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A significant proportion of marine plastic debris and microplastics is assumed to be derived from river systems. In order to effectively manage plastic contamination of the marine environment, an accurate quantification of riverine flux of land-based plastics and microplastics is imperative. Rivers not only represent pathways to the ocean, but are also complex ecosystems that support many life processes and ecosystem services. Yet riverine microplastics research is still in its infancy, and many uncertainties still remain. Major barriers exist in two aspects. First, nonharmonized sampling methodologies make it problematic for compiling data across studies to better estimate riverine fluxes of microplastics globally; Second, the significant spatiotemporal variation of microplastics in rivers which was affected by the river characteristics, MPs properties, etc. also have important influence on the estimation of riverine MPs fluxes. In this study, we made a comprehensive review from the above two aspects based on published peer-reviewed studies and provide recommendations and suggestions for a reliable monitoring strategy of riverine MPs, which is beneficial to the further establish sampling methods for rivers in different geographical locations. Besides, methods for achieving a high level of comparability across studies in different geographical contexts are highlighted. Riverine microplastic flux monitoring is another important part of this manuscript. The influential factors and calculation methods of microplastic flux in rivers are also discussed in this paper.