained by various methods. This survey reviewed the information from a different journal, along with their advantage, disadvantages, and challenges. The review lays the groundwork for future researchers to gain a deeper understanding of electric vehicles by offering a thorough interpretation of the methods currently in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research focuses on optimal design of thermal energy storage (TES) systems for various plants and processes, using advanced optimization techniques. There is a wide range of TES technologies for diverse thermal applications, each with unique technical and economic characteristics. Matching an application with the most suitable TES system remains challenging. This study proposes an eight‐step design methodology guiding the process from describing the thermal process to defining the most appropriate TES based on constraints and requirements. The steps include specifying the thermal process, system design parameters, storage characteristics, integration parameters, key performance indicators, optimization method, tools, and design robustness. Seven already‐designed TES systems are evaluated to assess the methodology's effectiveness, where the design procedures have been adapted to the proposed steps. Case studies involve various applications with both sensible and latent TES systems, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed design procedure. A significant diversity exists among the design cases regarding the design objective, input, design, and output parameters. Nevertheless, the design procedure in each case can be deconstructed into the outlined design steps. The last design step has been excluded from all case studies due to insufficient information regarding the robustness of the design process. The paper demonstrates how a methodical approach can be applied to examine the TES design and the integration. The design steps proposed in this study can serve as a foundation for developing a more systematic approach for designing TES systems in future works, resulting in simplifying the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion cell chemistries are favored in the automotive sector, as they enable electric vehicles (EVs) to compete with traditional gasoline‐powered vehicles in terms of performance, range, and cost. The life and performance of these packs depend upon the Battery management system which monitors and controls the pack. The modeling, simulation, and analysis of a lithium‐ion battery pack that closely resembles an actual automobile battery are the focus of this paper. Real cells that are commercially available and specifically developed for automotive applications are modeled in the simulation environment. The cell characterization and formation of pack topology with heat exchange are addressed. A commercial electric car's power train model and EV dynamics are used in the simulation environment to test the modeled battery pack over various drive cycles. The performance analysis is upscaled by considering different aspects like resistive forces while driving, ambient temperature, initial conditions while the vehicle starts, etc. The battery manufacturer can verify the battery's performance under different load conditions, with a high degree of similarity to real‐world scenarios. The simulations are conducted on MATLAB/Simulink 2021b software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanostructures was analyzed for their structural, morphological, elemental, and optical Properties. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirms a highly crystalline nature and reveals that the TiO2 nanocrystals crystallize in the body‐centered tetragonal phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that all the samples are composed of microspheres that are formed from the agglomeration of smaller nanoparticles. The size of the microspheres varies from sample to sample and has a direct relation to the volume of the precursors used. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX) shows that the synthesized materials are in good stoichiometry with uniform distribution of the constituents throughout the sample. Fourier transform infrared spectrum of different samples showed a 100% transmittance peak in the 500 to 1000 cm−1 region. Ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectroscopy shows that the material has a good absorption in the visible region and is suitable for photocatalysis. The bandgap of the samples was determined by using the Tauc plot. The synthesized material was used for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl red (MR), a hazardous dye. The 95% degradation of MR occurred in the presence of UV light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a generic design of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries and supercapacitors, which are important sources for energy storage systems (ESS). The main contribution of this study is to compare the available and experimental models for batteries and supercapacitors operating under continuous charge or discharge conditions. Even though the available models show similar behavior to the experimental ones in short‐term or pulsed discharge conditions, this situation may be different in continuous discharge conditions. For this purpose, the optimal electrical equivalent circuits of energy storage devices were constituted and modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Then, the electrical equivalent circuit parameters were approximately calculated with the help of dynamic equations. Finally, the model parameters were estimated using Nonlinear Least Squares Method (NLSM) and Trust Region Reflective Algorithm (TRRA). When the obtained results were evaluated together, it has been observed that the electrical equivalent circuit models (EECM) more accurately reveal the transient and steady states of energy storage devices compared to the available models, especially under continuous discharge conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses with the development of an effective standalone solar photovoltaic (PV)‐fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor water pumping system with battery storage. The system guarantees continuous water supply in all operating environments. Boost converter is selected as the DC‐DC converter linking the PV array and voltage source inverter. Maximum power point tracking is achieved through perturb and observe algorithm. The bidirectional buck‐boost converter is intended for the transfer of power between the battery and solar panels. Charging and discharging control of battery is achieved through one‐cycle control of bidirectional converter which provides quick response and zero steady‐state error. The BLDC motor works with electronic commutation providing smooth and fundamental frequency operation of the voltage source inverter. Simple battery management system using digital integrated circuits for controlling the power transfer amidst the solar panel and the load enhances the system efficiency. The performance of the proposed system is checked for various operating modes like normal conditions, discharging conditions and charging conditions of the battery, and is validated through simulation results. Comparison with existing topologies proves the efficacy of the system under all operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the synthesis of MnTiO3 nanoparticles employing a simple, eco‐friendly and low‐cost hydrothermal method. The properties of MnTiO3 nanoparticles were analysed by XRD, FTIR, FE‐SEM, TEM and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Structural properties revealed that the MnTiO3 have rhombohedral phase. Morphological studies revealed that the synthesised sample has granular‐like structure. FTIR technique confirmed the formation of MnTiO3 nanoparticles. TGA shows that the as synthesised sample is thermally more stable. The electrochemical detection of acetaminophen (AMP) by using nano‐perovskite‐type manganese titanate (MnTiO3)‐modified glassy carbon electrode is reported. The conductive behaviour of MnTiO3‐modified glassy carbon electrode (MnTiO3/GCE) was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed for the detection of AMP. DPV technique showed a comparatively lower detection potential with a higher peak response towards AMP sensing with a linear range of 1.3 to 13.8 μM. The limit of detection and sensitivity were found 1.26 μM and 36.22 μA μM−1 m−2, respectively. Moreover, the modified electrode also demonstrated better repeatability, reproducibility and higher stability, hence used for the analysis of AMP in pharmaceutical and human serum samples with good recoveries. Electrochemical properties showed that the MnTiO3 perovskite has specific capacitance 357.2 F g−1 revealing its charge storing ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective and reliable operation of an interconnected power system (PS) is a major concern, because of the large amount of power contribution from the intermittent renewable energy sources to the power grid. Energy storage (ES) devices are employed to enhance the reliability of the PS operation. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a novel type of distributed ES device that may be utilized to compensate for power imbalances. This paper discusses the participation of EVs for combined frequency and voltage control under conventional PS along with a thermal, hydro, realistic dish‐Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS). Appropriate physical constraints such as governor dead band and generation rate constraints are equipped with thermal and hydro plants, and communication delay between the generating unit and load dispatch center is considered. An aggregate EVs model, RDSTS, and a new cascade controller named fractional‐order proportional‐derivative with filter coefficient cascaded with tilt‐integral‐derivative (CFOPDN‐TID) controller are provided in all areas for various studies. An artificial flora algorithm is employed to determine the optimal value of the various controller parameters under several scenarios. The system dynamics of the CFOPDN‐TID controller outperform the proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) and TID controllers under various conditions. The incorporation of EVs improves the system performance in terms of less settling time, and peak deviation, and reduce oscillations. The system performance degrades with increases in the communication time delay of the EVs. The integration of RDSTS into the system provides better dynamics than the dish‐Stirling solar thermal system. Numerous studies have been conducted to validate the robustness of the proposed CFOPDN‐TID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li‐ion batteries are influenced by numerous features such as over‐voltage, undervoltage, overcharge and discharge current, thermal runaway, and cell voltage imbalance. One of the most significant factors is cell imbalance which varies each cell voltage in the battery pack overtime and hence decreases battery capacity rapidly. To increase the lifetime of the battery pack, the battery cells should be frequently equalized to keeps up the difference between the cells as small as possible. There are different techniques of cell balancing have been presented for the battery pack. It is classified as passive and active cell balancing methods based on cell voltage and state of charge (SOC). The passive cell balancing technique equalizing the SOC of the cells by the dissipation of energy from higher SOC cells and formulates all the cells with similar SOC equivalent to the lowest level cell SOC. The active cell balancing transferring the energy from higher SOC cell to lower SOC cell, hence the SOC of the cells will be equal. This review article introduces an overview of different proposed cell balancing methods for Li‐ion battery can be used in energy storage and automobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the model predictive current control of a three‐level bidirectional buck‐boost converter for a battery energy storage system in a bi‐polar direct current (DC) microgrid. It comprises a solar photovoltaic system, a wind energy system, a battery and DC loads. The proposed control scheme provides voltage balance and voltage regulation at the bi‐polar DC link during dynamic operating conditions, such as variations in solar irradiance, wind velocity and load. Predictive current control utilises the converter's discrete behaviour to identify the suitable switching states that minimise the cost function. Furthermore, bidirectional power flow capabilities allow the connection of energy storage devices, such as batteries and ultra‐capacitors, to the bi‐polar DC microgrid. The proposed system is verified through simulations and validated on a lab‐scale prototype. The results have been found satisfactory with respect to steady‐state error, peak overshoot, and settling time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from biomass cattail fiber through hydrothermal carbonization, followed by chemical activation, and its electrochemical capacitance and hydrogen storage properties. The AC exhibits a Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area (SBET) of 1597.5 m2g−1, determined from the low‐pressure N2 adsorption isotherm at 77 K using a BET‐multipoint plot. The AC sample shows a reversible hydrogen adsorption capacity of 0.25 wt.% H2 (1.25 mmol H2 g−1) at 293 K and 74 atm. The capacitance performance of AC was investigated with various conductive additives such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and reduced graphene‐oxide (rGO). From galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, the as‐derived AC with polymer binder exhibits a specific capacitance (Cs) of 245.2 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 158.1 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. Among the investigated conductive additives, AC with CNTs in KOH electrolyte exhibit highest Cs of 326 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 173 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. Furthermore, the symmetrical two‐electrode device fabricated using AC with CNTs (as a conductive additive) in 1 M aq. Na2SO4 electrolyte shows a Cs of 97.2 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The energy and power densities of the two‐electrode device were observed to be 28 kW kg−1 and 2.64 Wh kg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverters play a prominent role in the power train system of electric vehicles (EVs). Devices in EV connected power system are threatened by faults due to the continuous working and varying speed range of motors in EVs. Hence, in the EV connected application, the detection of fault is essential since it secures the system from severe damage and dangerous operating conditions. This paper deals with fault detection in inverter‐fed EV using a dual‐tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) based squeeze net (SN) and optimized support vector machine (SVM). Due to the simple structure and high power density, most EV models on the market are equipped with induction motors. In the proposed work, the voltage, current, and speed signals are measured at different faulty conditions, and then the features are extracted through the DTCWT‐based SN. Extracted data are processed and classified through the sucker‐vulture optimization algorithm (SVOA) based SVM. In the proposed SVOA, the exploration phase of remora optimization algorithm is used for the exploitation phase of African vulture optimization algorithm (AVOA). Thus, the convergence speed of AVOA is improved. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the results are used for different scenarios. The accuracy and F1‐score for the proposed methodology are attained as 99.92441% and 99.92441%. From the obtained results, it is clear that the proposed DTCWT‐based SN effectively detects the faults in the inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofiller‐doped polymer electrolyte‐based electrochemical devices are now emerged as a novel material for electrochemical devices. This paper reports a solid polymer electrolyte film doped with a new nanofiller synthesized by the solution casting technique. Electrical, optical, and photoelectrochemical characterization are presented in detail. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows with the dispersion of nanofillers conductivity increases attains maxima and decreases. The maximum conductivity was at 0.04 wt% nanofiller concentration of 2.05 × 10−4 S/cm. The calculated ionic transference value was 0.92 which shows the dormancy of the system as ionic. The linear sweep voltammetry confirms a high electrochemical stability window (ESW) of 4.01V. Sandwitched electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLC) have been developed using carbon‐based electrodes and sandwitched nanofiller dispersed polymer electrolyte, showing a high specific capacitance value of ~200 F/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new formulation for solving the expansion planning of transmission lines and energy storage systems while considering the integration of electricity and gas networks. The proposed model is a bi‐level stochastic planning model. It involves transmission and battery expansion planning at one level, and gas network modeling at the other. The study addresses the impact of high penetration of renewable resources and security constraints on both the electricity and gas networks within the context of network expansion planning. The proposed model is a stochastic mixed‐integer linear programming model at both levels, and its challenging solution is achieved through reformulation and decomposition methods. Two experimental networks are analyzed: a 6‐node network and the IEEE RTS 24‐bus network for the electricity network, coupled with 5‐node and 10‐node gas network systems. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model. Simulation results indicate that the proposed model is highly effective in scenarios where power and gas network lines are disconnected, preventing load shedding even when the integrated network lines are disconnected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effect of salt concentration on the electrochemical, thermal, and structural properties of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) prepared with the polymer sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and the salt sodium triflate (NaCF3SO3). The electrolyte was prepared in the form of membranes using solution cast technique. Deionized water was used as a common solvent for both the precursor materials. The membranes were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). XRD results show reduction in crystallinity of the electrolyte with an increase in the salt concentration. The FTIR result confirms polymer‐salt interaction. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte membrane was found to be dependent on the concentration of NaCF3SO3. The maximum ionic conductivity of the SPE membranes was observed to be 1 × 10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature (36°C). DSC results show an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg) with increasing salt concentration. The total ionic transference number of the highest conducting sample was found to be ~1, which shows that the conductivity of SPE membranes is predominantly due to the transport of ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the present status of energy storage implementation and research in Arab countries (ACs) is investigated. The different technologies of energy storage are reviewed then projects and capacities of installed or planned energy storage systems in the ACs are summarized based on published literature. In ACs, the installed and planned capacity of pumped hydro storage is 4365 MW, while for battery storage it is 5597 MW. No compressed energy storage projects are installed or planned in the near future. Green hydrogen as a fuel is planned in Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco. Renewable energy as a main employer of energy storage is predicted for the next 30 years; similarly, energy storage capacity is forecasted for the next 30 years. To enhance energy storage implementation it is recommended to include energy storage in all new commercial renewable energy projects. In addition to creating a regulatory framework that encourages the development of energy storage schemes. To advance research in the energy storage, modeling and simulation of energy storage systems in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are recommended. In addition, cold energy storage for cooling and air‐conditioning using phase change material to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most situations, fuel cells (FCs) are insufficient to supply power demands in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), thus battery storage systems (BSSs) are used to make the system more efficient like as rapid starting, high power density, and enhanced dynamic set response. How the power sources are regulated and distributed determines the accomplishment efficiency of the driving forces in such a configuration. The most critical aspect should be how to guarantee torque stability of the traction motor which is in our case a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) while attaining quick reaction. This study discusses a hybrid battery‐FCs energy storage and management system for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), as well as an integrated PMSM's passivity‐based control (PBC) technique to enable power integration and increase the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)'s operating speed. The present paper is separated into two sections. First, a power management control (PMC) technology is used to manage the FCs‐battery system to guarantee that the HEV gets continuous power from the hybrid energy resources, where a fuzzy logic controller is used as an artificial intelligence system for the FCs converter to maximize the power produced. The second is dedicated to the new proposed PBC control of the EV's PMSM to rectify non‐linearities, external disturbances, and parametric fluctuations. The standard proportional‐integral (PI) control and sliding mode control (SMC) are built for comparison with the proposed PBC dedicated to the PMSM in order to properly assess the efficacy of the proposed control strategy. The simulation results obtained using MATALB/Simulink show that the proposed PBC technique and hybrid battery‐ proton‐exchange membrane PEMFCs energy management enables high power integration and increase the EV's operational speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]