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The BRICS countries ratified the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals agenda whereby ensuring environmental sustainability is of paramount importance for these emerging market economies. Although the BRICS nations have recorded noteworthy economic growth trajectories over the last couple of decades, these nations have not fared well in terms of improving their environmental indicators, especially due to gradually becoming more fossil fuel dependent over time. Hence, this study aims to explore whether undergoing the renewable energy transition can directly and indirectly establish environmental sustainability in the BRICS countries by containing their annual growth rates of carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the emission growth rate–influencing effects of technological innovation, foreign direct investment receipts, urbanization, and institutional quality are also evaluated. Based on data spanning from 1996 to 2021 and considering the result obtained using advanced panel data estimators, the findings endorse that the yearly carbon emission growth rates are (a) unaffected by undergoing the renewable energy transition on its own; (b) positively impacted by technological innovation, net receipts of foreign direct investment, and urbanization; and (c) negatively impacted by improving institutional quality through effective controlling of the spread of corruption. More importantly, the results verify the joint carbon emission growth rate–mitigating impact of renewable energy transition and institutional quality improvement. Hence, for abating the emission growth rate figures, several policies are prescribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to capture the effect of environmentally related taxes on environmental quality in Canada while controlling economic growth, financial development, and energy consumption over the period of 1990Q1 to 2020Q4. The present study employs novel econometric approaches, namely, the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (N-ARDL) test and the gradual shift causality (GS-C) test. The outcomes of the study reveal that (i) there is long-run cointegration equation between environmental taxes (E-TAX), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E), economic growth (ECG), financial development (FD), and primary energy consumption (PREC); (ii) E-TAX causes to decrease in environmental degradation in Canada; (iii) PREC and ECG increase (and cause) environmental degradation in Canada; and (iv) financial development also positively affect the environmental sustainability. This effort may also be of great importance for policymakers and decision-makers to better understand the factors of environmental degradation for developing effective tax policies that will alleviate human impacts and contribute to reducing environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming, a persistent issue, needs comprehensive solutions. Shifting to sustainable resources and promoting green initiatives like green logistics, green investments, and environmental policies (such as environmental technology and environmental tax) are potential ways to address this challenge. The current study explores relationships between these factors and transportation emissions in China, with a focus on achieving the 2060 carbon neutrality goal. To investigate the research gap, the study employs the novel econometric, method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) for benchmark estimation and the bootstrap quantile regression (BSQR) technique for sensitivity estimations from 2000/Q1 to 2019/Q4, and the study confirms the hypothesis of "carbon neutrality." The results reveal that green logistics and green finance have a negative impact on transportation emissions across all quantiles. Environmental technology, environmental tax, and renewable energy also help reduce transportation emissions. On the contrary, economic growth increases transportation emissions, with a greater effect in the early quantile stages but a diminishing impact in later stages. Based on the study's findings, policymakers should prioritize sustainable development strategies to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality." Implementing green logistics and promoting green investments are essential steps in this direction. Additionally, greater support should be given to the renewable energy sector, green technologies, and sustainable growth to achieve the carbon neutrality goal in China by 2060. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsustainable development and rising environmental degradation are major challenges for emerging nations that tend to promote human welfare by expanding economic development. Green energy transition (GETR) can help these nations to continue their development, reduce fossil fuel utilization, and achieve environmental sustainability. However, previous literature overlooks the importance of green technologies, government stability, and economic globalization in the GETR process. Accordingly, this research takes a step forward and assesses the impacts of green technologies (GT), government stability (GOV), and economic globalization (EGL) on green energy transition including population density (POP) and economic growth (GDP) in emerging seven (E-7) countries from 1992 to 2020. The research applied the "continuously updated fully modified (CuP-FM)" methodology to acquire the long-run findings robust to endogeneity stationary regressors, autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence (CD). The results highlighted that green technologies can be enhanced to accelerate the energy transition process since GETR and green technologies are positively connected. Also, government stability and economic globalization support the green energy transition. However, both population density and economic growth obstruct the energy transition process. The Emirmahmutoğlu and Kose test unveiled that green technologies, economic globalization, and government stability Granger cause the green energy transition. Based on these findings, policies are directed to promote the GETR by enhancing green technologies, economic globalization, and government stability for achieving ecological sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability has been a priority of energy study experts, yet, until recently, the approaches largely ignored innovation issues. This paper investigates the relationship between environmental innovation and environmental sustainability in a Nordic country, Norway, from 1990:Q1 to 2019:Q4. In Norway, climate change, protection of the ozone layer, biodiversity, urbanization, acidification, eutrophication, persistently high toxic waste, and increased fragility have injected volatility and uncertainty into the Norwegians—a reality that may continue for a while. This study is unique in that it uses the nonlinear ARDL approach to analyze in depth how environmental innovation affects environmental sustainability in Norway while controlling for economic growth, renewable energy, and financial development. In particular, the findings reveal that (i) environmental innovation improves the environment in Norway over long-term horizons; (ii) strengthening patents on environmental innovations can foster clean living, green growth, and zero CO2 emissions; (iii) investing in renewable energy sources benefits the Norwegian environment by reducing carbon emission growth; and (iv) economic growth and financial development promote CO2 emission growth. The policy consequence is that Norway's policymakers should continue to invest in cleaner technologies and encourage environmental education and training of employees, suppliers, and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the incessant quest for economic growth, global energy demand has increased to a level that requires urgent rethinking. The Netherlands depends heavily on traditional energy sources, which are finite and equally emit a lot of greenhouse gasses, causing further environmental destruction. To sustain economic growth and protect the ecosystem, it is crucial for the Netherlands to consume energy efficiently. Given that policy directions are required, this paper investigates the effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in the Netherlands between 1990Q1 and 2019Q4, using the Fourier ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) and Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality approaches. The Fourier ADL estimates indicate that all variables are cointegrated. Additionally, the long-run Fourier ARDL estimates indicate that investments in energy productivity could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality outcomes suggest that energy productivity, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption have a unidirectional causal effect on CO2 emissions. These revealing outcomes provide significant policy insights for the Netherlands' energy productivity objectives in their new energy policy proposed in 2022. The government could, through the new energy policy, increase investment in smart meters and review existing fossil fuel subsidies and energy trade taxes. Additionally, the government could consider reviewing the Netherlands' economic structure by increasing the share of the primary and tertiary sectors to the rising economic growth to reduce energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globally increasing trend of fossil fuel consumption has culminated in a historical degradation of the environment and the rising threat of global warming. Researchers and policymakers aim at examining critical relationships between energy productivity and environmental degradation to make recommendations for global policy action. This paper aims to capture the effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in Poland from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4, using novel Fourier-bases ADF unit root and Fourier-based ARDL approaches. First, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL bounds test indicate that variables are integrated; second, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL long-run estimates indicate that (i) energy productivity has long-run negative effects on CO2 emissions; and (ii) economic growth, globalization, and primary energy consumption have positive effects on CO2 emissions. Among the options available to Polish policymakers are (i) liberalizing domestic energy markets to offer an opportunity for electricity consumers to switch companies and (ii) continuing to pursue a policy of decarbonizing energy supply by investing heavily in renewable energy, nuclear power, e-mobility, and energy productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to capture the effect of an environmental tax on environmental degradation in the Netherlands while controlling economic growth, primary energy consumption, and trade in the Netherlands. As part of its climate change plan, the Netherlands government aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to industrial levels by 2030 and reach net-zero emissions by 2050. The present study used novel Fourier ADL cointegration, Fourier ARDL, and Fourier TY causality approaches. The outcomes of this study reveal that environmentally related taxes cause the mitigation of environmental degradation in the Netherlands, while primary energy consumption affects environmental sustainability negatively. This study provides policy implications based on the empirical results of this study, which support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2030 through (SDG 7) affordable and sustainable energy, (SDG 9) innovation, and (SDG 13) environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Portugal's effort to reduce carbon emissions, the country still emits about 1.6% of the European Union's CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, limited empirical studies have been undertaken in the context of Portugal. As a result, this study examines the asymmetric and long-term impact of CO2 intensity of GDP, energy consumption, renewable energy and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Portugal from 1990 to 2019. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) is employed to uncover the asymmetric connection. The findings show that there is nonlinear cointegration among the variables. The long-run estimation reveals a positive change in energy consumption positively affects CO2 emissions, while a negative shock in energy consumption has a neutral effect on CO2 emissions. Furthermore, positive shocks of economic growth and CO2 intensity of GDP enhance environmental deterioration by increasing CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, the negative shock of these regressors positively impacts CO2 emissions. In addition, positive shocks in renewable energy enhance environmental quality, while negative shocks in renewable energy increase environmental deterioration in Portugal. Policymakers should focus on reducing per-unit energy usage and CO2 efficiency gains, which would necessitate a significant reduction in CO2 intensity and energy density of GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the relationship between globalization, GDP, the carbon intensity of GDP, patents, and its effect on consumption-based carbon emissions (CCO2E). For analysis, novel econometric approaches include nonlinear ARDL and Fourier ARDL, and for robustness, dynamic OLS applied. The results from cointegration tests reveal that there exists a significant long-run relationship between CCO2E, globalization, economic growth, patents, and the carbon intensity of GDP. Additionally, the empirical results indicate that only positive shock in patents on environmental innovations have a negative and significant impact on CCO2E, while positive and negative shocks in GDP and carbon intensity of GDP significantly increase CCO2E. However, only a negative shock in globalization demonstrates the increase in CCO2E. Also, dynamic OLS findings confirmed the robustness. Given the outcome, it is recommended that the Danish government be cautious when approving policies intended to increase economic growth, as this could negatively affect environmental sustainability. More so, research and development must contribute to technological advancement in the Danish manufacturing sector. Despite this, it is important to prioritize patent promotion. Patent protection can enable Denmark to develop eco-friendly technologies that can reduce carbon emissions, thus enabling life to be more sustainable by utilizing fewer resources and energy. Denmark can reduce CO2E and foster economic development through a strong patent system on environmental technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the long-run asymmetric impact of energy productivity on environmental quality in Ireland. The data set covers the period from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. Although the border issue has been the source of contention and terrorism for decades in Ireland, the country is conscious of modern innovations and has a coherent body of environmental law. Ireland's goal is to achieve 80% of its electricity as renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions by 51% in 2030. Unlike earlier studies, the novelty of this study lies in the thorough analysis of how energy productivity affects the quality of the environment in Ireland while controlling for financial development, primary energy consumption, and economic growth utilizing the nonlinear ARDL approach and other robust econometric techniques. Precisely, the results indicate that (i) energy productivity benefits the environment by lowering CO2 emissions (CO2E) in the long term; (ii) financial sector development enhances the quality of the environment in Ireland; (iii) increase in primary energy consumption and economic growth without eco-friendly protocols propel an increase in CO2E. These findings support the economic theory that energy productivity can stimulate steady green living and green technological growth. We recommend that policymakers in Ireland invest in energy productivity and prioritize R&D that embraces cleaner technologies and cross-cutting eco-friendly policies to combat environmental challenges in Ireland and the world at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Western European countries, many macroeconomic factors that have influenced environmental quality in several studies have been investigated. In this region, no empirical inquiry has explored the relationship between green technologies, renewable electricity, financial development, economic expansion, and eco-quality. To fill this gap, this inquiry is conducted to estimate the role of green technology innovation and green electricity on ecological balance in Western European countries. This study investigates how carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E) may be influenced by its determinants (economic expansion, renewable energy, environmentally friendly technology) through some robust econometric techniques (second-generation panel unit root, Westerlund cointegration, FMOLS, and DOLS). Empirical findings confirm that renewable electricity and environmentally friendly technological innovations reduce CO2E. However, the economic upsurge is positively correlated with CO2E, suggesting that expanding the market has a deterioration effect on environmental quality. Policymakers in this region should allocate more resources to renewable electricity generation capacities and green technologies in order to minimize environmental damage. Further, the promotion of green and low-carbon energy development will contribute to a new form of global environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes material footprint (MF), which can be essential in achieving net zero emission targets and sustainable development goals for EURO-26 countries. Increasing the efficiency of MF rather than domestic material consumption is more effective in reducing emissions. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between MF, economic growth, and CO2 emissions for EURO-26 countries. For empirical analysis, second-generation panel cointegration tests and long-term coefficient estimators, which consider the cross-sectional dependence, are employed. The empirical results indicate that (i) there is a long-term relationship between the variables and (ii) MF increases the CO2 emissions. However, the positive relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions is statistically insignificant. According to the individual results, while the impact of MF on CO2 emissions is negative in developed countries, MF increases CO2 emissions in developing countries in general. Overall findings reveal that long-term material footprint strategies should be implemented in EURO-26 countries and material footprint policies can be used as a strategic tool to achieve net zero emission targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since renewable energy is essentially non-carbohydrate in nature, it can generate little or no pollutants and can therefore help in achieving both sustainable development and environmental quality. In this regard, the question that continues to persist is whether economic growth, economic globalization, and political risk can potentially affect renewable energy in the presence of environmental deterioration. In this context, the current research provides evidence to support this theoretical context by investigating the impact of economic globalization, economic growth environmental degradation, and political risk, on the usage of renewable energy in Vietnam using a dataset spanning the period between 1984 and 2019. For empirical analysis, the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag approach is utilized. Based on our analysis, economic growth positively impacts renewable energy in the long and short term. Economic globalization also positively affects renewable energy in the long term, but a neutral impact is uncovered in the short term. Political risk and environmental degradation are adversely related to renewable energy in the short and long run. The findings from the frequency domain approach reveal a causal interaction from political risk to renewable energy, and from renewable energy to economic globalization, whereas a feedback causal interaction is discovered between renewable energy and environment degradation, as well as between economic growth and renewable energy. From a policy standpoint, we propose that the Vietnamese policymakers need to consider economic globalization as a renewable energy promotion tool via capital inflow, foreign direct investment, and technological transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study fills a gap in the relevant literature by exploring the linear and nonlinear effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation based on economic growth, trade openness, and energy consumption variables for the case of Cyprus, over the period from 1990Q1 to 2018Q4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study attempt to conduct this nexus for Cyprus, so the empirical findings are likely to shed light on and open a new debate on the subject of environmental sustainability. The empirical findings of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach revealed that the outcomes of energy productivity instigated a positive (negative) impact on the atmosphere, where a 1% upsurge in positive shock of energy productivity decreased CO2 emissions (CO2E) by 0.265%, and a 1% rise in negative shock caused a 0.837% increase in pollution in the long run. GDP is positively related to pollution in both shocks. Trade results disclosed that trade openness stimulated a positive (negative) influence on the atmosphere. A 1% increase in positive shock of trade openness decreased CO2E by 0.268%, and a 1% growth in negative shock instigated a 0.423% rise in pollution in Cyprus. These results are consistent and supported by both linear and nonlinear techniques. As a part of its long-term climate policy goals, policymakers in Cyprus should invest in energy productivity and R&D that embraces cleaner technology innovations and prioritize cross-cutting environmental technology policies to combat climate challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether the carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity of GDP matters for environmental degradation in an emerging country, namely, Turkey, over the period of 1990–2018 while controlling economic growth, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy consumption. The present study uses both linear and nonlinear time series estimators, namely, the Gregory and Hansen cointegration test, bounds test, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and canonical cointegrating regressions (CCR), to encapsulate the possible effect of CO2 intensity of GDP, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in Turkey. The empirical finding of the present study reveals that the CO2 intensity of GDP is an important factor to determine environmental degradation in Turkey and the declining CO2 intensity of GDP reduces environmental degradation. Moreover, economic growth is the primary environmental sustainability factor in Turkey. The result is vital for policymaking and can perhaps be applied to take decisive policy actions to mitigate environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the EU countries, Greece relies heavily on coal the most, and it has lagged behind in cutting emissions. Further, following the oil crisis of the 1970s, Greece has strategically invested in lignite. Solid fossil fuels such as lignite are classified as fossil fuels that are detrimental to environmental performance. This continued burning of fossil fuels has emerged as one of the most serious concerns in Greece, even globally. The aim is to capture the effect of energy productivity on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E) in Greece while controlling trade openness, energy consumption, and economic growth. Toward this end, we employ a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and other econometric robust techniques. The findings of the study are as follows: (i) trade openness positively impacts carbon emissions growth; (ii) economic growth adds to increased CO2E; (iii) expanding energy productivity is beneficial to the environment as it causes CO2E to decline; and (iv) increase in energy consumptions further results in CO2 cutbacks. The recommendation of our study suggests some innovative policies to counter the detrimental effects of carbon emissions by an increase in energy efficiency for the Greek economy. The study recommends that embracing a low-carbon, resource-efficient, and circular economy is of paramount importance to Greece in order to ensure environmental protection, as well as to boost green growth, create new jobs, and combat unemployment. Greece should ensure that energy efficiency techniques are promoted, and renewable energy sources are expanded in order to increase the options for cleaner alternatives and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, thus preserving the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of environmental sustainability formed the basis of the Paris Agreement and the United Nations conference in Rio de Janeiro. Empirically, without environmental sustainability, everything else could fall apart or be aimless. This study investigates factors affecting global environmental sustainability spanning 1966Q1 to 2019Q4. However, there are many micro-/macroeconomic factors engendering the environment, and the absence of robust clarity on whether factors such as economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, and energy consumption matter for global environmental sustainability remains a global academic dilemma in the economics literature. This paper utilized the unrestricted nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bounds test techniques to model their relationship. Furthermore, the study adopted fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) methods to test the research hypothesis, catering to the problem of endogeneity and serial correlation. Up-to-date of this study, no empirical study has examined the nexus of these variables within the global framework. The outcomes suggested that (i) NARDL bounds test of cointegration confirmed evidence of long-run and short-run relationships among the variables; (ii) long-run asymmetric relationship was affirmed among the variables; and (iii) DOLS, FMOLS, and CCR models demonstrate that economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness are positively significantly correlated with environmental sustainability except for economic growth which shows negative and insignificant correlation. These findings validate the protracted argument in literature that these estimated variables are significant for global environmental sustainability. This study recommends that environmental policymakers integrate global economic incentives with favorable regulatory changes for achieving the goals of a global sustainable environment in the long-run equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world. Therefore, it is essential to explore the determinants of CO2 emissions in China. But previous studies so far have not examined how the political risk of this country can affect its CO2 emissions due to the lack of a long-term dataset. Hence, this study aims to capture the effect of political risk on China's CO2 emissions while controlling renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, and the economy's economic growth. We employ Bayer and Hanck cointegration, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR, and frequency domain causality tests to establish the relationship among the variables mentioned above. The outcome of the study reveals that political stability is an important predictor of environmental degradation in China. Moreover, political stability is helpful to lower CO2 emissions, while technological innovation and renewable energy consumption can reduce CO2 emissions, economic growth further deteriorates environmental quality by increasing its carbon emissions. Therefore, the present study recommends that policymakers in China should control political tension in the country to control CO2 emissions and, at the same time, promote technological innovation and renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Do natural gas, oil, and coal consumption ameliorate environmental quality? Empirical evidence from Russia" has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns regarding the compromised peer review process, inappropriate references, nonstandard phrases, and the article not being within the scope of the journal. The authors Zahoor Ahmed and Dervis Kirikkaleli disagree with the retraction, while the publisher has been unable to contact author Muntasir Murshed. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Toward a sustainable environment: nexus between consumption-based carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy and technological innovation in Brazil" has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns about the peer review process, inappropriate references, nonstandard phrases, and the article's alignment with the journal's scope. The authors Festus Fatai Adedoyin and Dervis Kirikkaleli disagree with the retraction, while author Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo has not responded to correspondence. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The current paper examines the effect of public–private partnerships investment in energy (PPIE) on CO2 emissions while taking economic growth (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness (TOP) into consideration for Bangladesh from 1997 to 2019. This paper utilizes Bayer and Hanck cointegration approach, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, canonical regression, and frequency domain causality technique. The outcome of this paper reveals that (i) the cointegrating association among PPIE, GDP, FDI, TOP, and CO2 emissions is verified; (ii) PPIE, GDP, and TOP affect environmental sustainability negatively; (iii) in the long term, PPIE, FDI, and TOP Granger-cause CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. This research suggests technical development for a greener production procedure and public–private partnership funding in green energy. Therefore, as a policy endorsement, this study proposes to invest in the latest technological advancements to manufacture environmentally sustainable goods via public–private partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is the buzzword these days, where researchers and policymakers are working hard to figure out its causes and how we can achieve sustainable development goals. Several research studies have been conducted to determine the key factors that influence environmental degradation. However, studies have ignored the role of financial institutions in achieving sustainable development goals. Therefore, the present study evaluates the influence of financial stability on consumption-based-carbon emission for BRICS countries in the presence of renewable energy, technological innovation, industry value-added, and international trade over the period of 1995 to 2018. This study has simulated its analyses by utilizing the spatial Durbin model through the spatial time-fixed effect technique due to the cross-border spillover effect. The results show that financial stability, technological innovation, economic growth, and imports contribute to consumption-based carbon emissions, whereas renewable energy and exports negatively influence consumption-based carbon emissions. In the case of cross-border spillover analysis, the study's findings revealed that only renewable energy has a positive spillover effect among the variables with a significant effect, whereas economic growth and bilateral export have a negative effect on consumption-based carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of studies on the relationship between technological innovation and CO2 emissions has gradually increased in recent years, although there is no clear agreement in the literature. Previous research has revealed both positive and negative consequences of technological innovation on the environment. Moreover, most researchers have used linear approaches to explore this connection, which can result in spurious outcomes when nonlinearities exist in the data. According to this background, this research utilizes asymmetric ARDL and spectral causality approaches to assess the asymmetric connection between technological innovation and CO2 emissions in Sweden utilizing data from 1980 to 2018. In addition, the disaggregated asymmetric effects of technological innovation (patent resident and patent nonresident) on CO2 are also captured in this study. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed lag (NARDL) results showed that positive (negative) shocks in economic growth enhance environmental quality in Sweden. Furthermore, a positive (negative) shock in technological innovation causes a decrease (increase) in CO2. Similarly, a positive (negative) shock in patent nonresident and residents leads to a decrease (increase) in CO2 emissions in Sweden. The outcomes from the spectral causality revealed that in the medium and long term, aggregate and disaggregate technological innovation can predict CO2 emissions in Sweden. This study has significant policy implications for policymakers and the government in Sweden. Based on these findings, the study suggests that the government of Sweden should investment in technological innovation since it plays a vital role in curbing environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, and industrialization on environmental degradation in 8 selected ASEAN + 3 countries covering the period 1994–2018. The autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group was applied to estimate the long run and short relationship. The fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic least squares, and seemingly unrelated regression were applied to check the robustness of pooled mean group. Furthermore, panel Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test was utilized to explore the causal relationships among the variables. The results of cointegration tests confirm the presence of the long run cointegration relationship. The empirical findings, in the long run, demonstrate that the elasticity of economic growth is negatively interrelated to environmental degradation. The elasticities of energy consumption and financial development showed a positive relationship with environmental degradation. The elasticity of industrialization has a negative connection with environmental degradation. The robustness results show some conflict with the autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group results. Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality demonstrates a bidirectional causality between economic growth and environmental degradation, energy consumption and environmental degradation, and economic growth and energy consumption. These results confirm that energy consumption and financial development harm environmental quality in selected countries through exudating more CO2 emissions in space, while economic growth and industrialization reduce environmental degradation by mitigating exudate CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of global trade on carbon dioxide emissions have been mainly investigated in several empirical papers; however, the consumption-based carbon emissions adjusted for international trade have been lacking in the literature. This empirical research seeks to address this gap by using consumption-based carbon emissions adjusted for trade in the case of Bolivia. Research over the years shows that Bolivia has had a consistent negative trade deficit which suggests that there might be a rise in consumption-based emission in this area in the present and the future. It also indicates that considerable emissions are attributable to the consumption of commodities and services transferred to Bolivia, which is beyond its control. Many studies, however, have delved into the production-based carbon emission for Bolivia. However, the consumption-based carbon emission adjusted for international trade has been missing in the case of Bolivia. Meanwhile, failure to recognize these emissions related to international trade produces an incomplete picture of the emissions triggers and the effectiveness of action to lessen emissions in this area. Hence, this study attempts to fill the gap. The impact of exports and imports are analyzed separately for 1970 to 2018. The empirical analysis confirms a negative effect of exports and GDP on consumption-based carbon emissions. In comparison, imports and globalization demonstrate a favorable impact on consumption-based carbon emissions and show their statistical significance. This study suggests that the Bolivia government should be cautious on policies targeted at increasing growth as this could be harmful to the sustainability of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent environmental sustainability literature, ecological footprint is largely seen as the most appropriate indicator of environmental destruction. However, due to lack of clarity in its relationship with economic growth, ecosystem services, biodiversity and human well-being, serious academic and political attention on environmental sustainability has not really reflected on ecological footprint. Using CADF unit root test, Westerlund cointegration test, common correlated effects and Dumitrescu Hurlin causality approaches, we conduct empirical analysis of the relationship among urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint: evidence from Eastern Europe between 1998Q4 and 2017Q4. We address the following protracted questions in the literature: (1) Can we find a relationship between ecological footprint, urbanization and growth? (2) What explains the relationship, if any? The outcomes of the Westerlund cointegration test reveal cointegration among the variables, (ii) the outcome of the Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test indicates that there is a long-run unidirectional causality running from growth to the ecological footprint and (iii) urbanization does not homogeneously cause ecological footprint. The study has implications for regional policy actions that could support the reduction of ecological deficits through growth and urbanization policies towards improving regional environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic structure of countries can influence economic growth, energy demand, and environmental footprints. However, the literature on economic complexity and ecological footprint (EFP) nexus is scarce. Besides, democracy is an important factor that may affect environmental policies and environmental sustainability. Hence, this paper investigates the effect of democracy, economic complexity, and renewable energy technology budgets on the EFP in G7 countries controlling income and financial development from 1985 to 2017. The findings from Westerlund (J Appl Econ 23:193–233, 2008) and other cointegration methods depict cointegration among variables. The long-run estimates from the continuously updated fully modified method unfold that economic complexity contributes to reducing the EFP. However, greater democratic accountability boosts the EFP figures rather than reducing them. On the flipside, renewable energy technology budgets and financial development are evidenced to mitigate EFP. Moreover, the study unveils a U-shaped linkage between economic growth and EFP, which indicates that an increase in income level will boost EFP. Further, the study found causality from economic complexity, democracy, and renewable energy budgets to EFP. Based on these findings, it is pertinent for the G7 countries to increase the manufacturing of sophisticated and complex products. In addition, enhancing renewable energy technology budgets is essential to ensure environmental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between carbon emissions (CO2) and economic policy uncertainty for East Asian countries. During recent decades, climate change has become a severe issue globally. To our understanding, the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on CO2 emissions has not been thoroughly studied in the environment-energy literature. To overcome this research gap, this study explores the link between EPU, CO2 emissions, foreign direct investment (FDI), and renewable energy for the panel of four East Asian economies, namely, China, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, from 1997 to 2020. We used second-generation econometric estimations to confirm cross-sectional dependence, cointegration, and stationarity among the selected variables. This study finds that economic policy uncertanity (EPU), trade, and GDP have a positive correlation with carbon emissions. However, FDI and renewable energy consumption boost the quality of the environment of East Asian economies. The outcomes of the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality estimation revealed two-way association between CO2 and economic policy uncertainty, CO2 and energy consumption, CO2 and economic growth, and CO2 and trade. Afterward, we use the FMOLS estimations for robustness check. Based on the inclusive outcomes, we draw substantial suggestions for decision-makers and urge them to consider the potential negative effects of EPU on CO2 emissions policies. In addition to this, if policymakers seek to simultaneously control EPU and CO2 emissions, they should work out for alternate ways such as the use of green technology related to energy, foreign capital investment, and renewable energy consumption to mitigate CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Militarization is crucial for the sovereignty of a nation; however, there are many environmental hazards associated with increased military spending. Previous panel studies mainly captured the short-run effects of militarization on the environment. Limited scholars determined the long-run environmental impacts of militarization but they mostly ignored possible cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity problems in panel data. Our research highlights this deeply neglected area and examines the impact of militarization on the environment in 22 OECD countries by controlling economic growth, renewable energy, and fossil fuel consumption. Drawing on an extensive dataset from 1971 to 2020, we employed advanced econometric approaches robust against endogeneity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. The results of the cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distribute lag (CS-ARDL) analysis indicate a positive contribution of militarization to CO2 emissions implying that militarization is adding to the environmental degradation in OECD nations. This evidence proves the treadmill of destruction theory for OECD nations in the modern world. Economic growth and fossil fuels consumption increase CO2 emissions, while renewable energy mitigates emissions. Moreover, economic growth Granger causes militarization. Our results suggest that reduction in militarization level and energy conservation strategies will not hamper the economic progress of selected OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assesses the effect of public-private partnerships in energy and financial development on Brazil's ecological footprint and also takes into account the role of renewable energy and economic growth using data spanning from 1983 to 2017. The study utilized several techniques including autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) to examine the relationship between ecological footprint and the determinants, while the gradual shift causality test was utilized to capture the causal linkage between the series in the presence of a single structural break. The outcomes of the Maki co-integration test revealed evidence of a long-run association among the variables of interest. Furthermore, the results of the ARDL and DOLS tests revealed that economic growth and public and private investment in energy increase environmental degradation, while it is mitigated by both renewable energy and financial development. Moreover, the gradual shift causality test revealed a bidirectional causal linkage between ecological footprint and economic growth. The present study recommends the establishment of a forum that will foster public and private partnerships to enhance communication, which will promote collaboration on new initiatives involving green technological innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation stemming from the combustion of conventional energy sources is not only a major factor behind climate change but it also poses an adverse impact on human health. Undoubtedly, fossil fuels are major drivers of economic growth; however, their detrimental environmental impacts are of global concern. In the literature, there is no comprehensive empirical evidence on the linkage between the use of different energy sources and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of Russia, a nation that is ranked third in the list of the top carbon dioxide-emitting global countries. Hence, this paper aims to scrutinize the relationships between oil consumption, natural gas consumption, coal consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions controlling economic growth for Russia over the 1990–2016 period. The findings from the econometric analysis indicate that carbon dioxide emissions in Russia have long-run associations with economic growth and consumption of oil, gas, and coal. The long-run elasticity estimates reveal that economic growth is not directly harming Russia's environmental quality. However, higher oil, gas, and coal consumption degrades environmental quality by boosting the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Russia. In addition, the results from the Granger causality analysis confirm the existence of both long and short-term causal connections among the variables of concern. In line with these findings, several policy recommendations to address the environmental challenges in Russia are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many empirical studies investigated the effects of globalization on the ecological footprint (EF). Most of these studies relied on the KOF index of globalization and studied the effects of total globalization and disaggregated impacts of economic, social, and political globalization on the EF. However, less attention has been given to financial globalization which can also influence the EF. Hence, this study investigates the association between financial globalization (FG), economic growth (GDP), and EF controlling population density (PD) in the selected West Asian and the Middle East (WAME) nations from 1990 to 2017. The study relied upon second-generation methods for checking stationary properties and Westerlund and other techniques to scrutinize cointegration. The evidence showed cointegration in the model. The long-run approximations from continuously updated fully modified (CUP-FM) and continuously updated bias corrected (CUP-BC) tests divulge that financial globalization is an important factor to promote ecological sustainability in the sample countries because it decreases EF. Population density exacerbates EF and worsens environmental deterioration in sample countries. The study detected the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) between EF and economic growth in the presence of financial globalization and population density. Besides, financial globalization Granger causes EF, while the feedback effect exists between EF and economic growth. Based on these results, WAME economies can accomplish ecological sustainability and sustainable development by enhancing their financial globalization levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle the issue of climate change and environmental degradation debates regarding carbon neutrality is on the rise. Regional Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (RCEP), the leading trading union, covers nearly third of global economy, world population, is responsible for thirty percent of global trade and global gross domestic product. The existent study tests the impact of financial, economic, political, and composite risk on consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions (CCO2) in selected RCEP economies during the period of 1990 to 2020. The empirical analysis consists of cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, cross-sectional augmented panel unit root test, Westerlund cointegration, second-generation cross-section augmented autoregressive distributed lags model (CS-ARDL), and panel causality test. Further, we explore the role of imports, renewable energy supply, exports, and gross domestic product per-capita on CCO2. The empirical results suggest that the less political risk help to mitigate while the lower financial, economic, and composite risk increase CCO2 emissions in selected RCEP economies. Moreover, exports and renewable energy supply show mitigating effect, whereas imports show upsurge in CCO2. Additionally, a bidirectional causality exists between exports and CCO2, imports and CCO2, GDP per-capita and CCO2, political risk and CCO2, and renewable energy and CCO2 emissions, while a one-way causality from financial risk, composite risk, and economic risk to CCO2. Renewable energy supplies along with the improvement in sub-components of political risk, for instance, corruption, government stability, would help to effectively tackle the issue of CCO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature analyzing the ecological impacts of financial development (FD) documents mixed results. In addition, very limited researches consider the role of technological innovation in ecological sustainability even though technological innovation is indispensable to achieve technological advancement, which may help in sustainable development and ecological sustainability. Therefore, this work probes the effects of technological innovation, financial development, and economic growth (GDP) on the ecological footprint (EF) controlling urbanization and employing a STIRPAT framework. The analysis of data from West Asia and Middle East nations from 1990 to 2017 revealed cointegration in the model. The long-run coefficients produced by the continuously updated fully modified technique revealed that a 1% upsurge in technological innovation decreases EF by 0.010%. Interestingly, technological innovation is helpful to decrease EF and enhance economic growth in the West Asia and Middle East (WAME) countries. However, a 1% rise in FD boosts the level of EF by 0.0016% inferring that FD stimulates ecological degradation. Likewise, urbanization in the WAME countries raises EF levels and contributes adversely to ecological quality. In addition to this, the study revealed the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the selected countries accounting for technological innovation, FD, and urbanization in the model. The causal analysis provided evidence of unidirectional causality from FD to EF and bidirectional causality between technological innovation and EF. The study recommends more investment in research and development and strong collaboration between the universities and industries to promote the level of technological innovation for both sustainable development and ecological sustainability. In addition, urban sustainability policies are necessary without decreasing the urbanization level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of environmental sustainability to all human aspects has been spiking as the world keeps evolving. Economies around the world are on the move to ensure sustainable economic development and a clean atmosphere through the use of renewable energy sources. Since the end of the nineteenth century, it is recognized that a global mean sea level rise speed about 1.7 ± 0.2 mm/year, but the rate has increased to 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/year. In this study, we investigated the dynamic linkage between average temperature and sea level within the global framework covering 1881 to 2013. The paper employs wavelet analysis to investigate the short-term and long-run causal links between global average temperature anomalies and global sea level. In this respect, our findings indicate that (i) a significant vulnerability in global average temperature and sea level is observed over the selected study period; (ii) global average temperature has considerable power for predicting sea level, particularly in the long-term. The causality test revealed a bi-directional causal relationship between global average temperature and sea level and unidirectional flow from global average temperature to sea level. And the study confirms the "conservation hypothesis," and it has long-run implications for environmental quality. Thus, minimizing global average temperature anomalies is a decisive ingredient for minimizing sea level rise. Based on these outcomes, both developed and developing countries' policymakers should support the Paris agreement (COP21) agreement to control CO2 emissions growth. Policymakers should encourage the usage of environmentally friendly energy sources that will enhance environmental quality and hold the increase in global average temperature below 1.5 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the drivers of consumption-based carbon emissions in Brazil by using a dataset covering the period between 1990 and 2018. These dynamics were examined by employing the ARDL bounds, DOLS, and gradual shift causality tests. The ARDL long- and short-run estimation outcomes reveal that: (a) renewable energy use stimulates the sustainability of the environment; (b) economic growth increases environmental degradation; and (c) technological innovation enhances the quality of the environment. In addition, the gradual shift causality test results disclosed that renewable energy consumption, economic growth, technological innovation and public-private partnership investment in energy can predict consumption-based carbon emissions in Brazil. Therefore, Brazilian policymakers should actively encourage the R&D of low-carbon technologies and renewable energy consumption. Domestic consumption levels, on the other hand, should be targeted, specifically those that are more energy-intensive and cause a rise in CO2 emissions due to consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To minimize the awful situation confronting the entire globe, the global warming danger has raised the intensity of consciousness from all areas of life. Therefore, the research assesses the impact of CO2 emissions and energy use on economic performance and considers trade openness, urbanization, and agriculture in Indonesia utilizing data covering the period from 1965 to 2019. The current research employed the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) tests to capture the long-run association between these economic indicators. Furthermore, the gradual shift and wavelet coherence tests are utilized to capture the direction of causality. The ARDL bound test discloses a long-run interconnection among the variables of interest. The outcomes of the ARDL and DOLS depict that CO2 emissions, agriculture, energy use, and urbanization trigger economic growth. Moreover, the wavelet coherence test findings revealed a positive correlation between economic growth and urbanization, CO2 emissions, agriculture, and energy consumption. Furthermore, there is evidence of a weak and positive correlation between economic growth and trade openness. The gradual shift causality test outcomes disclosed that economic growth can predict urbanization and energy consumption, while agriculture can predict economic growth. These outcomes have far-reaching significance for economic growth and the selected variables in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides new insight by introducing the role of fiscal decentralization and natural resources rent in affecting CO2 emissions. For assessing this objective, this paper use panel data from seven highly fiscal decentralized Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1990 to 2018. For empirical analysis, we use the Westerlund test and cross-sectional autoregressive distributive lag model. In order to ascertain the integration order of variables, the study utilizes the Pesaran second-generation unit-root test. The findings reveal that all the variables are stationary at first difference. The long-run results confirm that fiscal decentralization and natural resources rent improve the atmosphere by reducing CO2 emissions. Moreover, gross domestic product and total natural resources rent increase, while improvement in institutional quality reduces CO2 emissions. For policy implication, this study recommends that transferring the power to the local governments will further reduce CO2 emissions and shift these countries to more environmentally friendly sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a growing number of scholars have employed various proxies of environmental degradation to understand the reasons behind rising environmental degradation. However, very few studies have considered consumption-based carbon emissions, even though a clear understanding of the impact of consumption patterns is essential for redirecting the pattern to more sustainable consumption. Thus, this study takes a step forward by using consumption-based carbon emissions (CCO2) as a proxy of environmental degradation using the novel non-linear ARDL technique for Chilefrom 1990 to 2018. To the best understanding of the investigators, no prior studies have investigated the drivers of consumption-based carbon emissions utilizing non-linear ARDL. The study employed ADF and KSS (non-linear) tests to check the data series' stationary level. Additionally, the symmetric and asymmetric ARDL approaches are utilized to explore cointegration and long-run linkages. According to the results, there is no symmetric cointegration among the variables; however, the empirical estimates reveal a long-run asymmetric connection between the indicators and CCO2 emissions. The novel results from the asymmetric ARDL indicate that negative and positive changes in economic growth deteriorate the quality of the environment. Interestingly, a reduction in economic growth makes a more dominant contribution to environmental degradation. Moreover, positive changes in renewable energy usage improve the quality of Chile's environment, inferring that the country can achieve a reduction in environmental degradation by boosting renewable energy consumption. Surprisingly, the study found that technological innovation is ineffective in reducing consumption-based carbon emissions, which implies that Chile's technological innovation is not directed towards manufacturing green technology. Finally, the policy implications are discussed with respect to reducing consumption-based carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs), which place emphasis on relevant concerns that encompass access to energy (SDG-7) and sustainable development (SDG-8), this research intends to re-examine the relationship between urbanization, CO2 emissions, gross capital formation, energy use, and economic growth in South Korea, which has not yet been assessed using recent econometric techniques, based on data covering the period between 1965 and 2019. The present study utilized the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods, while the gradual shift and wavelet coherence techniques are utilized to determine the direction of the causality. The ARDL bounds test reveals a long-run linkage between the variables of interest. Empirical evidence shows that CO2 emissions trigger economic growth. Thus, based on increasing environmental awareness across the globe, it is necessary to change the energy mix in South Korea to renewables to enable the use of sustainable energy sources and establish an environmentally sustainable ecosystem. Moreover, the energy-induced growth hypothesis is validated. This result is supported by the causality analysis, which shows a one-way causality running from energy consumption to GDP in South Korea. This suggests that South Korea cannot embark on conservative energy policies, as such actions will damage economic progress. Additionally, a unidirectional causality is seen from CO2 emissions and energy consumption to economic growth. These findings have far-reaching consequences for GDP growth and macroeconomic indicators in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides a macro-level framework for gender issues and their link to energy policies and environmental quality, in line with the sustainable development goals (SDG). It examines the relationship between environmental sustainability, gender equality in education, energy consumption, and sub-Saharan Africa's income by using cointegration analysis and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. The study's estimation results are consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and policy actions suggested by eco-feminist theories in both the short-run and long-run and show that gender equality in education has positively related to environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the effect of renewable energy consumption and public-private partnership investment in energy on consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions for India from 1990Q1 and 2015Q4 whilst controlling technology innovation and economic growth. The study employs the Maki cointegration, Bayer-Hanck cointegration, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, and frequency-domain causality tests to explore these dynamics. The outcomes of the present study reveal that (i) there is a long-run cointegration equation between consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions and its possible determinants; (ii) whilst renewable energy consumption is beneficial for lowering consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions, public-private partnership investment in energy makes a positive contribution to consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run; and (iii) public-private partnership investment in energy and renewable energy consumption also significantly causes consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions at different frequency levels in India. The present study recommends that policymakers in India should apply a series of policies to discourage the use of non-renewable energy and raise the share of renewable energy in order to reduce consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in the country. The present study also recommends that public-private partnership investment in renewable energy should increase to achieve cleaner production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of humanity's most significant problems in the twenty-first century revolves around how to balance the mitigation of environmental pollution while achieving sustainable economic development. Despite increased awareness and dedication to climate change, the planet is still seeing a drastic decrease in the volume of pollutant emissions. This study explores the long-run and causal impact of economic growth, financial development, urbanization, and gross capital formation on Malaysia's CO2 emissions based on the STIRPAT framework. The current paper employs recently developed econometric techniques such as Maki co-integration, auto-regressive distribution lag (ARDL), fully modified OLS (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), and wavelet coherence and gradual shift causality tests to investigate these interconnections. The advantage of the gradual shift causality test is that it can capture the causality in the presence of a structural break(s). The findings from the Maki co-integration and ARDL bounds tests reveal evidence of cointegration among the variables. The ARDL test reveals that economic growth, gross capital formation, and urbanization exert a positive impact on CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the wavelet coherence test reveals that there is a significant dependency between CO2 emissions and economic growth, gross capital formation, and urbanization. The Toda Yamamoto and Gradual shift causality tests reveal that there is a (a) unidirectional causality from urbanization to CO2 emissions, (b) unidirectional causality from economic growth to CO2 emissions, and (c) unidirectional causality from gross capital formation to CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to explore the role of globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey while controlling energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness. To achieve this objective, we employ dual adjustment approach. The main novelty of the dual adjustment approach is that the method offers another path to the cointegration analysis by relaxing the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. The findings clearly reveal that (i) in the long run, globalization impacts ecological footprint positively and (ii) trade openness reduces ecological footprint in the short run, while ecological footprint is negatively affected by GDP growth in both the short and the long run. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that in order to improve the environmental quality, Turkey should adopt such policies that encourage energy consumers to shift toward renewable energy. Moreover, the government should take necessary steps to diversify the overall energy mix toward renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is globally acceptable that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are one of the greenhouse gases are considered the main factor influencing global warming and environmental degradation. The present study focuses on China, the world's largest carbon emitter. The study aims to capture the time-frequency dependency of economic growth and CO2 emissions in China for the time period 1950–2016 using a wavelet coherence approach, which allows us to investigate both the long-run and short-run causal links of the estimated variables. In order to capture the long-run and causal linkage between economic growth and CO2 emissions, the study employs Maki cointegration, wavelet coherence, Toda-Yamamoto causality, Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality, and nonparametric Granger causality tests. The findings of this study reveal that (i) there is a significant vulnerability between economic growth and CO2 emissions throughout the 2000s both the short-term and medium-term; (ii) there is long-run cointegration linkage between economic growth and CO2 emissions in China; (iii) economic growth in China has an important power for predicting CO2 emissions over the selected study period, especially in the short-term and medium-term; and (iv) it was observed that there is positive correlation between economic growth during the 1980s and 1990s in the short-term only. The outcome of the Toda-Yamamoto causality, Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality, and nonparametric Granger causality tests underlines that economic growth is a robust policy variable for predicting CO2 emissions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 50 years, urban population of Turkey has grown from 25 to 75%. Urbanization is highly linked with one of the most important global problems which is global warming through accelerating economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness that are considered to be the main indicators of climate change in environmental literature. The main purpose of the present research is to examine the long-run effect of economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization on environmental degradation and causal link among the indicators under consideration in Turkey by taking into account the moderating role of urbanization over the period of 1960–2016. Aiming to establish robust findings, this study utilized both traditional and modern econometric techniques, including Bayer and Hanck cointegration, Gregory and Hansen cointegration, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), Granger causality, Toda-Yamamoto causality, and Gradual Shift causality tests. The cointegration tests reveal that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization, and the moderating role of urbanization are cointegrated. The outcomes of the long-run estimators—FMOLS and DOLS—reveals that environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid and the existence of moderating role of urbanization on indicators of CO2 emissions is confirmed for the case of Turkey. Moreover, the causality tests mirror that while energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization are important for predicting CO2 emissions, the moderating role of urbanization leads CO2 emissions in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the co-movement between urbanization and environmental sustainability for the period 1950 to 2014 using the wavelet coherence technique within the global framework. The wavelet coherence technique allows us to investigate both the long-run and short-term causal relationships between urbanization and environmental sustainability within the global framework. The findings reveal that (i) wavelet correlation from the global perspectives indicates a significant wavelet relationship between urbanization and environmental sustainability for medium- and long-term horizons; however, the correlations are not significant for the short-term horizons; (ii) significant vulnerabilities in urbanization and environmental sustainability are observed at different periods and different frequency levels; (iii) urbanization has reliable power for explaining environmental sustainability at different periods between 1970 and 2000. Based on our study, we suggest that global urban planners and policymakers should support modern environment-friendly technologies and renewable energies to control global CO2 emissions and pollutions created by industrialization; policy action to fight climate change is as well recommended as evidence supports to compact city theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the volume of carbon emissions in the US is a significant share of the global greenhouse gas emissions, some salient factors are being currently examined so as to reverse the threat to global environmental sustainability. To this regard, the current study investigates the co-movement and long-term and short-term causal relationship between CO2 emission (a proxy for environmental quality) and renewable consumption, immigration, and healthcare by using the wavelet coherence approach which primarily provides information on dynamic correlations over time and for different time scales. The coherence approach allows the one-dimensional time data into the bi-dimensional time-frequency sphere between the variables. In addition to investigating the causal relationship between CO2 and renewable consumption, immigration, and healthcare, this study also employs gradual-shift causality and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests. With this, the study found a high variation for CO2 emission in the US at 8 scales (8 quarters) from 1999 to 2008. Additionally, there is significant feedback causality between CO2 emission and renewable consumption at different scales while a positive correlation between the variables is observed in the short run. Similarly, the result reveals that immigration significantly causes CO2 emission in the US from 2008 to 2010 and a two-way causality is detected between CO2 emission and healthcare at different frequencies and time period. Moreover, the Toda-Yamamoto causality and gradual-shift causality tests provide supportive evidence to the outcomes of the wavelet coherence–based causality test in this study. Overall, the investigation offers significant policy directive especially toward addressing the potential adverse effects from the country's immigration and healthcare amendments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the long-run and causal effects of energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization, and trade openness on CO2 emissions in Turkey using newly developed econometric techniques. To our best knowledge, there has been no study examining the relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization, and economic growth in Turkey. Therefore, this study proposes to fill this gap in the literature. In this study, we use time series data covering the years between 1960 and 2015. To capture long-run effects, we used ARDL, FMOLS, and DOLS estimators, while wavelet coherence technique is used to explore causal effects among the variables. Our results reveal that (i) there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between CO2 emissions and energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization, and trade openness; (ii) in the long-run, CO2 emission in Turkey is significantly triggered by energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanization; and (iii) the results of the wavelet coherence-based causality test provide supportive evidence to the long-run estimations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]