Search

The compost obtained from composting organic fraction of Municipal solid waste, Paper & Pulp mill sludge and saw dust using different initial mix ratios (1:3, 1:6, 1:9) was used to evaluate phytotoxicity of green gram (Vigna radiata) using a seed germination method. The tests were repeated for the compost obtained from organic fraction of MSW and saw dust without the addition of sludge. The control germination test was carried out using deionised water. The results showed that composting generally reduced the phytotoxicity of the mixtures. A germination index was the highest in the mix ratio of 1:9 in the compost obtained from the addition of paper & pulp mill sludge and a germination index was the highest in the mix ratio of 1:6 in the compost obtained without the addition of sludge. The germination percentage, germination index and vigour index values were relatively higher in the compost obtained with the addition of paper & pulp mill sludge. The vigour index was found to be maximal in the mix ratio of 1:3 from the compost obtained with the addition of sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates solid-waste management performance potential within Al-Ahliyya Amman University (AAU), Jordan, in the context of environmental benefits and the UI green metric rating system waste category indicators. First, a field survey was conducted to characterise and quantify solid waste generated in AAU. Second, a checklist of the solid-waste management practices in university campuses was developed, based on the UI green metric rating system. Finally, the environmental impact of implementing solid-waste management in AAU campus was measured using the zero waste index (ZWI). The findings show that 491 tonnes of mixed waste are produced each year on campus, of which compostable waste, recyclables, and non-recyclables account for around 21%, 47%, and 32%, respectively. Using the ZWI to measure the performance of waste management practices, the study found a score of 0.75 for non-recyclable paper and plastic prevention; paper, plastic, and metal recycling; and organic composting. Paper recycling was found to have the greatest impact on virgin material substitution, and metal recycling has the highest potential for energy, water, and greenhouse-gas savings. Waste management projects in Jordanian universities should include reduction, in addition to paper and metal recycling in phase 1; and plastic recycling and composting should be applied in phase 2. Since not all waste management practices have the same environmental impact, the study recommends redistributing the UI green metric waste indicators points in accordance with environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how companies in the plastic value chain can comply with the requirements put forward in the European Union's Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme for plastic packaging wastes, which must be fully adopted in a Danish context ultimo 2024. Plastic packaging waste for recycling is expected to increase when the EPR scheme enters into force, just as national regulation seeks to avoid the incineration of plastics. Multiple case studies, applying an exploratory and qualitative approach, were conducted with three best-case companies within the plastic value chain to illuminate technical capabilities in sorting and further processing of plastics, current recycles strategies and market positioning. To access the possibility to prevent, reuse, recycle, and recover plastic wastes we make use of the waste hierarchy in combination with a circular economy approach, where suggestions to activities along the cascading chain are proposed to qualify the analysis. This paper reveals that only few recycling plastic value chains have been established that originate from plastic packaging waste from household, and there are none for food packaging reusage; the current unfavorable management practices mostly lead to downcycling of the plastic value chain to recovery only. It is further concluded that strengthening the EPR scheme is important, by applying, for example, eco-design, hereunder to utilize mono plastics of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and by fee-modulation using taxes/penalties to spur on the plastic industry to produce environmentally friendly products. Finally, alternative sources of handling and producing plastics are outlined as watermark technology, bio-plastics and PtX-nafta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the waste management system at Kaunas University of Technology, surveys the waste sorting habits of its community, both students and employees, and analyses the reasons and factors influencing waste sorting and non-sorting. The introduction of a separate paper waste collection system has made it possible to reduce the amount of mixed waste by 25% during the first three months of its functioning. 58% of employees and 45% of students sort some of their waste partly, 23% of employees and 11% of students sort all their waste. 8% of employees and 19% of students sort their waste sometimes. 8% of employees and 24% of students do not sort waste at all. 77% of employees and 66% of students think that the main problem caused by waste generation is pollution of the environment. Therefore willingness to reduce an impact on it is the main reason for sorting, while a lack of conditions to keep separated recyclable refuse and a lack of nearby containers are main factors that are distracting people from source-sorting. Growth of environmental awareness and formation of sorting habits that are transmitted to family members are identified as the strengths. Lack of conditions for sorting (e.g. no place to keep sorted waste at home, insufficiently developed waste collection infrastructure), mistrust in a sorted waste collection system (e.g. belief that sorted waste goes to a landfill), and lack of information are the weaknesses. The opportunities comprise development of a convenient waste collection infrastructure, introduction of economic incentives and rise of further awareness. Identified threats for sorting at the source that discourage source sorting are the following: a developed infrastructure will not satisfy real needs; sorting will not become financially rewarding; improper decisions about a waste management system and waste treatment practices made at the state level, no real use of sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic planning of university campuses (UC) aims to harmonize nature, humans, and architectural complexes, enhancing the positive university image through specialized green and recreation zones. Highly urbanized UC areas, particularly with nearby roads, encounter increased technogenic load and pose additional health hazards. The purpose of the paper is the evaluation of the environmental safety level of the UC recreational territories on the example of campuses of Kyiv universities, located nearby highly loaded roads, using a complex of express methods of analysis, mathematical modeling and criterion-based approach, considering the main green economy principles. The scientific novelty of the paper and the authors’ contribution is in the assessment of the environmental safety level of city-type UC recreational territories being under the significant technogenic load from vehicle emissions. Such express analysis methods as densimetry, viscometry, stalagmometry, conductometry, potentiometry and optical methods, and in particular, refractometric studies have been used to assess the impact of vehicle emissions. The mathematical modeling and computational experiment have been carried out for dispersion fields of the main vehicle emissions pollutants. Ecologically acceptable distances from the road considering the specifics of recreational territory have been determined using the integral index of technogenic load. Propositions for minimizing human health hazards and improving the system of environmental monitoring of such territories have been provided and substantiated. The study also confirms the positive effects of environmental management and green marketing principles synergy, benefiting both nature and humans as well as the university image. Obtained results can be used for the design and reconstruction of UC and their recreational areas, as well as for planning roads located nearby the campuses, improving traffic on them. It is also convenient to foresee the enhancement of the environmental activities in the student research work and create student communities for monitoring the UC environmental state and the development of eco-startup projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be considered that electric generating power from solar energy is an essential topic in the energy field. Several environmental factors affect the energy production of solar cells. Dust accumulation is one of the main factors which significantly negatively influences output energy. However, this topic is not investigated extensively, despite its significant impact, especially in arid areas such as Iraq. In this research paper, both theoretical and experimental techniques were applied to investigate the effect of accumulated dust particles on the efficiency of photovoltaic PV systems. An on-grid photovoltaic system was selected to achieve the experimental work. The results proved the negative effect of dust particles on the performance of the solar cell. Based on the obtained results, a new relationship was introduced between efficiency degradation and the amount of dust that accumulated on the surfaces of cells. This correlation is considered a necessity to find the characteristics of PV solar systems to improve their performance and efficiency. The new correlation introduced in this paper can be considered a promising prediction tool to estimate the characteristics of photovoltaic solar cells under different actual environment working conditions. The output power of the cleaned array system increased by 5-26% compared with the untreated system over the test period. Furthermore, the performance ratio (PR) was enhanced within the cleaned array system by 3 to 6 compared with the uncleaned array. A significant formula introduced the connection between the actual output power of the PV systems and the environmental condition (dust accumulation), where it can be considered as feedback to keep the performance in a steady status, which means obtaining the highest output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water markets are considered an excellent economic instrument for water management as they lead to a more efficient allocation and use of the resource. Their establishment and operation has been promoted due to the fact that the steadily increasing demand is creating water scarcity problems in many regions of the world and that existing management policies are proving ineffective in addressing modern challenges. This paper attempts to carry out a comprehensive review of water markets as an alternative method for water management by presenting their main characteristics as well as the international experience gained from their establishment in different regions of the world. For this purpose, a systematic review of the international literature in the Google Scholar and Scopus databases was carried out using specific criteria. In particular, 144 studies were found that met the search criteria set and finally 91 of them were selected as a source of information for the writing of this paper. The processing of these papers provided information on how water markets operate, their background, the advantages and disadvantages associated with their establishment and their adoption by countries with different characteristics. The main conclusions that emerge are that water markets on the one hand increase the economic efficiency of water by encouraging the movement of water quantities to users who are able to attribute to them high economic value and on the other hand that their establishment and operation are linked to neoliberal economic policies that are often criticised and at the same time raise issues of social justice and equal treatment of different users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is one of humanity's leading food crops, and ensuring high, sustainable yields is the key to food security. The yield of the crop depends on the agrophytocenosis conditions, including meteorological factors, the number of weeds, pathogens and pests, which change from year to year. Crop yield forecasts are becoming necessary to make informed crop management decisions. The paper presents the results of the multiple regression analysis of actual field data in the system of integrated protection of winter wheat crops in the conditions of the Northern Steppe zone of Ukraine. The predictive value of the models that linked yield and gluten content in grain with the number of pathogens and pests was reduced due to the statistical insignificance of correlations between indicators. In order to overcome the shortcomings of modeling, it is probably necessary to use a more reliable algorithm and a larger sample of data. Regression models reflecting the correlation of yield and gluten content in grain with relative air humidity during the phase of milky ripeness of winter wheat grain showed predictive value (R2 = 91.9-99.7%) and made it possible to determine the necessary limits of the meteorological parameter to achieve high quantitative and qualitative yield indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on green manufacturing practices in the apparel industry to map green practices across various apparel manufacturing departments. The review includes academic journal articles that were retrieved between March 2013 and March 2023 from several different databases. As part of a comprehensive literature assessment, content analysis was applied to 138 publications that were published in peer-reviewed journals over ten years. Green practices in garment manufacturing process are covered, including product design, raw material procurement, fabric spreading, cutting, sewing and assembly, washing, printing and embroidery, finishing, and packing. The review of eco-friendly production practices at each phase of the production process shows the variety and complexity of green practices in apparel production companies. However, there is a lack of research on the conditions of developing countries, where the majority of apparel production takes place, as well as on the methods used in the manufacture of garments. The study is distinct in that it focuses solely on the garment manufacturing industry, and will not include textiles because the production processes for textiles and clothing are fundamentally different. This study assists managers in building a company's sustainability competency by outlining best practices at various phases of production. It also provides scholars with a uniform representation of environmentally sustainable practices to spur additional scholarly investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic instruments such as tradable water rights systems have been proposed as cost-effective methods for managing groundwater. The relevant literature shows that the majority of the relevant studies do not consider aquifer's natural discharge, which is expected to have a significant impact on the determination of the optimal groundwater management policy. This paper attempts to highlight the impact of considering natural discharge in the formulation of groundwater management policies. Thus, two different cases of aquifer management are considered and the corresponding time-dynamic problems are solved by considering natural discharge in order to derive optimal trajectories for a number of key variables. These cases are (1) non-intervention - full competition and (2) intervention with a tradable water rights system. The results obtained from simulations on a coastal aquifer show that indeed not considering the natural discharge leads to an overestimation of the benefits from groundwater consumption that can reach 5.79% in the case of non-intervention and in the case of intervention with a tradable water rights system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its dependence on natural resources and weather conditions, agriculture is widely acknowledged as one of the most vulnerable sectors when talking about climate change. Lower yields and productivity, droughts, and water shortages have had an impact on food security globally. The food system using agrochemicals, cattle breeding, processing storage, transportation, and trade contributes even more to global emissions. Incorporating sustainability in the production of diverse and healthy food as a systematic approach to the concept of food security is challenging for the future capacity reduction of ecological systems due to the degradation of natural resources and the rise in social and economic inequality. Regenerative agricultural production that ensures long-term food security and nutrition, as well as processing and trade are therefore essential currently to secure the cooperation of social and economic systems. The main goal of the presented scientific paper is to point out the serious challenge of today related to environmental food losses and food waste in the world and the Slovak Republic in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater discharge is one of the sources of environmental pollution. Wastewater pollution originates, inter alia, in industrial wastewater. After treatment, industrial wastewater can be discharged directly into the receiving water body or indirectly into a sewerage network terminated by the concluding stage of wastewater treatment. In the Czech Republic, indirect wastewater discharges are obeyed by the contractual relationship between the wastewater producer and the sewerage network operator. General limits for indirectly discharged wastewater are not set by any national legislation. The aim of this paper is a description of industrial wastewater discharged into the municipal sewerage system in Prague and possibilities of setting limits for installations undertaking the industrial activities listed in Annex I of the Integrated Prevention Act. The study showed that 72% of installations discharge industrial wastewater indirectly. The majority are energy plants that produce boiler blowdown wastewater. More than 80% of wastewater from studied installations is treated by one central wastewater treatment plant. The studied installations are equipped with a wastewater neutralization unit. However, despite the existence of the legislative framework to propose limits for studied installations, only two installations covered by BAT conclusions with relevant BAT-AELs for indirect discharges to the receiving water body were determined. Generally, a small percentage of installations can be limited by an integrated permit due to an inconsistent approach to the issue of indirect discharges from installations under the scope of the Integrated Prevention Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt's Nile islands are regarded as a source of biological diversity and natural heritage. Two million people live on 63 of these islands, spread throughout 16 governorates and covering over 155.4 km2. They are included in the wetlands but treated as a single unit, neglecting their diverse characteristics (environmental, urban, economic, and social). By utilizing a Statistical Package for Social Sciences and a Geographic Information System, this paper aims to develop a method of classifying the Nile islands by designing criteria scales to determine their value. Research is essential in assessing the sustainability of urban and economic development on the Nile islands without conflicting with their protection. The research reached recommendations for protection goals by including uninhabited islands in the national strategic plan. It also prepared an endemic plant and animal species database. It is necessary to conduct a sub-classification process with more detail to make decisions regarding the most suitable sites for various development projects without ignoring the social aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste originating from construction projects is the major source of pollution amongst all industrial sectors in the European Union (EU) as well as globally. It is estimated that more than 35% of all disposed waste in the EU has been a by-product of building activity. This significant loss of materials hinders project profitability, reduces competitiveness of companies involved in such projects and causes considerable environmental burden. An acceptable level of waste is inevitable; however, there are possibilities to minimize the waste through amendments of reducing problematic executive procedures. One of the most important reported factors that increase waste is ineffective document management that may lead to inadequate communication throughout the construction project. As such, the present paper focuses on estimating the possible environmental and economic benefits if a proper document management system is applied on construction projects. The research steps include the approximate calculation of the operational project cost, the volume of material waste related to inadequate information systems based on statistical data and the calculation of benefits from the establishment of adequate information systems using measurable indices. The findings suggest that significant waste reductions are feasible and that the volume of solid construction debris that usually ends up in landfills can be greatly reduced. The actual debris in every skip bin could be reduced to approximately two-thirds of the currently produced volume, for every 100 square meters (m2) of an industrial building floor area. Besides, the debris volume in a skip bin could be reduced to more than half of the currently produced volume for every 100 m2 of public and commercial retail building floor area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For every large-scale development with the potential to have a significant and essential impact, there must be an environmental assessment first. Geothermal Power Plant Development (GPPD) in Banyumas is classified as a large-scale project. Therefore, an environmental assessment was also carried out before the project started. The initiator has owned the Environmental Management Effort (EM) and Environmental Monitoring Effort (EME) since 2011. Due to a change in planning, the EM and EME were updated again in 2016. Even though the GPPD has the environmental management and monitoring plans, it faces an ongoing resistance from the community during the implementation of the exploration stage. This action may disrupt the exploration process. The purpose of this paper is to find out why there is social upheaval or rejection and demonstrations from society. This study was designed as qualitative research that is descriptive and analytic. Descriptive analysis was based on data, documents resulting from interviews and discussions with various stakeholders who know about cases of community demonstrations against GPPD exploration. The results of the study show that social environmental aspects receive less attention to the affected communities so that when environmental pollution occurs, the community overreacts to the GPPD construction implementers and the government. Supposedly, if the social environment aspect is carried out proportionally, then there will be no resistance from the community. In this case, the executors of the development have been bothered and even disrupted the development process itself. The social aspects that are less proportional are limited socialization, inaccurate ecological delineation, late recruitment of local workers, and insufficient involvement of NGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the environmental conditions at the premises of printed circuit boards (PCBs) manufacturers, which have electroplating plants. It provides a brief overview of the key aspects of adverse environmental impacts of wastes generated by PCB manufacture and electroplating plants. The aim of this research was to improve the test method for evaluation of wastewater effect on the soil salinity at the premises of PCBs manufacturers. The object of research was the process of extraction and use of copper from wastewater generated by PCBs manufacture and electroplating. As an example, the process of sludge formation during PCBs etching has been reviewed. With the etching line capacity of 14 m2/h, one-shift manufacturing process will result in the production of up to 2,500 kg of sludge monthly. For enterprises with capacities of 2,000-4,000 m2 circuits, this means annual accumulation at their premises of up to 70 tons of wastes in the form of sludge. Estimates suggest that the upper half-meter layer of the aeration zone will be qualified as slightly saline in one year after accumulation of the sludge. In subsequent years, the salt content will increase and saline soil can be found at the depths of 1.5-2 m over ten years of storage. The authors of this paper propose to treat spent etching solutions applying regeneration technology in order to reduce the amount of sludge. With this technology, it is possible to use the extracted metal as a secondary raw material for copper production and re-use the regenerated solution in PCBs etching. This paper provides estimated hazard indices calculated for the storage of sludge at the manufacturer's premises before and after the implementation of the proposed technology. With regards to findings of the study, it has been proposed to reuse copper recovered from wastes as a raw material for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents experimental studies of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and its thermal properties (moisture and ash content). Measurements were taken to track seasonal changes in the composition of MSW. For example, in spring, the content of organic waste was 17.0% and, in autumn, it reached 31.5% due to considerable consumption of seasonal vegetables and fruits. The share of paper in MSW changed from 21.4% in spring to 9.7% in autumn. More paper in spring is due to discarded student notebooks at the end of a school year, as well as spring household cleaning. These data indicate significant changes in waste composition during the year, which should be taken into account when planning technologies for waste management. Laboratory studies of moisture and ash content by season allowed the range of these changes to be determined. In autumn for instance, the moisture and ash content of organic waste was about 82% and 14%, respectively, while in winter, it was approximately 73% and 22%, respectively. These figures can be explained by the organic waste origin: autumn organic waste often comes from fruit pulp and, for example, watermelon peels, and winter organic waste tends to consist mostly of dry vegetable peels such as potato peelings. The low calorific value of certain components is based on their composition and the level of moisture and ash in different seasons. Therefore, it is important to take into account the moisture and ash content of individual components, not average values, in order to calculate the waste calorific value. MSW thermal characteristics change significantly over the seasons: the MSW moisture content is the highest in autumn (about 49%) and the lowest in winter (32%). The ash content in MSW ranges from 20% in spring and autumn to 27% in summer. The lowest calorific value per working mass in different seasons varies from 7 to 10 MJ/kg, which must be taken into consideration when developing waste management systems in general and when designing specific energy recovery facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from petroleum/petrochemical refineries which are predominantly in the form of CO2. A refinery located in the Gulf is selected and methodologies to reduce and capture CO2 are presented. The refinery emits approximately 775 tonnes/year CO2. A sound energy policy, robust process control, careful operation of motor driven equipment and process heaters could lead to appreciable reduction of these emissions. After reduction, the capture of remaining CO2 emissions with PZ (piperazine) and sulfolane-based smine solvents is simulated and optimized to get minimum re-boiler duty in the stripper. The process simulator ASPEN software is used for simulations. The optimization results indicate that PZ-based amine solvent performs better than sulfolane-based amine when H2S in the flue gas is in small amounts. The re-boiler duty seems to depend upon the temperature of the stripper feed. It is proposed that heat exchanger design be improved that exchanges heat between lean and rich amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Getting rid of plastic and rubber waste is one of the goals of achieving a sustainable lifestyle. Out-of-service tires and fuel and water tanks manufactured from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are the most common waste that cities suffer from. This paper aims to investigate the effect of reinforced waste polymer particles on the polyester resin matrix when producing polymer matrix composite materials from waste tires and damaged plastic water tanks with different polymeric percentages. The polymer matrix composite could be used later in different applications, such as insulators and vibration dampers. The composite materials were evaluated by measuring the Shore D hardness, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity. The overall results showed hopeful behavior. Mixing a specific mixture of waste PVC and tires with polyester and hardener gives a higher tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and Shore D hardness compared to each material when used separately. The thermal conductivity values increase with the mixing conditions between the materials. The thermal conductivity values can be reduced by using higher percentages of a mixture of waste tires and polyester or PVC and polyester. A 4.5% PVC, 4.5% tire and 91% (polyester and hardener) mixture can be recommended to improve tensile strength performance. A mix of 8.3% PVC, 8.3% tire, and 83.4% (polyester and hardener) can be recommended for high hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent years have been unique and challenging due to the global pandemic changing the way of living, the priorities and the approach taken to tackle several issues. 21st century has already been an age in which global health issues regarding the workforce were intensively discussed, among which burnout can be considered as one of the most severe issues. The COVID-19 pandemic obviously exerted a magnifying impact. Sustainability is nowadays considered in all aspects of business and economics; and it is not possible to address sustainability without taking human factor into account. Employee well-being is the core of any relevant step taken in the way of sustainability. On the other hand, projects and project management roughly correspond to the 20% of global economic activities, rising to 30% in emerging economies. The paper addresses the topics briefly introduced above, discussing burnout in the context of project management through an extensive literature review, with the purpose of introducing a new and focused definition for project burnout by utilizing existing approaches of sustainability, burnout, the job demands resources model and project complexity. A novel, clear definition for project burnout is an important steppingstone for addressing project performance and for eventually contributing to a sustainable project management approach. As such, useful and applicable practical solutions for sustainability in the project driven businesses are then suggested. Several future research directions are also discussed in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial zones are considered one of the most important sectors of economic development in any country. All countries seek to develop these zones and transform them into the fourth and fifth industrial revolution zones. This paper relies on an extrapolation approach and comparative analysis of the industrial and economic zones that include the currently enforced policies dealing with these zones all over the world. Accordingly, this study consists of three main stages. The first stage concerns reviewing the concepts and definitions of industrial and economic zones, defining policies for dealing with them, and then concluding the bases and criteria of those policies. The second stage focuses on defining the criteria of the fourth industrial revolution industrial zones, then determining the criteria for differentiating between the current economic zones according to their suitability to absorb the fourth-generation industries, and finally determining the criteria for the localization of these industries spatially, relying on Fuzzy GIS methods to identify the best sites for localizing high-quality industries. The third stage is about conducting a field application to the Suez Canal area in Egypt to determine the best high-tech industrial site within the selected area in Egypt. The site identified as the most suitable for the settlement of high-tech industries is the area located in the northwest and southeast of the special economic zone (SEZ), northwest of the Suez Canal, with an area of 22 km², a weight of 0.357724, and a score of 20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the proper quality of the environment is a foreground and important task for achieving sustainable development goals in contemporary urban societies. Therefore, the aim of the research is to study the air pollution on the territories neighboring multi-level interchanges and assess the additional load on the lower levels based on the analysis of physico-chemical properties of harmful substances, which are exhausts components. The scientific novelty of the paper and the authors' contribution is in determining the level of ecological danger of territories neighboring multi-level interchanges as a result of the summation effect from emissions of vehicle flows, physical and chemical properties of pollutants, and processes of their sedimentation. To predict the pollution level of the roadside air, the model of torch approximation based on the K-theory and the equations of turbulent diffusion was used. Both mathematical modeling and visualization were performed by the Mathcad software package. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the environmental situation neighboring multi-level interchanges and urban objects in terms of their pollution with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter PM10. Research has shown that due to the sedimentation processes a significant increase of the technogenic load on the interchange first level road will be observed. It was found that, compared to the upper road, the technogenic load in the center of the lower road increases on average by 1.4-1.6 times in terms of nitrogen oxides and by 1.5-1.6 times in terms of PM10. The territory with the harmful substances maximum permissible concentration excess is significantly increased. So, taking into account that multi-level interchanges are much more environmentally acceptable than surface sections of roads with traffic lights and pedestrian crossings, they still pose danger to the health of people who stay for a long time at the transport stops, move on the sidewalks and underground crossings, as well as for vehicle drivers and passengers. Thus, it is recommended not to place on the territories neighboring multi-level interchanges public transport stops, cafes, shops, and other city infrastructure objects, as well as to remove the existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of flood damage assessment has been highlighted by the government as well as by many researchers. Nevertheless, the effort in performing the damage studies is less to be found due to the lack of awareness and some other limitations related to the data and its methodologies. The flood damage data in fact is part of an essential ingredient in developing the flood mitigation policy as well as in evaluating the effectiveness of the current flood reduction measures. However, unlike other kinds of flood risk quantification studies, damage assessment is the one that is less addressed by researchers. This paper mainly provides a brief introduction towards the flood damage assessment, and certain essential element that need to be taken into consideration have been highlighted. An analysis of previous flood damage assessment studies and discussion towards some critical issues are presented in this paper other than proposing a granular fuzzy system for enhancement in flood assessment for quality risk analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Renovation of existing buildings has become a crucial tool to keep the built environment functional, by which unnecessary waste of resources can be reduced. Although many assessment methods and indicators are set, with the booming "renovation wave", a question that counters us is how influential and intact these are as a measuring tool. Several debates have emerged in the literature on the integration of different indicators and approaches to have a better way of accessing the buildings. Purpose. The aim of the study was, first, to have a set of integrated indicators for the renovation of residential buildings and, second, to develop an assessment methodology aimed at a comprehensive evaluation of the renovation process throughout its lifecycle stages. A requirement specification and an outline of the tool were developed based on the literature review and the survey. Design. The study has applied a qualitative multi-method research approach, including an online survey with experts, and case studies. The survey was part of renovation needs, barriers and evaluation methods and indicators comprising four sections addressed to experts about building renovation. The aim was, besides collecting general knowledge about the renovation in practice, to identify key indicators and areas where development or modification could have effect during the renovation. The developed methodology was applied in a case scenario of a multi-apartment building in Lithuania. Conclusions. This paper included the development of a combined methodology which applies to the renovation of the existing multi-apartment buildings with a checklist of indicators corresponding to environment, economic, and social aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the impacts of the promotion policy of palm oil-based biofuel utilization in the Thai transport sector for the period 2020-2037. For this purpose, three scenarios are developed to represent different proportions of palm oil-based biofuel blending implemented in Thailand and their impacts are analyzed through the application of the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model. The analysis reveals that an increase in the proportion of palm oil-based biofuel in a diesel mix would provide several noticeable benefits, for example, help reducing diesel consumption, decreasing crude oil requirement, and mitigating emissions of CO2 and PM2.5 - a major source of current environmental health problems. In addition, increased proportion of palm oil-based biofuel in the diesel mix would contribute to a growing demand for oil palm production and a plantation area to meet an increase in palm oil-based biofuel production. A high demand for oil palm production and plantation land requirement could, however, be emerging challenges. In order to address these challenges, the effective strategies could include a plan for agricultural crop zoning, crop breeding, the efficiency enhancement of biofuel conversion technology, the reduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the support from the government for research and development of second-generation biofuels. The analysis will be useful for Thai planners and policy makers to design policies to overcome the issues of energy and food security as well as climate change problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area of agricultural land withdrawn for non-agricultural purposes is gradually increasing worldwide, which is mainly due to the conflicting interests of entities that are interested in the use of this natural resource. Between 2009 and 2020, agricultural land in the area of more than 16,000 ha was withdrawn in Slovakia for non-agricultural purposes. It can be considered a threat that the purpose of withdrawal is mostly industrial and subsequently housing, from which it is possible to predict the continuing intensification of industrial production and the growing agglomeration of regional cities. The role of the state in this regard is to introduce tools for its protection so that its production as well as ecological functions are ensured in a sustainable way. The aim of the paper is to evaluate changes in agricultural land use in Slovakia in the context of analysis of implementation tools aimed at protecting agricultural land, using descriptive and regression analysis of available primary and secondary sources. The result thus points to the increased need of protection and reduction of the rate of withdrawal of agricultural land from the agricultural land fund (at least within the highest quality groups with the highest impact for individual withdrawal purposes), more specifically the land belonging to groups 2 and 3, in order to stabilize the agro-sector, which is vital in terms of its functions, among other things, as well as in the field of biodiversity protection, food self-sufficiency and landscape maintenance. The protection of agricultural land as a component of the environment is not a priority interest of state policy, and therefore its implementation is vague and non-conceptual in terms of current progress and the needs of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite efforts to achieve environmental sustainability, the globe is not yet on the right track; various difficulties have lately emerged because of development, including natural resource depletion, biodiversity loss, and pollution issues. The strategic objectives of the environment for the year 2030 aim to achieve rational management of natural resource assets and the maintenance of the balance of ecosystems and biodiversity, and hence, it is necessary to deal with the important challenges of current urban development, which directly and indirectly affect resources and ecosystems, and human health. This has led to development of tools to consider the relationship between human activities and environmental sustainability in a policy-relevant way. Such tools can identify policies that might simultaneously achieve sustainability, preserve resources while protecting health and equity. This paper aims at understanding the impact of various urban development sectors on environmental ecosystems through employing a systematic framework to formulate appropriate measures and policies to confront these challenges. Various methodological frameworks are reviewed leading to selection of the ecosystems-enriched Drivers, Pressures, State, Exposure, Effect Action (eDPSEEA) as an appropriate tool for assessing and determining the cause and effect of an ecosystem to guide and direct responses and actions in the Egyptian context. El Fayoum Governorate is selected as a case study to test the suitability of this framework. The study concludes that the application of this systemic methodological approach can enhance understanding of the interrelationships among the multifaceted components within the urban system and its impacts on ecosystems, helping to enhance the decision-making and implementation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying the impact of the reaction that occurs between contaminants present in the soil and silica fume added on the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The soil samples were contaminated in the laboratory with nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2). Silica fume (SF) was added to three different ratios (3%, 5%, and 10%). Several laboratory experiments were conducted to study soil characteristics before and after adding silica fume to the contaminated soil. The results revealed that the increment percentage of liquid and plastic limits was obtained with an increase in the percentage of silica fume additive to the nickel-contaminated soil. Notably, the maximum dried densities were decreased by increasing silica fume ratios to the nickel-contaminated soil, while the optimum water content increased with increasing silica fume ratios to the nickel-contaminated soil. The value of organic matter for soil samples was roughly equal numbers ranging from 3.33% to 4.07% (i.e., no change in the organic matter for soil samples mixed with different ratios of silica fume). The coefficient of consolidation (Cv) increased from 0.0026 in a soil sample that was contaminated with nickel ions at a concentration equal to 750 mg/kg without adding silica fume to 0.0755 in a soil sample contaminated with nickel ions at a concentration of 750 mg/kg mixed with silica fume at a ratio of 5% and then decreased to 0.00531 in a soil sample contaminated with nickel ions at a concentration of 750 mg/kg mixed with silica fume at a ratio of 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of waste services in rural areas forces locals to process waste conventionally and eventually damage the environment. Solid waste management in the rural area of developing countries has been less documented widely, in contrast to urban areas. This paper presents the descriptive analysis of rural solid waste management in the Southern Zone of Gunungkidul Regency (SZGR) that has grown in population and economy due to tourism development and accessibility quality improvement. The field survey was conducted in 18 randomly selected villages. 43 key informants were given structured questions related to operational, regulation, institutional, financing, and community participation in the waste management system. Relevant documents and reports were collected from relevant agencies. Primary and secondary data in the form of text, tables, graphs, and images were then analysed by qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the locals manage their waste by burning and dumping it in the backyard and illegally stockpiling. This conventional processing is due to the absence of regulations governing waste management at the village level. The organization responsible for waste management is The Cleanliness and Landscaping Technical Executor Unit. They only serve and collect levy fees in tourist areas and several public markets. Locals need socialization and assistance so that they can be independent in waste management. The rural solid waste management system in the SZGR has various weaknesses in every aspect. The formulation of ideal rural solid waste management requires a different approach from urban areas. Socio-cultural conditions and characteristics of the waste produced can be a consideration and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the research of the influence of plants on the potential energy savings in the field of ventilation of intelligent buildings. It is known that selected plants can effectively reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide even in the indoor environment of buildings in poor lighting conditions. The paper presents a theoretical simulation method that shows the potential of selected plants to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the indoor environment and thus reduce the requirement for the amount of supplied air in intelligent buildings which are air-conditioned based on the current and required concentration of carbon dioxide. The results of the research are very influential; in terms of overall percentage savings, plants have the most significant effect in buildings with lower indoor air quality (IDA4+), while they have a less significant effect in areas with high air quality according to carbon dioxide concentration (IDA2, IDA3). Research with the help of computer simulation shows that the implementation of 1 m2 of living green plants, depending on the quality class of the IDA indoor environment, can bring savings on the amount of supplied air in the range of 0.058 % to 1.997 % for a typical office for 4 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of profitability for renewable energy companies in the European Union (EU) during the period of 2004-2018. Specifically, the study investigates the effect of firm-specific, country-specific, and macroeconomic factors on the profitability of the listed renewable energy companies that have their headquarters in the EU. The profitability is measured as return on assets (ROA) and Tobin's q. Factors that affect profitability are divided into three groups such as firm-specific, country-specific, and macroeconomic factors, and to provide consistent and unbiased results, distinct methods are used. The ordinary least square (OLS) and random effect Generalized Least Squares (GLS) model are employed first. Also, the two-step system generalized method of moments estimation is used to validate the hypotheses. The empirical findings show that firm-specific factors are more dominant in explaining profitability rather than macroeconomic factors. The dynamic models show that profit persists over the years. Also, it is revealed that firm size has a positive effect on profitability in all models. The hypothesis that firms' growth enhances profitability is evident in the short run, but in the long run, it is insignificant. The leverage has a positive effect on Tobin's q. In addition, the study finds that tradable green certificate schemes enhance long-term profitability (Tobin's q). The financial crises discourage the financial performance of renewable energy firms. The study has implications for managers and policymakers that should give importance to firm-specific factors and country-specific factors to promote the profitability of renewable energy companies in order to be sustainable by reducing energy import dependency and ensure energy for the future generation. Special attention should be given to support schemes toward renewable energy to be more effective and enhance firm profitability. The contribution of this paper is that it is the first study that examines the drivers of profitability for renewable energy companies by accounting for firm-specific, country-specific and macroeconomic factors. The study includes a long-time period by using advanced panel data techniques. To add robustness, alternative measures of profitability are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The capability to rapidly and successfully move into new business models is an important source of sustainable competitive advantage and a key leverage to improve the sustainability performance place-based innovations of organizations. However, the performed research suggests that many business model innovations fail. Despite the importance of the topic, the reasons for failure are relatively unexplored, and there is no comprehensive review of the successful sustainable business model innovation framework. This paper provides a review of drivers and barriers for sustainable business innovations in the context of ecosystem and its services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distilleries for home fruit growers play an important role in the Slovak spirits industry. They represent from 5% to 15% of the total spirits production in the country. In this paper, businesses with a focus on waste management and its future potential were investigated. The investigated industry creates a significant amount of bio-waste when under 10% of raw materials used for the distillation process are transformed into the final product. The waste production in distilleries for home fruit growers based on the available annual production data was estimated in this research. Based on these estimations, distilleries for home fruit growers produce annually 37,407.07 tons of bio-waste on average. The median distillery produces annually around 211.4 tons of bio-waste. The bio-waste from investigated distilleries is used directly as fertilizer on the arable soil at this time. This option is the cheapest solution for distilleries for home fruit growers. The different reuse options for bio-waste from distilleries were compared. All of them were more expensive compared to direct use of bio-waste as a fertilizer. Due to the higher cost, there is no interest to reuse this significant amount of the bio-waste produced in small distilleries for home fruit growers at this moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, mathematical modelling is performed for a group of fins in a heat sink in order to determine the optimum dimensionless thickness of the fins using 8 different types of cooling nanofluids including nanoparticles of aluminium, alumina, titanium, titanium dioxide, copper, copper oxide, iron and iron oxide (hematite) with water as the base fluid in a thermoelectric solar still. The heat sink is used to enhance thermoelectric cooling and heating to water. The flow crossing fins is considered laminar and fully developed. Copper with high thermal conductivity is considered as the material of flat plate fins. Different nanofluids with volume fractions of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% with a nanoparticle diameter of 25, 50 and 75 nm are analyzed for fins with rectangular cross sections. Besides, the economic and environmental analysis is conducted on the thermoelectric solar still. It is also observed that the range of 3.65% to 3.95% is obtained for the optimum volume fraction in the used nanofluids. The carbon dioxide mitigation based on the environmental parameter and exergoenvironmental parameters in the solar still is about 23.78 tons of CO2 and 1.04 tons of CO2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research on key vital parameters of a one-year late spring segetal species Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. in crops of grain and legumes in the conditions of the north-rast forest-steppe Ukraine. It has been observed that in S. glauca there is a statistically significant change in the complex population characteristics, in particular, indicators of development of the vegetative sphere and reproductive organs against the background of changes in the field conditions. It turns out that the values of the main morphometric parameters and their dynamics in weed plants statistically significantly change by gradient of different crops, which are dominant agrocenoses and significantly affect the development of segetal wild species. It is proved that each cultivated plant is an edificator of agrocenosis and has a significant phytocoenotic effect on the state of S. glauca populations. The study found that favorable conditions for the development of weed emerged in fields of peas and winter wheat, while the crops of winter rye and buckwheat significantly inhibited the development of S. glauca populations. Knowledge of the dynamics of vital parameters of S. glauca populations under various field conditions allows the effective application of the system of anti-weed crop rotation, which allows controlling the clogging of fields using environmentally safe methods without application of herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eco-design is used as a tool in the product and service sectors with the aim to increase sustainability and reduce negative environmental impact on the product design stage. When analyzing available information on eco-design methodologies from the point of view of applicability to the packaging, it often becomes unclear which method should be preferred and would best suit the specific application. This paper explains the main principles of eco-design and sustainable application advantages and aims to show the benefits of applying eco-design strategies and methodologies into the development of sustainable packaging. The highlighted differences between the design methods, available tools and their features helps with finding the most suitable specific sustainable packaging design application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformation toward a circular economy (CE) model is one of the main priorities of the European Commission (EC). In the previous years, most of the European countries prepared national documents presenting their possibilities and plans for implementing CE in the country. In Poland, in 2019, the CE roadmap was approved by the government. Bioeconomy was indicated in this document as one of the key areas of CE implementation in Poland. This paper presents a detailed review of the actions needed for the transformation toward the CE model in Poland, and the units responsible for their implementation in the bioeconomy sector. The most important actions include creating conditions for the development of bioeconomy and building local value chains and a raw material base. Moreover, actions in the energy sector and transformation of industry is also indicated. Poland places great emphasis on strengthening cooperation between industry and the science sector, which should contribute to the implementation of innovative solutions in the whole economy, including bioeconomy. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate all activities taken by various stakeholders and the government at the central, regional and local level. A great opportunity to further development of bioeconomy in Poland is large resources of biomass in country. An increase in the biomass usage can positively accelerate the transformation process towards CE. Further efforts are required and planned in this area, based on the directions indicated in the Polish CE roadmap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on using lime, orange, and tangerine waste as fuel for the generation of bioelectricity. The tangerine microbial fuel cell evidenced a maximum voltage peak of 1.1 V on day 13, while displaying abrupt voltage losses on the following days and throughout the remaining period of substrate monitoring. On the other hand, orange-based fuel denotes lower current generation during these 28 days with values close to 1.6 mA and 0.25 mA on the first and last day, respectively. Still, orange generated 3.5 mA on the first day with values sharply declining in the following days until reaching 0.91 mA on the last day. In general, substrate volumes in the microbial fuel cells diminished over time, which is consistent with the voltage and current values reported. In addition, pH values increased from day 1 for all substrates, reaching acidic pH values on the last day of measurement due to the consumption of carbon sources. Tangerine reported the highest current density (CD) at 72 mW/cm² and a maximum voltage of 1.06 volts, while orange generated a CD of 62.5 mW/cm² and 0.94 volts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smart cities programme is at the core of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. The development of smart cities is based on adapting innovative technologies and solutions to meet local needs and possibilities in order to reduce both cost and energy resources consumption. In smart cities, more than 40% of electrical energy consumption should be saved. One of the most important electrical energy saving techniques is the application of the Solatube daylight system in sustainable buildings. In the present paper, an experimental investigation into the Solatube daylight system is performed according to the local climate conditions of Taif city, Saudi Arabia. A test chamber was designed with dimensions of 1 m³, made from medium density fibreboard. The model of Solatube used in the present research is Solatube 160 DS, 10" in diameter and with a length up to 30'. The HS1010-LCD digital light meter is used for measuring light intensity. A comparison of illumination obtained from the Solatube with that obtained from artificial bulbs of standard ratings was made at two different vertical distances inside the test chamber (z = 0.8 m, z = 1.0 m). The results showed that the Solatube, at both vertical distances, gave a better illuminance than standard artificial bulbs. Moreover, the results indicated that the Solatube daylight system converted about 60% of sunlight to passive light inside the test chamber. Generally, it is concluded that the Solatube daylight system can be efficiently used in residential, commercial, or industrial buildings in smart cities according to the available solar characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of wind power utilization efficiency around the world and Europe has revealed the gap between feasible and factual power generation. The paper presents an investigation of wind power generation dynamics, penetration levels into the electricity system, and dependence of capacity factors on the hub height and the rotor diameter of wind turbines in the Baltic States. These factors are the main for the evaluation of wind power utilization efficiency. Wind power penetration levels show that possibilities of the energy system to accept more wind power installations in the Baltic States are far away from its limit. Besides, dependence of high wind turbines capacity factors' on the hub height and the rotor diameter in the range of 20-120 m was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, coal-fired power plants produce about 196 million tonnes of fly ash annually. The management of fly ash has thus been a matter of concern given the requirement of the large area of land for its disposal and potential of causing pollution of air and water. Various initiatives have been taken in the country to promote safe utilisation of fly ash. But despite these initiatives, the optimal utilisation is yet to be achieved. Most of the existing literature is related to forecasting the utilisation of fly ash in different modes and accordingly presents the promising applications, but the latent utilisation potential of applications is not yet explored. In this paper, the potential of fly ash utilisation in various construction-specific applications, i.e., cement, concrete, brick, and blocks, has been estimated through a simple framework. The study reveals that although cement is one of the most prominent applications where fly ash has been significantly utilised, it reached its threshold limit of utilisation. The scope of utilisation of fly ash in cement in the future is limited only to the extent of the rate of increase in cement consumption. The potential of fly ash utilisation in concrete is significantly higher, as the projected growth rate of ready-mix concrete (RMC) is moving upwards. However, this increased percentage of RMC will not impact much on overall fly ash utilisation as this will only balance out the share percentage of overall cement requirement. In this study, the bricks/blocks emerged out to be the application having a maximum consumption potential. This study further explores the reasons behind the sluggish performance of fly ash bricks and blocks in the market and suggests strategies for policy-level interventions that can accelerate the process of successful commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to utilise a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to evaluate waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies and identify constraints when examining the placement of a WTE facility. From this, the focus is best summarised by determining the optimal WTE technology in developed countries and how the process would change if implemented in developing countries. In this study, incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis technologies were reviewed and evaluated. The MCA evaluated the different WTE technologies based on a variety of criteria considering environmental, financial, social, technical, and waste quality and quantity. Different weighted factors were used for two MCAs and different alternative weighted factor scenarios were produced to perform a sensitivity analysis on the results. Overall, pyrolysis was found to be the preferred option for developed and developing countries in all scenarios. For developed countries, the highest difference in the overall index score (7%) was found in incineration between the baseline and scenario 4. In developing countries, the highest differences in the overall index scores were found in scenario 3 for incineration (9%) and pyrolysis (10%). Although pyrolysis had the highest overall capital cost due to it being the newest technology, the environmental, social, associated risk, and waste benefits were found to be more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Research, Engineering & Management / Aplinkos Tyrimai, Inžinerija ir Vadyba is the property of Institute of Environmental Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)