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Through a comprehensive investigation into the historical profiles of black carbon derived from ice cores, the spatial distributions of light-absorbing impurities in snowpit samples, and carbon isotopic compositions of black carbon in snowpit samples of the Third Pole, we have identified that due to barriers of the Himalayas and remove of wet deposition, local sources rather than those from seriously the polluted South Asia are main contributors of light-absorbing impurities in the inner part of the Third Pole. Therefore, reducing emissions from residents of the Third Pole themselves is a more effective way of protecting the glaciers of the inner Third Pole in terms of reducing concentrations of light-absorbing particles in the atmosphere and on glaciers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics generated from fragmentation of leftover plastics and industrial waste has reached in the remotely located Asian water tower (AWT) region, the 3rd pole of earth and origin site of several freshwater rivers. The accumulation of microplastics in AWT ecosystem has potential to alter the climatic condition contributing in global warming and disturbing the biodiversity structural dynamics. The present paper provides a comprehensive critical discussion over quantitative assessment of microplastics in different ecosystems (i.e. river, lakes, sediment and snow or glacier) of AWT. The hydrodynamic fate and transport of microplastics and their ecological impact on hydromorphology and biodiversity of AWT has been exemplified. Furthermore, key challenges, perspectives and research directions are identified to mitigate microplastics associated problems. During survey, the coloured polyethylene and polyurethane fibers are the predominant microplastics found in most areas of AWT. These bio-accumulated MPs alter the rhizospheric community structure and deteriorate nitrogen fixation process in plants. Significance in climate change, MPs pollution is enhancing the emissions of greenhouse gases (NH 3 by ∼34% and CH 4 by ∼9%), contributing in global warming. Considering the seriousness of MPs pollution, this review study can enlighten the pathways to investigate the effect of MPs and to develop monitoring tools and sustainable remediation technologies with feasible regulatory strategies maintaining the natural significance of AWT region., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics pose a significant environmental threat, with potential implications for toxic chemical release, aquatic life endangerment, and human food chain contamination. In Asia, rapid economic growth coupled with inadequate waste management has escalated plastic pollution in rivers, positioning them as focal points for environmental concern. Despite Asia's rivers being considered the most polluted with plastics globally, scholarly attention to microplastics in the region's freshwater environments is a recent development. This study undertakes a systematic review of 228 scholarly articles to map microplastic hotspots in Asian freshwater systems and synthesize current research trends within the continent. Findings reveal a concentration of research in China and Japan, primarily investigating riverine and surface waters through net-based sampling methods. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) emerge as the predominant microplastic types, frequently observed as fibers or fragments. However, the diversity of sampling methodologies and reporting metrics complicates data synthesis, underscoring the need for standardized analytical frameworks to facilitate comparative analysis. This paper delineates the distribution of microplastic hotspots and outlines the prevailing challenges and prospects in microplastic research within Asian freshwater contexts., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The increasing production of plastic products and generation of plastic waste have had increasingly negative environmental impacts. Although recycling could reduce plastic pollution, microplastics can be generated during the process of crushing plastic products during mechanical recycling. We conducted crushing tests with 13 different plastics and documented the size distribution of particles generated. We then estimated the discharge of microplastics associated with recycling and their removal in wastewater treatment plants. We estimated that the global discharge of microplastics would increase from 0.017 Mt in 2000 to 0.749 Mt in 2060. Although mechanical recycling was estimated to account for 3.1% of the total emissions of microplastics for 2017, discharges of microplastics from plastic recycling may increase, even if plastic pollution from well-known sources decreases. Non-OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Asia could be a major discharging region and would play a vital role in reducing discharges of microplastics. Reduction of the discharge of microplastics will require less use of plastic products and upgrading wastewater treatment in many countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In response to the World Health Organization's (WHO) revised annual mean nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) standard from 40 μg/m 3 to 10 μg/m 3 , reflecting the growing evidence linking long-term exposure to ambient NO 2 and excess mortality, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis incorporating 11 new studies published since the WHO analysis. Our investigation involved a systematic search of three major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) for articles published until July 1, 2022. We employed random effects models to calculate summarized risk ratios (RR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall and subgroup analyses. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess result robustness, and publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's linear regression. Out of 2799 identified articles, 56 were included in our meta-analysis. The findings indicate a heightened risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality associated with long-term exposure to ambient NO 2 , with pooled RR values of 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.05), 1.07 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.10), and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.05) per 10 μg/m 3 increase, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity (I 2  = 84%-96%) among studies was observed. Subgroup analysis revealed significantly elevated RR values in Asia and Oceania (p-value <0.05). The aggregated values for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were slightly larger than those reported in previous studies. Our study emphasizes the imperative to develop more patient cohorts and conduct age-refined analyses to explore the impact of existing chronic diseases on these associations. Further, additional cohorts in Asia and Oceania are essential to fortify evidence in these regions. Lastly, we recommend using fused multi-source data with higher spatiotemporal resolution for individual exposure representation to minimize heterogeneity among studies in future research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Exposure to pesticides has been proposed to be a positive association in suicide and suicidality. Many studies have explored this topic, but have reported inconsistent findings. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the now existing evidence on the association between pesticide exposure and the risk of suicide and suicidality. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases for studies published up to February 1, 2023. For studies that provided detailed data, we applied quantitative meta-analysis to calculate Odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) to evaluate the results. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test, I 2 statistic and tau-squared (τ 2 ). Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots, Egger's test, and Begg's test. In addition, subgroup analyses according to pesticides category and geographical area were performed. 2906 studies were initially identified, and 20 studies were eventually included. Fifteen of the studies were on suicide deaths and suicide attempts, and five were on suicidal ideation. Pesticide exposure was positively related to suicide deaths and suicide attempts (pooled OR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.04-1.64, p < 0.001) and suicidal ideation (pooled OR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.51-3.91, p = 0.015). In the subgroup analysis, mixed pesticide type (pooled OR = 1.55; 95%CI: 1.39-1.74) increased the risk of suicide deaths and suicide attempts. The results of the analysis by geographic area showed that the risk of suicide deaths and suicide attempts with pesticide exposure was 2.27 (95%CI = 1.36-3.78), and 1.33 (95%CI = 1.14-1.56) in Asia and Europe, respectively. The risk of suicidal ideation caused by pesticide exposure in Asia and America were 2.19 (95%CI = 1.08-4.42) and 2.99 (95%CI = 1.76-5.06). In conclusion, pesticide exposure may increase the risk of suicide and suicidality based on the current evidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study quantitatively analyzed the role of vertical mixing in long-range transport (LRT) of PM 2.5 during its high concentration episode in Northeast Asia toward the end of February 2014. The PM 2.5 transport process from an upwind to downwind area was examined using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with its instrumented tool and certain code modifications. We identified serial distinctive roles of vertical advection (ZADV) and diffusion (VDIF) processes. The surface PM 2.5 in an upwind area became aloft by VDIF- during daytime-to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) altitude of 1 km or lower. In contrast, ZADV updraft effectively transported PM 2.5 vertically to an altitude of 2-3 km above the PBL. Furthermore, we found that the VDIF and ZADV in the upwind area synergistically promoted the vertical mixing of air pollutants up to an altitude of 1 km and higher. The aloft PM 2.5 in the upwind area was then transported to the downwind area by horizontal advection (HADV), which was faster than HADV at the surface layer. Additionally, VDIF and ZADV over the downwind area mixed down the aloft PM 2.5 on the surface. During this period, the VDIF and ZADV increased the PM 2.5 concentrations in the downwind area by up to 15 μg·m -3 (15%) and 101 μg·m -3 (60%), respectively. This study highlights the importance of vertical mixing on long-range PM 2.5 transport and warrants more in-depth model analysis with three-dimensional observations to enhance its comprehensive understanding., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Ground-based observational characterization of atmosphere aerosols over Central Asia is very limited. This study investigated the columnar aerosol characteristics over Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, a background site in Central Asia using the long-term (∼14 years: August 2007-November 2021) data acquired with the Cimel sunphotometer. The mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) during the observation period were 0.14 ± 0.10 and 1.19 ± 0.41, respectively. Both AOD and AE varied across seasons, with highest AOD in spring (0.17 ± 0.17). Regarding the aerosol types, clean continental aerosols were dominant type (65%), followed by mixed aerosols (∼19%), clean marine aerosols (∼14%), dust (0.8%), and urban/industrial and biomass burning aerosol (0.7%). The aerosol volume size distribution was bimodal indicating the influence of both anthropogenic and natural aerosols with clear dominance of coarse mode during the spring season. Mainly dust and mixed aerosols were present during high aerosol episodes while the coarse mode aerosol volume concentration was 7.5 (strong episodes) and ∼19 (extreme episodes) times higher than the whole period average. Aerosol over this background sites were from local and regional sources with some contribution of long-range transport., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this work, a sand and dust storm vulnerability mapping (SDS-VM) approach is developed to model the vulnerability of urban blocks to SDS using GIS spatial analysis and a range of geographical data. The SDS-VM was carried out in Ahvaz, IRAN, representing one of the most dust-polluted cities in West Asia. Here, vulnerability is defined as a function of three components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of the people in the city blocks to sand and dust storms. These components were formulated into measurable indicators (i.e. GIS layers) including: PM 2.5 , wind speed, distance from dust emission sources, demographic statistics (age, gender, family size, education level), number of building floors, building age, land surface temperature (LST), land use, percentage of literate population, distance from health services, distance from city facilities (city center, shopping centers), distance from infrastructure (public transportation, main roads and highways), distance from parks and green spaces, and green area per capita. The components and the indicators were weighted using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Different levels of risks for the components and the indicators were defined using ordered weighted averaging (OWA). Urban SDS vulnerability maps at different risk levels were generated through spatial multi-criteria data analysis procedure. Vulnerability maps, with different risk levels, were validated against field-collected data of 781 patients hospitalized for dust-related diseases (i.e. respiratory, cardiovascular, and skin). Results showed that (i) SDS vulnerability map, obtained from the developed methodology, gives an overall accuracy of 79%; (ii); regions 1 and 5 of Ahvaz are recognized with the highest and lowest vulnerabilities to SDS, respectively; and (iii) ORness equal to 0 (very low risk) is the optimum SDS-VM risk level for decision-making to mitigate the harmful impacts of SDS in the deposition areas of Ahvaz city., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Few studies have investigated the effect of personal PM 2.5 and PM 1 exposures on heart rate variability (HRV) for a community-based population, especially in Asia. This study evaluates the effects of personal PM 2.5 and PM 1 exposure on HRV during two seasons for 35 healthy adults living in an urban community in Taiwan. The low-cost sensing (LCS) devices were used to monitor the PM levels and HRV, respectively, for two consecutive days. The mean PM 2.5 and PM 1 concentrations were 13.7 ± 11.4 and 12.7 ± 10.5 μg/m 3 (mean ± standard deviation), respectively. Incense burning was the source that contributed most to the PM 2.5 and PM 1 concentrations, around 9.2 μg/m 3 , while environmental tobacco smoke exposure had the greatest impacts on HRV indices, being associated with the highest decrease of 20.2% for high-frequency power (HF). The results indicate that an increase in PM 2.5 concentrations of one interquartile range (8.7 μg/m 3 ) was associated with a change of -1.92% in HF and 1.60% in ratio of LF to HF power (LF/HF). Impacts on HRV for PM 1 were similar to those for PM 2.5 . An increase in PM 1 concentrations of one interquartile range (8.7 μg/m 3 ) was associated with a change of -0.645% in SDNN, -1.82% in HF and 1.54% in LF/HF. Stronger immediate and lag effects of PM 2.5 exposure on HRV were observed in overweight/obese subjects (body mass index (BMI) ≥24 kg/m 2 ) compared to the normal-weight group (BMI <24 kg/m 2 ). These results indicate that even low-level PM concentrations can still cause changes in HRV, especially for the overweight/obese population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work eported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics (plastic < 5 mm in size) are now known to contaminate riverine systems but understanding about how their concentrations vary spatially and temporally is limited. This information is critical to help identify key sources and pathways of microplastic and develop management interventions. This study provides the first investigation of microplastic abundance, characteristics and temporal variation along the Ganges river; one of the most important catchments of South Asia. From 10 sites along a 2575 km stretch of the river, 20 water samples (3600 L in total) were filtered (60 samples each from pre- and post-monsoon season). Overall, 140 microplastic particles were identified, with higher concentrations found in the pre-monsoon (71.6%) than in post-monsoon (61.6%) samples. The majority of microplastics were fibres (91%) and the remaining were fragments (9%). We estimate that the Ganges, with the combined flows of the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers (GBM), could release up to 1-3 billion (10 9 ) microplastics into the Bay of Bengal (north-eastern portion of the Indian Ocean) every day. This research provides the first step in understanding microplastic contamination in the Ganges and its contribution to the oceanic microplastic load., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Light-absorbing organic aerosols, also known as brown carbon (BrC), enhance the warming effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The seasonal and spatial variability of BrC absorption properties is poorly constrained and accounted for in the climate models resulting in a substantial underestimation of their radiative forcing estimates. This study reports seasonal and spatial variability of absorption properties and simple forcing efficiency of light-absorbing water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, SFE WSOC ) by utilizing current and previous field-based measurements reported mostly from Asia along with a few observations from Europe, the USA, and the Amazon rainforest. The absorption coefficient of WSOC at 365 nm (b abs-365 ) and the concentrations of carbonaceous species at Kanpur were about an order of magnitude higher during winter than in the monsoon season owing to differences in the boundary layer height, active sources and their strengths, and amount of seasonal wet precipitation. The WSOC aerosols during winter exhibited ∼1.6 times higher light absorption capacity than in the monsoon season at Kanpur site. The assessment of spatial variability of the imaginary component of the refractive index spectrum (k λ ) across South Asia has revealed that it varies from ∼1 to 2 orders of magnitude and light absorption capacity of WSOC ranges from 3 to 21 W/g. The light absorption capacity of WSOC aerosols exhibited less spatial variability across East Asia (5-13 W/g) when compared to that in the South Asia. The photochemical aging of WSOC aerosols, indicated by the enhancement in WSOC/OC ratio, was linked to degradation in their light absorption capacity, whereas the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) remained unaffected. This study recommends the adoption of refined climate models where sampling regime specific absorption properties are calculated separately, such that these inputs can better constrain the model estimates of the global effects of BrC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in Canadian air and deposition were examined at the national scale for the first time in over twenty-five years. Air concentrations spanned four orders of magnitude, and were highest near industrial emitters and lowest in the Arctic. Declines in unsubstituted PAHs were observed at locations close to industrial facilities that had reduced emissions, but trends elsewhere were modest or negligible. Retene concentrations are increasing at several locations. Ambient concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene exceeded Ontario's health-based guideline in many urban/industrial areas. The estimated toxicity of the ambient PAC mixture increased by up to a factor of six when including compounds beyond the US EPA PAHs. Knowledge of PAC deposition is limited to the Laurentian Great Lakes and Athabasca Oil Sands regions. The atmosphere remained a net source of PAHs to the Great Lakes, though atmospheric inputs were decreasing with halving times of 26-30 years. Chemical transport modelling substantially overestimated wet deposition, but model performance is unknown for dry deposition. Sources from Asia, Europe and North America contributed to Arctic and Sub-Arctic concentrations, whereas transboundary or long-range transport have not been assessed outside Canada's north. Climate-related impacts from re-emission and forest fires were implicated in maintaining air concentrations in the high Arctic that were not consistent with global emissions reductions. Industrial emission decreases were substantial at the national scale, but their influence on the environment was limited to areas near relevant facilities. When examined through the lens of ambient levels at the local scale, evidence suggested that contributions from residential wood combustion and motor vehicles were smaller and larger, respectively, than those reported in national inventories. Future work aimed at characterizing PACs beyond the EPA PAHs, improving measurement coverage, elucidating deposition phenomena, and refining estimates of source contributions would assist in reducing remaining knowledge gaps about PACs in Canada., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study used a regional climate-chemistry transport model, WRF-Chem v3.9.1, to evaluate the impact of South Asian biomass burning on black carbon (BC) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its climatic effects for an entire year. The simulation, which was validated by comparing surface meteorological parameters and BC concentration against in-situ observations over South Asia and the TP, provided a perspective on the seasonal variations and regional spatial patterns of BC concentration. Using a sensitivity simulation where BC emissions from biomass burning were removed from South Asia, this study found South Asian biomass burning emissions contributed up to 90% of BC mass over the TP during the pre-monsoon season, specifically emissions from western India for the simulated year. The emissions led to reduced surface radiative forcing, causing the temperature to decrease accordingly. However, column cloud water was increased. This study suggested that the biomass burning emissions from South Asia have significant impact on atmospheric BC over the TP, especially during the pre-monsoon season. Therefore, reducing biomass burning emissions from South Asia is potentially important for alleviating the effects of BC on climatic and environmental conditions over the TP and surrounding regions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Rapid economic growth in Asian countries has raised concerns about the influence of air pollutants transported to Japan by westerly winds. We coupled a gas exchange device (GED) with a tandem inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS/MS) to enable direct introduction of PM 2.5 to ICP and thus provide better data than could be obtained from samples collected by conventional filter methods. We used the GED-ICP-MS/MS system in Matsue City in western Japan to monitor in real time 29 elements in PM 2.5 at 10-min intervals and to estimate the pollutant sources by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of concentration-weighted air-mass trajectories. The trajectory analysis identified high V, As, Sn, and Sb concentrations over the ocean from Taiwan to Tsushima Strait. NMF analysis revealed that these elements could be decomposed to multiple factors that indicated a large contribution from oceanic areas. The elemental contributions of these factors were high for metals/metalloids with low melting points as oxides, strongly suggesting that they were sourced from combustion of ship fuel. Our results demonstrate that both emissions from ships at sea and land-based emissions from Japan and continental Asia contribute to PM 2.5 in Matsue City., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Emissions reductions in upwind areas can influence the PM 2.5 concentrations in downwind areas via long-range transport. However, few studies have assessed the impact of upwind PM 2.5 precursor controls on changes in downwind PM 2.5 concentrations. In this study, we analyzed the overall impact of PM 2.5 precursor emission controls in upwind areas on PM 2.5 in downwind areas with two types of impacts: "direct impact" and "cross impact." The former refers to PM 2.5 changes in downwind areas due to the transported PM 2.5 itself, whereas the latter represents PM 2.5 changes due to reactions between the transported gaseous precursors and intermediates (i.e., HNO 3 ) originating from upwind areas and locally emitted precursors (i.e. NH 3 ) in the downwind areas. As a case study, we performed air quality modeling for Northeast Asia for January 15-17, 2016 by setting China and South Korea as the upwind and downwind areas, respectively. To account for potential spatiotemporal variations in NH 3 emissions in downwind areas, we considered two NH 3 conditions. When NOx emissions in China were reduced by 35%, in downwind areas the PM 2.5 concentrations decreased by 2.2 μg/m 3 under NH 3 -rich conditions, while PM 2.5 concentrations increased by 2.3 μg/m 3 under NH 3 -poor conditions. The direct impact increased by 4.0 μg/m 3 in both cases due to upwind NO x disbenefit effects. However, the cross impacts led to a PM 2.5 decrease of 6.2 μg/m 3 under NH 3 -rich conditions versus a PM 2.5 increase of 1.7 μg/m 3 under NH 3 -poor conditions. We noted that PM 2.5 concentrations in the downwind areas may not improve unless a cross impact outweighs a direct impact. This may be one of the reasons why South Korea PM 2.5 concentrations have not declined despite efforts by China to reduce their PM 2.5 precursor emissions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Informal electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) handling activities constitute a potentially important source of halogenated (HFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) to the environment and humans. In this review, two electronic databases (ScienceDirect and Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for papers that addressed this topic. A total of 82 relevant studies (including 72 studies selected from the two databases and 10 studies located from the references of the first 72 selected studies) were identified that reported on human external and internal exposure to HFRs and OPFRs arising as a result of informal e-waste handling activities. Compared to the general population, higher levels of external exposure (i.e., inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption) and internal exposure (i.e., blood serum, hair, breast milk, urine, and other human matrices) to HFRs and OPFRs were identified for e-waste recyclers and residents inhabiting e-waste dismantling and recycling zones, especially for younger adults and children. Food intake and dust ingestion were the dominant exposure pathways for the majority of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP); while inhalation was identified as the most significant pathway of human exposure to OPFRs in informal e-waste sites. The majority of research to date has focused on China and thus future studies should be conducted in other regions such as Africa and South Asia. Other suggested foci of future research are: examination of exposure via dermal contact with e-waste, dietary exposure of local populations to OPFRs, confirmation of the existence of and cause(s) of the higher body burdens of females compared with males amongst populations impacted by informal e-waste handling, and characterisation of exposure of such populations to chlorinated paraffins., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Use of elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) to enhance placer gold recovery is an effective method dating back centuries, but is associated with significant atmospheric Hg 0 losses. This method was widely used in the Canadian Klondike region during most of the 20th century when the mining industry experienced rapid growth. While the health risks associated with Hg 0 pollution are now well understood, few studies have assessed the environmental legacy of Hg 0 use in the Klondike. We used an annually resolved Picea glauca tree-ring Hg record (1864-2015) to reconstruct and evaluate changes in local atmospheric Hg 0 concentrations associated with gold production at the Bear Creek mining camp. Major temporal trends in the record are consistent with the scale of Bear Creek operations and are distinct from background trends at an unimpacted control site. Tree-ring Hg concentration increased most rapidly from 1923 to 1930, a period when several major mining operations were consolidated at Bear Creek. The highest Hg concentrations, ∼2.5× greater than pre-mining era, occurred in the 1930s, coinciding with maximum gold production at this site. Post-World War II economic factors adversely affected the industry, causing declining tree-ring Hg concentrations from 1939 to 1966. Closure of the Bear Creek camp in 1966 coincided with the strongest tree-ring Hg decline, although a return to background levels did not occur until the 1990s, likely due to re-emission of legacy Hg 0 from contaminated soils. Finally, a robust increase was observed over the last decade, similar to other tree-ring Hg records in N.W. Canada, which is linked to rising Hg 0 emissions in Asia. The Bear Creek tree-ring Hg record provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of Klondike gold mining on the local environment at annual resolution and demonstrates great potential to use Picea tree rings to study past changes in atmospheric Hg 0 from local and global emissions. MAIN FINDINGS: A 151-year long, annually resolved tree-ring Hg record was developed at a historic Klondike gold-mining site to investigate the influence of mining-related Hg 0 emissions on the local atmosphere and environment. Compared to a control site, the tree-ring Hg record documents highly elevated atmospheric Hg 0 concentrations during the period mining activities were ongoing at this site., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Inorganic particulate nitrate (p-NO 3 - ), gaseous nitric acid (HNO 3(g) ) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ), as main atmospheric pollutants, have detrimental effects on human health and aquatic/terrestrial ecosystems. Referred to as the 'Third Pole' and the 'Water Tower of Asia', the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has attracted wide attention on its environmental changes. Here, we evaluated the oxidation processes of atmospheric nitrate as well as traced its potential sources by analyzing the isotopic compositions of nitrate (δ 2 ), as main atmospheric pollutants, have detrimental effects on human health and aquatic/terrestrial ecosystems. Referred to as the 'Third Pole' and the 'Water Tower of Asia', the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has attracted wide attention on its environmental changes. Here, we evaluated the oxidation processes of atmospheric nitrate as well as traced its potential sources by analyzing the isotopic compositions of nitrate (δ 15 N, δ 18 O, and Δ 17 O) in the aerosols collected from the Mt. Everest region during April to September 2018. Over the entire sampling campaigns, the average of δ 15 N(NO 3 - ), δ 18 O(NO 3 - ), and Δ 17 O(NO 3 - ) was -5.1 ± 2.3‰, 66.7 ± 10.2‰, and 24.1 ± 3.9‰, respectively. The seasonal variation in Δ 17 O(NO 3 - ) indicates the relative importance of O 3 and HO 2 /RO 2 /OH in NO x oxidation processes among different seasons. A significant correlation between NO 3 - and Ca 2+ and frequent dust storms in the Mt. Everest region indicate that initially, the atmospheric nitrate in this region might have undergone a process of settling; subsequently, it got re-suspended in the dust. Compared with the Δ 17 O(NO 3 - ) values in the northern TP, our observed significantly higher values suggest that spatial variations in atmospheric Δ 17 O(NO 3 - ). Combined with the results from the backward trajectory analysis of air mass, we suggest that the vehicle exhausts and agricultural activities in South Asia play a dominant role in determining the nitrate levels in the Mt. Everest region.3 levels, especially the stratospheric O 3 , over the TP. The observed δ 15 N(NO 3 - ) values predicted remarkably low δ 15 N values in the NO x of the sources and the N isotopic fractionation plays a crucial role in the seasonal changes of δ 15 N(NO 3 - ). Combined with the results from the backward trajectory analysis of air mass, we suggest that the vehicle exhausts and agricultural activities in South Asia play a dominant role in determining the nitrate levels in the Mt. Everest region., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Inflammation and the coagulation cascade are considered to be the potential mechanisms of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure-induced adverse cardiovascular events. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and fibrinogen are arguably the four most commonly assayed markers to reflect the relationships of PM with inflammation and blood coagulation. This review summarized and quantitatively analyzed the existing studies reporting short- and long-term associations of PM 2.5 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm)/PM 10 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter≤10 μm) with important inflammation and blood coagulation markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, fibrinogen). We reviewed relevant studies published up to July 2020, using three English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase) and two Chinese databases (Wang-Fang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure). The OHAT tool, with some modification, was applied to evaluate risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted with random-effects models for calculating the pooled estimate of markers. To assess the potential effect modifiers and the source of heterogeneity, we conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses where appropriate. The assessment and correction of publication bias were based on Begg's and Egger's test and "trim-and-fill" analysis. We identified 44 eligible studies. For short-term PM exposure, the percent change of a 10 μg/m 3 PM 2.5 increase on TNF-α and fibrinogen was 3.51% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21%, 5.81%) and 0.54% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21%, 0.86%) respectively. We also found a significant short-term association between PM 10 and fibrinogen (percent change = 0.17%, 95% CI: 0.04%, 0.29%). Overall analysis showed that long-term associations of fibrinogen with PM 2.5 and PM 10 were not significant. Subgroup analysis showed that long-term associations of fibrinogen with PM 2.5 and PM 10 were significant only found in studies conducted in Asia. Our findings support significant short-term associations of PM with TNF-α and fibrinogen. Future epidemiological studies should address the role long-term PM exposure plays in inflammation and blood coagulation markers level change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

On December 31, 2019, the Chinese authorities reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) the outbreak of a new strain of coronavirus that causes a serious disease in the city of Wuhan, China. This outbreak was classified as SARS-CoV2 and is the cause of the COVID-19 disease. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declares it a Pandemic and today it is considered the greatest challenge in global health that humanity has faced since World War II and it is estimated that between 40 and 60% of the population worldwide will catch the virus. This has caused enormous challenges in countries around the world in social, economic, environmental and obviously health issues. These challenges are mainly due to the effects of the established quarantines in almost all capitals and major cities around the world, from Asia, Europe to America. However, these lockdown which began worldwide from January 23, have had a significant impact on the environment and on the air quality of cities as recently reported by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ESA (European Space Agency), with reductions according to them of up to 30% in some of the epicenters such as the case of Wuhan. Knowing that air pollution causes approximately 29% of lung cancer deaths, 43% of COPD deaths, and 25% of ischemic heart disease deaths, it is important to know the effects of quarantines in cities regarding air quality to take measures that favor populations and urban ecosystems when the emergency ends. Therefore, this paper describes the behavior of PM 2.5 emissions particulate matter from the 50 most polluted capital cities in the world according to the WHO, measured before-after the start of the quarantine. Likewise, the impact at the local and global level of this emissions behavior, which averaged 12% of PM 2.5 decrease in these cities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work presents the results of a PM2.5 source apportionment study conducted in urban background sites from 16 European and Asian countries. For some Eastern Europe and Central Asia cities this was the first time that quantitative information on pollution source contributions to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been performed. More than 2200 filters were sampled and analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the concentrations of chemical elements in fine particles. Samples were also analyzed for the contents of black carbon, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and water-soluble ions. The Positive Matrix Factorization receptor model (EPA PMF 5.0) was used to characterize similarities and heterogeneities in PM2.5 sources and respective contributions in the cities that the number of collected samples exceeded 75. At the end source apportionment was performed in 11 out of the 16 participating cities. Nine major sources were identified to have contributed to PM2.5: biomass burning, secondary sulfates, traffic, fuel oil combustion, industry, coal combustion, soil, salt and "other sources". From the averages of sources contributions, considering 11 cities 16% of PM2.5 was attributed to biomass burning, 15% to secondary sulfates, 13% to traffic, 12% to soil, 8.0% to fuel oil combustion, 5.5% to coal combustion, 1.9% to salt, 0.8% to industry emissions, 5.1% to "other sources" and 23% to unaccounted mass. Characteristic seasonal patterns were identified for each PM2.5 source. Biomass burning in all cities, coal combustion in Krakow/POL, and oil combustion in Belgrade/SRB and Banja Luka/BIH increased in Winter due to the impact of domestic heating, whereas in most cities secondary sulfates reached higher levels in Summer as a consequence of the enhanced photochemical activity. During high pollution days the largest sources of fine particles were biomass burning, traffic and secondary sulfates., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Open burning of crop residue is an important source of air pollution which is poorly characterized in South Asia. Currently, the gridded inventory reported by Global Fire Emissions Database for biomass burning including open burning of crop residue are of coarse resolution (0.25° × 0.25°), and may not be appropriate for a simulation for Nepal. This study develops a comprehensive high resolution (1 km × 1 km) gridded model-ready emissions inventory for Nepal to understand the spatial characteristics of air pollutant emissions from open burning. We estimate the national air pollutant emissions from crop residue burned between the years 2003 and 2017. The best available data on agricultural production, residue consumption patterns, agricultural burning parameters and emission factors were derived from secondary sources. The Monte Carlo method was used to estimate uncertainties. The mass of crop residue burned in 2016/17 was 2908 Gg (61-139%), which was 22% of the dry matter generated that year. By multiplying the burned crop residue mass by emission factors, the air pollutant emissions were estimated as 4140 for CO 2 (56-144%), 154 for CO (4-196%), 6.5 for CH 4 (7-193%), 1.2 for SO 2 (60-140%), 24.5 for PM 2.5 (30-170%), 8.6 for OC (38-162%), 2.2 for BC (-1-201%), 7 for NO x (54-146%), 22.5 for NMVOC (8-192%) and 2.7 for NH 3 (3-197%) in unit of Gg yr -1 . More than 80% of air pollutants were generated during the months of February to May from the open burning of crop residue. The findings of this paper indicate that substantial reduction in open field burning would dramatically improve air quality in both the Terai region and other parts of Nepal and help reduce negative health impacts associated with the open burning of residue such as premature deaths, respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen (N) inputs and industrial activities. While the detrimental effects of acidification on forests have been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to grasslands, particularly alpine grasslands. In a soil pH manipulation experiment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we examined the effects of soil acidification on plant roots, which account for the major part of alpine plants. After three years of manipulation, soil pH decreased from 6.0 to 4.7 with the acid-addition gradient, accompanied by significant changes in the availability of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and cations. Plant composition shifted with the soil acidity, with graminoids replacing forbs. Differing from findings in forests, soil acidification in the alpine grassland increased root biomass by increasing the fraction of coarse roots and the production of fine roots, corresponding to enhanced sedge and grass biomass, respectively. In addition, litter decomposability decreased with altered root morphological and chemical traits, and soil acidification slowed root decomposition by reducing soil microbial activity and litter quality. Our results showed that acidification effect on root dynamics in our alpine grassland was significantly different from that in forests, and supported similar results obtained in limited studies in other grassland ecosystems. These results suggest an important role of root morphology in mediating root dynamics, and imply that soil acidification may lead to transient increase in soil carbon stock as root standing biomass and undecomposed root litter. These changes may reduce nutrient cycling and further constrain ecosystem productivity in nutrient-limiting alpine systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study examined the long-term trends in chemical components in PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples collected at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS) located on the summit of Mt. Lulin (2862 m above mean sea level) in Taiwan in the western North Pacific during 2003-2018. High ambient concentrations of PM 2.5 and its chemical components were observed during March and April every year. This enhancement was primarily associated with the long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) smoke emissions from Indochina, as revealed from cluster analysis of backward air mass trajectories. The decreasing trends in ambient concentrations of organic carbon (-0.67% yr -1 ; p = 0.01), elemental carbon (-0.48% yr -1 ; p = 0.18), and non-sea-salt (nss) K + (-0.71% yr -1 ; p = 0.04) during 2003-2018 indicated a declining effect of transported BB aerosol over the western North Pacific. These findings were supported by the decreasing trend in levoglucosan (-0.26% yr -1 ; p = 0.20) during the period affected by the long-range transport of BB aerosol. However, NO 3 - displayed an increasing trend (0.71% yr -1 ; p = 0.003) with considerable enhancement resulting from the air masses transported from the Asian continent. Given that the decreasing trends were for the majority of the chemical components, the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) also demonstrated a decreasing trend (-1.04% yr -1 ; p = 0.0001) during 2006-2018. Overall decreasing trends in ambient (carbonaceous aerosol and nss-K + ) as well as columnar (e.g., AOD) aerosol loadings at the LABS may influence the regional climate, which warrants further investigations. This study provides an improved understanding of the long-term trends in PM 2.5 chemical components over the western North Pacific, and the results would be highly useful in model simulations for evaluating the effects of BB transport on an area., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding financial funding and the content of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In order to determine the current levels, spatial distribution patterns, and potential pollution of trace elements (TEs) in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), snow pit samples were collected in May 2016 from five TP glaciers: Qiyi (QY), Hariqin (HRQ), Meikuang (MK), Yuzhufeng (YZF), and Xiaodongkemadi (XDKMD). Concentrations of 13 TEs (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, Sb, Sr, U, and Zn) in the snow were measured. The spatial distribution patterns and depth profiles of TEs from the studies sites revealed that the influence of dust on TEs was more significant on the MK and YZF glaciers than on the QY, HRQ, and XDKMD glaciers. The spatial distributions of TE EF Fe values differed from their concentrations, however. The enrichment factor (EF) values and concentrations of some TEs in the YZF, QY, and XDKMD glaciers revealed that the pollution levels of these elements were significantly lower than those found in previous research. Examination based on EFs, principal component analysis, as well as the calculated non-dust contributions of TEs, revealed that dust was the principal source for most TEs in all five glaciers, while biomass burning was another potential natural source for TEs in some glaciers, such as QY. In contrast, Cd, Ba, Sr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sb were occasionally affected by anthropogenic sources such as road traffic emissions, fossil fuel combustion, and mining and smelting of nonferrous metals in and beyond the TP. Air mass backward trajectories revealed that potential pollutants were transported not only from local sources but also from Xinjiang Province in northwestern China, as well as South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although rice straw open burning is one of the main sources of air pollution in Asian countries, problems remain in collecting the activity data needed to calculate emission inventories. In Vietnam, the results from traditional data collection methods, which are reported by the Vietnam General Statistics Office high levels of uncertainty. This is largely due to a lack of human and financial resources. To improve upon this, this study critically assessed the benefits of incorporating cultivation area data obtained by the Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite in combination with crop production records during the period of 2015-2017. The results suggested that incorporating remote sensing data, especially satellite data, into a process-based crop model can improve the spatial distribution of yield estimates. Satellite data for 2018 were also applied to estimate emissions from rice straw open burning in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, for which official statistics are not otherwise yet available. The results show that a total of 3.24 Mt of burnt rice straw produced 3.82 Mt of CO 2 , 301 Gg of CO, 29.5 Gg of PM 10 , and 27 Gg of PM 2.5 . The estimated emission amounts for the common air pollutants SO 2 , NO x , and NH 3 were 583 tonnes, 7.4 Gg, and 13.3 Gg, respectively. Hydrocarbon emissions were 31 Gg for CH 4 and 22.7 Gg for NMVOC. The emission of BC, which is one of the main short-lived climate forcers, totalled 1.6 Gg. Based on these results, satellite data demonstrate great potential for estimating emissions from rice croplands, having the advantages of timely availability and cost competitiveness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Several harbour activities cause negative environmental impacts in the harbours' surrounding areas, namely the degradation of air quality. This paper intends to comprehensively review the status of the air quality measured in harbour areas. The published studies show a limited number of available air quality monitoring data in harbours areas, mostly located in Europe (71%). Measured concentrations of the main air pollutants were compiled and intercompared, for different countries worldwide allowing a large spatial representativeness. The higher NO 2 and PM 10 concentrations were found in Europe - ranging between 12 and 107 μg/m 3 and 2-50 μg/m 3 , respectively, while the higher concentrations of PM 2.5 were found in Asia (25-70 μg/m 3 ). In addition, the lower levels of SO 2 monitored in recent years suggest that current mitigation strategies adopted across Europe were very efficient in promoting the reduction of SO 2 concentrations. Part of the reviewed studies also estimated the contributions from ship emissions to PM concentration through the application of source apportionment methods, with an average of 5-15%. In some specific harbour areas in Asia, ships can contribute up to 7-26% to the local fine particulate matter concentrations. This review confirms that emissions from the maritime transport sector should be considered as a significant source of particulate matter in harbour areas, since this pollutant concentrations are frequently exceeding the established standard legal limit values. Therefore, the results from this review boost the implementation of mitigation measures, aiming to reduce, in particular, particulate matter emissions., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

During the past two centuries metal loads in the Earth's atmosphere and ecosystems have increased significantly over pre-industrial levels. This has been associated with deleterious effects to ecosystem processes and human health. The magnitude of this toxic metal burden, as well as the spatial and temporal patterns of metal enrichment, is recorded in sedimentary archives across the globe. This paper presents a compilation of selected Pb contamination records from lakes (n = 10), peat mires (n = 10) and ice fields (n = 7) from Europe, North and South America, Asia, Australia and the Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar regions. These records quantify changes in Pb enrichment in remote from source environments. The presence of anthropogenic Pb in the environment has a long history, extending as far back as the early to mid-Holocene in North America, Europe and East Asia. However, results show that Pb contamination in the Earth's environment became globally ubiquitous at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution (c.1850-1890 CE), after which the magnitude of Pb contamination increased significantly. This date therefore serves as an effective global marker for the onset of the Anthropocene. Current global average Pb enrichment rates are between 6 and 35 times background, however Pb contamination loads are spatially variable. For example, they are >100 times background in Europe and North America and 5-15 times background in Antarctica. Despite a recent decline in Pb loads in some regions, most notably Europe and North America, anthropogenic Pb remains highly enriched and universally present in global ecosystems, while concentrations are increasing in some regions (Australia, Asia and parts of South America and Antarctica). There is, however, a paucity of Pb enrichment records outside of Europe, which limits assessments of global contamination., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia is a crucial issue for air quality concerns in countries downwind of the significant emissions and concentrations of pollutants occurring in this important region of the world. Since the lifetimes of some important pollutants are long enough to be transported over long distance in the troposphere, regional control strategies for air pollution in downwind countries might be ineffective without considering the effects of long-range transport of pollutants from Asia. Field campaigns provide strong evidence for the intercontinental transport of Asian pollutants. They, together with ground-based observations and model simulations, show that the air quality over parts of North America is being affected by the pollutants transported from Asia. This paper examines the current understanding of the intercontinental transport of gases and aerosols from Asia and resulting effects on air quality, and on the regional and global climate system.