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China is currently in the process of the middle and late stage of industrialization, and energy-related CO 2 emissions have reached 10 Gt. This paper models energy consumption and related CO 2 emissions and analyzes the development trends of various driving factors of CO 2 emissions, explicitly considering China's economic and social development goals in the medium- and long-term. Different scenarios for 2020-2060 are projected based on the Kaya identity. Energy consumption will peak at 6,200 Mtce in 2035 in the BAU scenario with the energy-related CO 2 emissions peaking at 11.1 Gt in 2026-2027 advanced by the rising non-fossil energy share, while energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in the accelerated transition scenario would be potentially reduced by 300 Mtce and 300-400 Mt respectively. In the BAU scenario, the net CO 2 emissions will remain around 2,000 Mt in 2060, after removing 1,800 Mt by CCS/CCUS, indicating that China needs to enhance its post-2030 policy to deliver the carbon neutrality pledge. Steady energy efficiency improvement, radical industrial and energy restructuring are three key driving forces for carbon neutrality., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Vietnam has witnessed a rapid increase in national-level CO 2 emissions due to rising urbanization, economic expansion, export growth, and industrial development. Moreover, to support the ambitious economic growth targets, reliance on and consumption of fossil fuels are increasing by each passing year. With this circumstance, this study aims to analyze the key drivers of CO 2 emissions in Vietnam from 1990 to 2016 using the Kaya identity and decomposition method. Following this approach, CO 2 emissions have been decomposed into five effect categories comprising population, affluence, energy intensity, fuel mix, and emission intensity. As per the results, CO 2 emissions in Vietnam were mainly driven by rising affluence (58.5%) and changing fuel mix (33.2%) which have resulted from improved living standards, rapid industrial development, and higher fossil fuel consumption. Moreover, population (13.8%) and emission intensity (3.1%) exhibited a relatively lower impact on CO 2 emissions during 1990-2016. However, energy intensity (- 8.7%) was the only negative driver which has resulted in the slowdown of carbon emissions in Vietnam. Based on the analysis of energy policy development, the share of renewable energy resources was still quite low in the national energy mix with higher reliance on traditional fossil fuels (mainly coal and petroleum). Therefore, to make a transition towards low-carbon economic growth, significant improvements in energy efficiency and emission intensity are necessary together with national energy mix restructuring for low-carbon economic growth.

To effectively combat global warming, an enormous reduction in CO 2 emissions is required. Cameroon, which is currently the largest emitter of CO 2 in the CEMAC subregion, has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 32% by 2035. However, previous studies in Cameroon have only addressed the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions without estimating all causal relationships at the same time. Moreover, no study has yet decomposed this country's CO 2 emissions to date. To fill these research gaps and further assess the determinants of these CO 2 emissions, an extended Kaya identity and the Logarithm Mean Divisia Index (LMDI I) have been applied in this paper to identify, quantify, and explain the main drivers of Cameroon's CO 2 emissions from 2007 to 2014. Seven effects were measured and the main findings show that carbon intensity and the emission factor increased by 0.57% and 107.50% respectively. Regarding contributions to the increase of CO 2 emissions, the population effect was the most positive followed by the activity effect, whereas the energy intensity, the substitution of fossil fuels and the penetration of renewable energies have contributed to reduce the CO 2 emission. To enable Cameroon to not only achieve the goals of its vision but also develop a low-carbon economy, this paper provides some proposed avenues that should be considered by policymakers.

This paper applied the Tapio and LMDI methods based on an extended Kaya identity, to evaluate the decoupling and factors that influenced the relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions in Cameroon from 1990 to 2015. The analysis covered the two main sectors of Cameroon's economic activity, and the decoupling indicators were broken down into five factors. The results showed that Cameroon performed weak decoupling throughout this study period. A weak negative decoupling and a strong negative decoupling appeared during the periods 1990-1992 and 1993-1994, whereas a strong decoupling occurred only from 1994 to 1995 and between 2004 and 2006. From a general point of view, we found that demographic change, followed by energy intensity and economic activity, played a negative role in decoupling, while economic structure and emission factors had promoted the development of decoupling. A comparative analysis of the industrial and tertiary sectors revealed that industrial growth determined the degree of decoupling of CO 2 emissions from Cameroon's economic growth. The policy will need to optimize and significantly adjust the energy and industrial structures if Cameroon's 2035 emission reduction targets are to be reached. This requires a change in Cameroon's energy consumption and economic development pathways for optimal outcomes.