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Background: In 2020, reduction mammoplasties and mastopexies comprised 34.2% of all breast surgeries performed by plastic surgeons. Various approaches for the skin incision of these procedures have been described. The vertical pattern has become an increasingly popular option due to its lower scar burden. However, it is prone to dog-ear formation along the caudal aspect of the incision. Herein, we describe 5 technical steps to eliminate the dog-ear in patients undergoing vertical mammoplasties., Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent vertical breast reduction and mastopexy between the years 2008 and 2020 performed by the senior author. The 5 steps employed in eliminating the dog-ear are delineated and depicted pictorially., Results: A total of 58 patients and 89 breasts were operated upon. A majority of 66.6% were Caucasian, 33.3% were African American, and 1 patient was of Hispanic descent. The mean age was 53.2 years (19-73 years), and average BMI was 31.5 kg/m 2 (21.3-42.7 kg/m 2 ). The average resection weights for reduction and mastopexy patients were 479 grams (100-1500 grams) and 58.1 grams (18-100 grams), respectively. Mean follow-up was 10.5 months (1-35 months). Only one patient developed a dog-ear (1.7%) in bilateral breasts (2.2%); however, the patient did not request a revision. Our revision rate over 13 years remained at 0%., Conclusions: Utilizing these 5 technical steps reduces the risk of dog-ear deformity and thereby diminishes the overall need for revisional surgery in patients undergoing short scar vertical mammoplasties., Competing Interests: Disclosures: The authors report no known or perceived conflicts of interest regarding the material presented in this manuscript., (© 2023, HMP Global. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited. Content may not be reproduced in any form without written permission. Rights, Permission, Reprint, and Translation information is available at www.hmpglobal.com.)

Background: Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) pedicled flaps are a well-established method for breast reconstruction in women with inadequate soft tissue coverage following mastectomy for breast cancer. The robust nature of the latissimus blood supply can accommodate immediate implant placement to increase breast volume; however, a known risk factor with this technique is implant malposition. By utilizing an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in subpectoral implant-based LDM reconstruction, it is hypothesized that patients will experience a lower incidence of implant malposition. This 13-year retrospective review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of breast reconstruction using this technique., Methods: A retrospective review was conducted to identify all patients who underwent breast reconstruction following mastectomy with a LDM flap, subpectoral implant, and an ADM from 2007 to 2020 by a single surgeon at a single institution. Demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed., Results: A total of 40 patients (LDM flaps, N = 51) were identified. Mean participant age was 50.25 ± 9.67 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.85 ± 6.15 kg/m 2 . Comorbidities included hypertension (40.0%), diabetes mellitus (17.5%), and current smoking (25.0%). Mean follow-up was 31.52 ± 29.51 months. The most common complication was seroma formation (9.8%). No patients experienced implant malposition or flap necrosis., Conclusions: The use of a LDM flap and an ADM in implant-based breast reconstruction are each well described in the literature. This 13-year series supports the efficacy of these techniques utilized in combination to provide an aesthetic result while mitigating implant malposition during breast reconstruction of oncologic patients., Competing Interests: Disclosures: This study received no means of outside funding. The authors report no known or perceived conflicts of interest regarding the material presented in this manuscript., (© 2022, HMP Global. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited. Content may not be reproduced in any form without written permission. Rights, Permission, Reprint, and Translation information is available at www.hmpglobal.com.)

Background: Breast reconstruction in the obese patient is often fraught with poor patient satisfaction due to inadequate volume restoration. The off-label hyperinflation of saline implants is a direct yet controversial solution to this problem, with limited studies in the literature. This study sought to determine the safety and efficacy of this technique for breast reconstruction., Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to identify all patients with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 who underwent breast reconstruction between the years 2013 to 2020 with saline implants filled beyond the manufacturer's maximum recommended volume., Results: The 21 patients identified had an average age of 49 years. The mean BMI was 39.5 kg/m2. A total of 42 implants were placed; 34 were 800 mL, 4 were 750 mL, and 4 were 700 mL. The average overfill volume was 302 mL (138%). Mean follow-up was 65.0 months. Of these, 1 (4.8%) patient with a history of chest wall radiotherapy underwent reoperation for unilateral implant exposure 27 days after the index procedure, no patient sustained spontaneous leak or rupture, and 1 patient had unilateral deflation following emergent central line and pacemaker placement 2 years after the implant was placed for an unrelated cardiovascular event., Conclusions: Hyperinflation of saline implants beyond the maximum recommended volume may be considered for volume replacement in obese patients undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction. This practice is well tolerated, has a complication rate comparable to using implants filled to the recommended volume, and has the potential to restore lost breast volume in the obese patient post mastectomy., Competing Interests: Disclosures: This study received no means of outside funding. The authors report no known or perceived conflicts of interest regarding the material presented in this manuscript., (© 2022, HMP Global. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited. Content may not be reproduced in any form without written permission. Rights, Permission, Reprint, and Translation information is available at www.hmpglobal.com.)

Introduction: Use of local anesthesia in awake patients undergoing hand surgery has become increasingly popular. A thorough understanding of local anatomy, such as the distal wrist for ulnar nerve block, is required to provide safe blockade. We sought to conduct an anatomic study of the distal wrist and review cadaveric studies describing various techniques for ulnar nerve block. Methods: Dissection of fresh-frozen cadaver forearms at the University of Louisville Robert Acland Fresh Tissue Lab assessing relationships between the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon and the ulnar nerve and the ulnar artery was performed. Three cadaveric studies on ulnar nerve blockade using the ulnar, volar, and/or transtendinous technique were identified and reviewed. Results: A total of 16 cadaver forearms of equal male to female ratio were obtained. The ulnar nerve was noted to be directly posterior to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon in 15 (93.8%) forearms, with 1 (6.3%) specimen having the nerve extend along the ulnar border of the flexor carpi ulnaris. The ulnar artery was radial to the ulnar nerve 1 cm proximal to the pisiform in all specimens. In all 3 cadaveric studies, only the ulnar technique was associated with no ulnar artery and/or ulnar nerve injury. Conclusion: Knowledge of distal wrist anatomy can help minimize risk of iatrogenic injury during local blockade. On review, the ulnar approach provides the safest method for ulnar nerve block., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s).)

Objective: Lateral breast defects of various causes can be reconstructed with random patterned local flaps utilizing oncoplastic techniques. These local flaps are used frequently in other areas but are infrequent in breast reconstruction despite affording excellent utility in small lateral defects. We sought to demonstrate this with a case series involving 5 patients who underwent oncoplastic breast surgery with random patterned flap reconstruction. Methods: From 2016 to 2017, 3 different varieties of random flaps were used in 5 women requiring lateral breast defect reconstruction secondary to resection of localized cancer or cutaneous lesion. The local flaps included a rhomboid flap, the bilobed flap, and a rotational flap. Patients were then evaluated in the clinic 10 to 12 months postoperatively for complications, symmetry, and satisfaction of reconstruction. Results: In 4 of 5 patients, the local flap remained fully viable and there was no incidence of seroma, infection, or further complications. One patient developed a post-operative hematoma requiring evacuation and a second patient experienced distal flap necrosis and delayed wound healing. Patients reported satisfaction with the reconstruction. Conclusions: Several random patterned local flaps exist for a variety of breast defects. They can yield excellent cosmetic results, high patient satisfaction, and bolster a low rate of complications. Our case series emphasizes the utility of random patterned flaps for lateral breast oncoplastic reconstruction., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s).)

Objective: Management of calcaneal wounds is challenging due to a paucity of tissue, complex local anatomy, and limited vascularity. These wounds are commonly associated with lower extremity fractures, which are often treated with external fixation. Free tissue transfers are frequently employed as a means for closure of plantar heel wounds; however, postoperative management can be challenging due to their dependent location. We sought to describe how simple modification of the external fixator can help relieve direct pressure, provide joint immobilization, and optimize accessibility necessary for flap survival. Methods: Three patients requiring autologous free tissue reconstruction of hindfoot defects were immobilized using an external fixator with a "kickstand" modification. Viability of the transferred tissue and the postoperative outcomes were assessed. Results: All free flaps survived with no associated complications. The "kickstand" modification was well tolerated with minimal discomfort. All 3 patients expressed satisfaction with early return to ambulation. Conclusion: An external fixator with a "kickstand" modification provides an essential function in maintaining the viability of the transferred tissue to plantar calcaneal wounds.

Purpose: Breast augmentation is the most commonly performed aesthetic operation in the Unites States annually. With the increasing popularity of gel implants, optimal incisional length for specific implant volumes becomes a factor to consider. Our study is the first, to date, to measure optimal incisional length for increasing Mentor smooth, round, moderate plus silicone implant volumes. Method: Three cadaver breasts were dissected in our anatomy laboratory. After dissection of a subpectoral pocket via an inframammary fold incision, time of implant insertion was measured for increasing volumes with the use of increasing incisional site lengths. Results: Values for increased incisions are as follows: 2.5-cm incision facilitated 100-cm 3 implant (average time [AvgT] 76 seconds); 3-cm incision 100-cm 3 implant (AvgT 32 seconds), 200 cm 3 (AvgT 84.33 seconds); 3.5-cm incision 100-cm 3 implant (AvgT 13.00 seconds), 200 cm 3 (AvgT 22.00 seconds), 300 cm 3 (AvgT 33.67 seconds); 4-cm incision 100-cm 3 implant (AvgT 5.67 seconds), 200 cm 3 (AvgT 11.33 seconds), 300 cm 3 (AvgT 21.33 seconds), 400 cm 3 (AvgT 26 seconds); 4.5-cm incision 100-cm 3 implant (AvgT 5 seconds), 200 cm 3 (AvgT 15.17 seconds), 300 cm 3 (AvgT 19.67 seconds), 400 cm 3 (AvgT 26 seconds), 500 cm 3 (AvgT 39.67 seconds), 600 cm 3 (AvgT 59.33 seconds), 700 cm 3 (AvgT 78.67 seconds); 5-cm incision 100-cm 3 implant (AvgT 1 second), 200 cm 3 (AvgT 3.67 seconds), 300 cm 3 (AvgT 8 seconds), 400 cm 3 (AvgT 13 seconds), 500 cm 3 (AvgT 19.33 seconds), 600 cm 3 (AvgT 23.33 seconds), 700 cm 3 (AvgT 28 seconds), 800 cm 3 (AvgT 33 seconds). Conclusion: Based on our results, the optimal incision size for increasing Mentor smooth, round, moderate plus volumes is as follows: 2.5 cm for 100-cm 3 implant, 3 cm for 200-cm 3 implant, 3.5 cm for 300-cm 3 implant, 4 cm for 400-cm 3 implant, 4.5 cm for 500- to 700-cm 3 implant, and 5 cm for 800-cm 3 implant. This guideline can be used to provide the most aesthetic results without tissue compromise.