Breton, Carrie V., Marsit, Carmen J., Faustman, Elaine, Nadeau, Kari, Goodrich, Jaclyn M., Dolinoy, Dana C., Herbstman, Julie, Holland, Nina, LaSalle, Janine M., Schmidt, Rebecca, Yousefi, Paul, Perera, Frederica, Joubert, Bonnie R., Wiemels, Joseph, Taylor, Michele, Yang, Ivana V., Chen, Rui, Hew, Kinjal M., Freeland, Deborah M. Hussey, Miller, Rachel, and Murphy, Susan K.
BACKGROUND: Characterization of the epigenome is a primary interest for children's en-vironmental health researchers studying the envvironmental influences on human populations, particularly those studying the role of pregnancy and early-life exposures on later-in-life health outcomes. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to consider the state of the science in envvironmental epigenetics research and to focus on DNA methylation and the collective observations of many studies being conducted within the Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Centers, as they relate to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. METHODS: We address the current laboratory and statistical tools available for epigenetic analyses, discuss methods for validation and interpretation of findings, particularly when magnitudes of effect are small, question the functional relevance of findings, and discuss the future for environmental epigenetics research. DISCUSSION: A common finding in environmental epigenetic studies is the small-magnitude epigenetic effect sizes that result from such exposures. Although it is reasonable and necessary that we question the relevance of such small effects, we present examples in which small effects persist and have been replicated across populations and across time. We encourage a critical discourse on the interpretation of such small changes and further research on their functional relevance for children's health. CONCLUSION: The dynamic nature of the epigenome will require an emphasis on future longitudinal studies in which the epigenome is profiled over time, over changing environmental exposures, and over generations to better understand the multiple ways in which the epigenome may respond to environmental stimuli., Introduction Epigenetics is defined as the mechanisms by which mitotically heritable perpetuation of gene activity occurs without modification of the underlying gene sequence. The most commonly studied epigenetic mechanisms are [...]