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In a previous study in inhabitants in the Kakehashi River basin allowable values of urinary cadmium were calculated to be 1.6–3.0µg/g creatinine for men and 2.3–4.6µg/g creatinine for women, with these values found to differ little from those of a control group. These results raise concern that even in inhabitants of Cd non-polluted areas in Japan renal injury may be induced by general environmental cadmium exposure. Against this background, in 3 different Cd non-polluted areas we investigated the associations between blood and urine Cd concentrations and indices of renal involvement in a total of 2753 inhabitants aged =50 years. We reported that the obtained results suggested an adverse renal impact induced by general environmental cadmium exposure. On the other hand, Ikeda et al conducted a similar investigation in 607 women from 13 different Japanese Cd non-polluted areas from whom blood and urine samples were obtained, but detected no clear dose-response relationship between Cd exposure and indices of renal impact

We have investigated a dose-response relationship between renal dysfunction and cadmium concentration in urine (Kakehashi River basin, Jinzu River basin and non-polluted areas), cadmium concentration in rice (Kakehashi River basin and Jinzu River basin) and life-time cadmium intake (Kakehashi River basin). Moreover we have calculated an allowable value in individual index of cadmium exposure. In this study, we investigated a dose-response relationship between renal dysfunction and life-time cadmium intake in individual subjects using logistic regression analysis, and calculated the allowable level of life-time cadmium intake among the inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin.