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Policy vehicles such as the 2001 Data Quality Act and the Trump Administration "Transparency" rule inappropriately conflate this simplistic model of science with the integrated multi-disciplinary assessments (see Figure 2) that are necessary to inform real-life environmental policy interventions.(Adapted from Helmenstine 2021, note 28.) PHOTO (COLOR): Figure 2. The Scientific Method: It is common to hear admonitions that policy must be informed by science; that policy actions must be "grounded" by an "adequate foundation" of objective science. The Role of Judgment in the Application of Science to Environmental Policy Questions: The EPA Weight of Evidence process provides a good, if somewhat generalized, depiction of how scientific methods and information are deployed in the context of environmental policy. [Extracted from the article]

The article considers the role of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), the generally accepted information and beliefs of a specific society about its environmental conditions and ecosystem use, in environmental policy formation in Europe. A relative lack of research on TEK within European rural communities is noted. Forestry management is among the examples cited of an environmental issue in which TEK could implement sustainable resource management.

"Aren't poverty and need the biggest polluters?," asked Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment. Half a century later, environmentalists, journalists, politicians, and academics interpret the speech to their liking. We contextualize and juxtapose this historical speech vis-à-vis environmental policies, programs, and campaigns enacted under Gandhi's leadership. A reassessment of these debates opens possibilities beyond the polarized arguments that pit "the environment" against "development" within contemporary global environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the development of environmental policy in Israel in the 1980s. Historical background on the government agency responsible for the development of the policy; Establishment of the Environmental Protection Service; Proposed policies for environmental protection.

Examines how interagency policymaking groups in the executive branch of the US government have failed to adequately address the many pressing environmental issues that have risen to the top of the policy agenda. The article questions whether a cabinet-level council can effectively integrate the foreign and domestic aspects of environmental and energy issues into US policy development.

Deals with the environmental policies of the People's Republic of China after the rule of Mat Tse-tung in 1976. Changes in central planning policy; Characteristics of China's economy; Environmental impact of economic liberalization and industrialization; Overview of the republic's public policy. INSET: MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN CHINA AFTER 1976.

The Environmental Policy Institute is a nonprofit public interest organization that works not only to advance research and public education but also to influence public policy-making on what it sees as key environmental issues. Examines eight EPI projects currently under way.

The article discusses green finance preparedness and environmental policies of Germany. Topics explored include the capability of the German financial sector to address green finance-related challenges, the climate goals of the country particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and utilizing renewable energies, and the adoption of energy efficient technologies by small and medium-sized enterprises in the country.

The author discusses aspects of the risk awareness and safety culture for environmental health in the U.S. He highlights the effort of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries to prevent of minimize climate change through environmental protection. The author examines the contribution of several factors to environmental protection including technological advances, healthy and balanced diet and hygiene.

This article examines the effectiveness of environmental policies. Do environmental policies work? This may seem to be a simple, straightforward question. To anyone involved in the environmental policy process, it is certainly an important one--yet for many environmental policies, it lacks a solid answer. Decisionmakers often lack carefully collected evidence about what policies have accomplished in the past---and in this sense they are poorly informed about what new policies might accomplish in the future. Getting systematic answers to the question of whether environmental policies work is vital. Real resources are expended on environmental regulatory programs, and at a minimum one should expect that these programs then lead to improvements in environmental conditions. While intuitions and anecdotes may provide some reason for suspecting that a given policy has made or will make a difference, the only way to be confident of such suspicions is to evaluate a policy's impact in practice. Program evaluation research provides the means to determine what has and has not worked and thereby to decide whether to retain existing policies or adopt new or modified ones. Academics, policymakers, activists, and business leaders do generally recognize the need for careful evaluation of existing environmental policies. Indeed, some important research has been undertaken, particularly studies of the effects of long-standing regulations such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. Yet program evaluation research has been remarkably scarce relative to the overall volume of environmental policy decisions made at the state and federal level and to the amount of evaluation research found in other fields, such as medicine, education, or transportation safety. A renewed and greatly expanded commitment to program evaluation of environmental policy would help move environmental decisionmaking closer to an evidence-based practice. INSET: ILLUSTRATIVE EVALUATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.

Offers a comparative analysis of the development of environmental policy in Northeast Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and China. History of environmental policy; Cause of policy discrepancies; Comparison of the relationship between economic growth and environmental policy development.

Presents remarks by United States President George Bush to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on February 5, 1990 in Washington, D.C. Also presents remarks by Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev to the Global Forum on Environment & Development for Survival on January 19, 1990 in Moscow.

Focuses on the developments in water management and environmental policy that took place in the United States during the 20th century. Water management activities after the 1920s; Changes in environmental policy; Federal concern regarding the use of floodplains; Provision and disposal of domestic water supply; Lesson learned from the 1990s. INSET: The Legacy of Abel Wolman.

The article looks at U.S. environmental politics, policies, and the common good. According to the article, throughout American history, the dominant policies of the U.S. have been to promote the economic exploitation of natural resources. Some U.S. environmental policies have also included initiatives to manage and protect the natural environment, such as water management projects and controlling pollution. The article discusses public health, federal conservation, and sanitation policies, the 1970 National Environmental Policy Act, the limits of current environmental policies, and international environmental diplomacy.

The article examines the influence of public and industry opinion on the federal rulemaking process as it specifically applies to environmental policy. Seven rules--5 proposed by the EPA and 2 by the Forest and Fish and Wildlife Services --are analyzed. The topics of these rules are arsenic in drinking water, classification of solid waste facilities, the extremely hazardous substances list, emissions control, conservation of roadless areas, and the reclassification of the grey wolf on the endangered and threatened species list. Results showed that public opinion had little to no impact on the final outcomes. The impact of presidential administrations on rulemaking is also discussed.

Discusses issues concerning the environmental policy in Germany, the U.S. and Japan. Factors considered in determining the ecological footprint in the U.S.; Information on the environmental problems in Germany, the U.S., and Japan; Estimated biologically productive acres per person worldwide; Description of the green social welfare approach of Germany to environmental protection; Background on the environmental policies of the three countries.

Analyzes the results of a survey of 252 people involved in global environmental policy through government, nongovernmental organizations, academia, media and businesses in 71 countries. Topic of summits in 1992 and 2002; Discussion of priorities such as education, health, pollution control, and debt relief in a global sustainable development agenda; Issue of the influence of northern and southern governments in international environmental politics; Pros and cons of environmental megasummits.

Focuses on the role of economic issues in environmental decisionmaking. History of environmental policy in the United States; Reasons why economic considerations loom larger in environmental policy debates.

Identifies some of the ingredients required for market-based policy instruments to become a fundamental and effective part of environmental policy. Formulation of an environmental policy; Reasons why market-based instruments represent only a small share of regulations in the United States; Mixed performance of these instruments; How to improve the design of market-based instruments. INSET: Types of market-based instruments..

The United States' basic declaration of environmental policy, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), was the first comprehensive commitment in modern times toward responsible custody of the environment. Views on where NEPA has succeeded; How, where, and why it has failed. INSETS: A draft resolution on a national policy for the environment;National Environmental Policy Act Title 1, Section 101 (b);National Environmental Policy Act Title II, Section 204.