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Abstract: Seasonal patterns of seabed erosion and deposition in a dynamic estuarine environment, the York River (USA), are examined through acoustic studies and seabed sampling to identify the dominant environmental controls on sediment mobility. Areas near Clay Bank in the York River were surveyed monthly using a dual-frequency sonar for a 12 month period. In addition, six stations within these areas were sampled during the surveys. Strong spatial and temporal variations of a soft mud layer were identified, providing new insight to recurring seasonal and spatial patterns in deposition and erosion in the middle reaches of the York River estuary. Sub-bottom data indicated maximum thickness (5–22 cm ± 4 cm) of the soft mud layer during spring and winter from April 2008 through March 2009. Minimum thicknesses (1–12 cm ± 4 cm) of the soft mud layer were observed during summer and fall. Maximum thickness coincided with the occurrence of the secondary turbidity maximum near Clay Bank in the York River. Spatial variations in the soft-mud layer thickness were also identified between and within the York River secondary channel, the inactive oyster reef area, the south west flank of the main channel, and the main channel. The upriver secondary channel, the south west channel flank, and the main channel areas were physically dominated. The downriver secondary channel area was biologically dominated and the inactive oyster reef area reflected both physical and biological processes. Water content trends showed no correlation with seabed stability in this area. Observed changes in soft mud thicknesses are interpreted to result from both biological and physical factors, which vary markedly between winter/spring and summer/fall seasons, and among the different environments of the estuary''s channel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]