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The most totemic nineteenth-century military conflict between Britain and China was the First Opium War; the least memorable, perhaps, was the brief Camphor War of 1868, which broke out twenty-nine years later in Taiwan. As in the First Opium War, the Qing was defeated in the Camphor War as a result of Britain's clear technological edge over China. Yet this was more than a minor military skirmish: it was an encounter that indicates the eagerness of the Qing to reposition itself in the global arena, both politically and economically. The Camphor War reminds us that the 'clash of empires' was very much part of a process of global consumption and commercialisation, which forced the Qing court for the first time to grapple with defending its natural resources and its existing monopoly over an established market. By tracing the social and material history of camphor, we can also see how demand for this commodity set the gears of the Qing, the British and the American empires into motion. The Camphor War was not concerned with a territorial dispute or the opening of a port city; its essential interest lies in revealing how, in the post-Opium age, competition between the Qing Empire and foreign powers could revolve around access to, and control over, a truly global commodity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on Chinese culture and highlights the role of Confucian beliefs in Chinese society. It mentions that Chinese "Fengshui" started as a practice to control the physical and metaphysical features of the environmental space for human welfare, and eventually became incorporated by professionals such as architects, interior designers, and business consultants. It presents two aspects on universal kingship including the "baoja" or local registration policy, and "Shanhai Jing" or mountain and sea surveys which recognize the existence of other states and communities. Additionally, the article explores how the Opium War fits into the context of these intellectual movements.

Explores the participation of the British Royal Navy in the Opium War in China. Recruitment of doctors by the Royal Navy for the war; Challenges encountered by the Navy during the war; Duties of Navy surgeons during the war.