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1. Prevalence of statin intolerance: a meta-analysis

Author

Bytyçi, I, Penson, PE, Mikhailidis, DP, Wong, ND, Hernandez, AV, Sahebkar, A, Thompson, PD, Mazidi, M, Rysz, J, Pella, D, Reiner, Ž, Toth, PP, Banach, M, LBPMC, and ILEP

Subjects
Male, Kardiologi, Prevention, Clinical Sciences, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Cardiovascular, Lipids, RS, Heart Disease, Risk factors, Statin intolerance, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Risk Factors, RA0421, Prevalence, Humans, Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems, Female, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract

Aims Statin intolerance (SI) represents a significant public health problem for which precise estimates of prevalence are needed. Statin intolerance remains an important clinical challenge, and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This meta-analysis estimates the overall prevalence of SI, the prevalence according to different diagnostic criteria and in different disease settings, and identifies possible risk factors/conditions that might increase the risk of SI. Methods and results We searched several databases up to 31 May 2021, for studies that reported the prevalence of SI. The primary endpoint was overall prevalence and prevalence according to a range of diagnostic criteria [National Lipid Association (NLA), International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)] and in different disease settings. The secondary endpoint was to identify possible risk factors for SI. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence. A total of 176 studies [112 randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 64 cohort studies] with 4 143 517 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of SI was 9.1% (95% confidence interval 8.0–10%). The prevalence was similar when defined using NLA, ILEP, and EAS criteria [7.0% (6.0–8.0%), 6.7% (5.0–8.0%), 5.9% (4.0–7.0%), respectively]. The prevalence of SI in RCTs was significantly lower compared with cohort studies [4.9% (4.0–6.0%) vs. 17% (14–19%)]. The prevalence of SI in studies including both primary and secondary prevention patients was much higher than when primary or secondary prevention patients were analysed separately [18% (14–21%), 8.2% (6.0–10%), 9.1% (6.0–11%), respectively]. Statin lipid solubility did not affect the prevalence of SI [4.0% (2.0–5.0%) vs. 5.0% (4.0–6.0%)]. Age [odds ratio (OR) 1.33, P = 0.04], female gender (OR 1.47, P = 0.007), Asian and Black race (P Conclusion Based on the present analysis of >4 million patients, the prevalence of SI is low when diagnosed according to international definitions. These results support the concept that the prevalence of complete SI might often be overestimated and highlight the need for the careful assessment of patients with potential symptoms related to SI.

Published
2022
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2. Screening for dysglycaemia in patients with coronary artery disease as reflected by fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c: a report from EUROASPIRE IV—a survey from the European Society of Cardiology

Author

Gyberg, Viveca, De Bacquer, Dirk, Kotseva, Kornelia, De Backer, Guy, Schnell, Oliver, Sundvall, Jouko, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Wood, David, Rydén, Lars, Kotseva, K., De Backer, G., Amouyel, P., Bruthans, J., Castro Conde, A., Cifkova, R., De Bacquer, D., De Sutter, J., Deckers, J.W., Dilic, M., Dolzhenko, M., Erglis, A., Ferreira, T., Fraz, Z., Gaita, D., Gielen, S., Gotcheva, N., Goudevenos, I., Gyberg, V., Heuschmann, P., Laucevicius, A., Lehto, S., Lovic, D., Manini, M., Maggioni, A.P., Miličić, D., Moore, D., Nicolaides, E., Pajak, A., Pogosova, N., Reiner, Ž., Rydén, L., Schnell, O., Stagmo, M., Störk, S., Sundvall, J., Tokgözoğlu, L., Tuomilehto, J., Vulic, D., Wood, D., Wood, D.A., Kotseva, K., Jennings, C., Adamska, A., Rydén, L., Gyberg, V., Tuomilehto, J., Schnell, O., Manini, M., Ferreira, T., Taylor, C., Konte, M., Glemot, M., De Bacquer, D., De Backer, G., Sundvall, J., Lund, L., Leiviskä, J., De Bacquer, D., De Backer, G., De Pauw, M., Ghysbrecht, C., Vervaet, P., Maria Middelares, A.Z., De Sutter, J., Pardaens, S., Willems, A.M., Sint Lucas, A.Z., Cambier, P., Claeys, R., Deweerdt, N., Nimmegeers, J., Vandekerckhove, H., Verloove, H., Versee, L., Vulic, D., Djekic, D., Malesevic, G., Pejicic, S., Srdic, S., Dilic, M., Begic, A., Hodzic, E., Kulic, M., Sabanovic-Bajramovic, N., Tahirovic, E., Iveljic, I., Kovcic, J., Kusljugic, Z., Nurkic, M., Gotcheva, N., Baycheva, V., Georgiev, B., Vladimirov, G., Gotchev, D., Ivanov, S., Miličić, D., Samardžić, J., Perić, B., Sičaja, M., Nicolaides, E., Eftychiou, C., Eteocleous, N., Georgiou, P., Hadjilouca, C., Moutiris, J.A., Nicolaou, R., Papadopoulos, K., Patsalou, M., Bruthans, J., Cífková, R., Krajcoviechova, A., Wohlfahrt, P., Filipovský, J., Krizek, M., Kviderova, Z., Mayer, O., Vágovičová, P., Vanek, J., Seidlerova, J., Timoracká, K., Adamkova, V., Belohoubek, J., Galovcova, M., Zelenkova, V., Lehto, S., Kiljander, E., Kiljander, P., Kylmaoja, P., Lehto, H.R., Olkkonen, S., Pennanen, J., Herranen, M., Amouyel, P., Astolfi, A.L., Balik, S., Beauchant, S., Dallongeville, J., Devoghelaere, C., Fievet, N., Garboni, P., Lemaire, B., Marecaux, N., Montaye, M., Karmann, W., Held, S., Heuschmann, P., Eichstädt, K., Deckert, L., Fischer, D., Gerhardt, A., Kircher, J., Memmel, Y., Nolte, K., Schich, M., Wahl, V., Wagner, M., Störk, S., Ertl, G., Güntner, S., Leyh, R., Goudevenos, I., Kalantzi, K., Athanassias, D., Goumas, G., Krimbas, P., Richter, D., Sakellariou, D., Agrios, J., Matthaios, I., Papadopoulou, E., Toumanidis, S., Tsouna-Hatjis, E., Boufidou, A., Makedou, K., Lilis, L., Moore, D., Broderick, G., Fallon, N., Storey, S., Baronenko, I., Dormidontova, G., Dulkevica, A., Dzerve, V., Erglis, A., Andrejeva, T., Bricina, N., Jakovleva, J., Jaunromane, A., Keive, E., Klovane, M., Lurina, D., Makarova, L., Matisone, D., Mintale, I., Pahomova-Strautina, E., Putane, L., Stabulniece, M., Vasiljevs, D., Vevere, G., Vilks, J., Laucevicius, A., Alitoit, I., Badariene, J., Grabliauskaite, I., Jursyte, I., Paleviciute, E., Petrulioniene, Z., Serpytis, P., Serpytis, R., Solovjova, S., Smagriunaite, V., Babarskiene, R., Ceponiene, I., Gustiene, O., Karaliute, R., Rumbinaite, E., Slapikas, R., Smalinskas, V., Verseckaite, R., Pająk, A., Brzezicka, E., Łysek, R., Misiowiec, W., Wolfshaut-Wolak, R., Nessler, J., Podolec, P., Mirek-Bryniarska, E., Grodecki, J., Czarnecka, D., Łukaszewska, A., Jankowski, P., Bogacki, P., Gaita, D., Avram, C., Barzuca, E., Gaita, L., Jurca-Simina, F., Iancu, O.C., Lazar, A., Iurciuc, M., Iurciuc, S., Mal, M., Mancas, S., Mihaescu, A., Mociar, D., Mosteoru, S., Pescariu, S., Petrescu, L., Sasec, C., Schiller, A., Amarie, L., Andronic, A., Calin, S., Ciobanu, A., Cotoban, A., Guberna, S., Lungeanu, L., Mihalcea, D., Niculescu, N., Rimbas, R., Udroiu, C., Vinereanu, D., Pogosova, N., Ausheva, A., Boytsov, S., Kursakov, A., Oganov, R., Pozdnyakov, Y., Skazin, N., Lovic, D., Lovic, B., Nedeljkovic, M., Ostojic, M., Djordjevic, D., Kostic, S., Tasic, I., Zdravkovic, M., Anđić, M., Filipović, T., Ilić-Stojanović, O., Ješić-Jukić, M., Jevsnik, N., Lazović, M., Radović, A., Radović, D., Rosić, D., Spiroski, D., Stevović, S., Vidaković, T., Vuković-Dejanović, V., Fras, Z., Jug, B., Juhant, A., Poljancic, A., Poljancic, L., Castro Conde, A., Dalmau Gonzalez-Gallarza, R., Iniesta Manjavacas, A.M., Stagmo, M., Jernhed, H., Stensgaard, E., Gyberg, V., Boström, V., Edman Jönsson, C., Hage, C., Deckers, J.W., Khatibi, S., Yongzhao, F., Veerhoek, M., Smits, P.C., Minneboo, M., Peters, R.J.G., Scholte op Reimer, W., Snaterse-Zuidam, M., Tokgözoğlu, L., Asil, S., Kaya, B., Koçyiğit, D., Kozluca, V., Tulunay Kaya, C., Akyldz, İ., Ergene, O., Varş, E., Akdeniz, B., Göldeli, Ö., Kozan, Ö., Özpelit, E., Altay, S., Çam, N., Eren, M., Kaykçoğlu, M., Kültürsay, H., Aytekin, V., Burak Çatakoğlu, A., Abac, A., Candemir, M., Ünlü, S., Oğuz, A., Barçn, C., Yaşar, S., Yokuşoğlu, M., Aydoğdu, S., Temizhan, A., Ünal, S., Altuğ Çakmak, H., Çimci, M., Öngen, Z., Ateş, G., Koylan, N., Emet, S., Umman, B., Bostan, C., Sansoy, V., Kemal Erol, M., Kemal Kalkan, A., Kaymaz, C., Poçi, N., Dolzhenko, M., Getman, T., Konoplyanik, L., Klimenko, L., Lobach, L., Luchinskaya, Y., Lurie, L., Lutay, M., Mitchenko, E., Nemchena, O., Nosenko, N., Perepelchenko, N., Potashev, S., Radchenko, A., Romanov, V., Shumakov, V., Simagina, T., Sirenko, Y., Sychov, O., Mohnacheva, N., Verezhnikova, A., Zharinov, O., Lishnevskaya, V., Mikropulo, I., Prihodko, V., Shapovalenko, I., Wood, D., Adamska, A., Evans, J., Ioannides, K., Jennings, C., Kasonta, A., Kotseva, K., Onyango, H., Rapacz, A., Wrotniak, B., Dubrey, S., Barbir, M., Connolly, S., Dancy, M., Collins, P., and Kaprielian, R.

Published
2015
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3. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Author

Giuseppe, Mancia, Robert, Fagard, Krzysztof, Narkiewicz, Josep, Redon, Alberto, Zanchetti, Michael, Böhm, Thierry, Christiaens, Renata, Cifkova, Guy, De Backer, Anna, Dominiczak, Maurizio, Galderisi, Diederick E, Grobbee, Tiny, Jaarsma, Paulus, Kirchhof, Sverre E, Kjeldsen, Stéphane, Laurent, Athanasios J, Manolis, Peter M, Nilsson, Luis Miguel, Ruilope, Roland E, Schmieder, Per Anton, Sirnes, Peter, Sleight, Margus, Viigimaa, Bernard, Waeber, Faiez, Zannad, Michel, Burnier, Ettore, Ambrosioni, Mark, Caufield, Antonio, Coca, Michael Hecht, Olsen, Costas, Tsioufis, Philippe, van de Borne, Jose Luis, Zamorano, Stephan, Achenbach, Helmut, Baumgartner, Jeroen J, Bax, Héctor, Bueno, Veronica, Dean, Christi, Deaton, Cetin, Erol, Roberto, Ferrari, David, Hasdai, Arno W, Hoes, Juhani, Knuuti, Philippe, Kolh, Patrizio, Lancellotti, Ales, Linhart, Petros, Nihoyannopoulos, Massimo F, Piepoli, Piotr, Ponikowski, Juan Luis, Tamargo, Michal, Tendera, Adam, Torbicki, William, Wijns, Stephan, Windecker, Denis L, Clement, Thierry C, Gillebert, Enrico Agabiti, Rosei, Stefan D, Anker, Johann, Bauersachs, Jana Brguljan, Hitij, Mark, Caulfield, Marc, De Buyzere, Sabina, De Geest, Geneviève Anne, Derumeaux, Serap, Erdine, Csaba, Farsang, Christian, Funck-Brentano, Vjekoslav, Gerc, Giuseppe, Germano, Stephan, Gielen, Herman, Haller, Jens, Jordan, Thomas, Kahan, Michel, Komajda, Dragan, Lovic, Heiko, Mahrholdt, Jan, Ostergren, Gianfranco, Parati, Joep, Perk, Jorge, Polonia, Bogdan A, Popescu, Zeljko, Reiner, Lars, Rydén, Yuriy, Sirenko, Alice, Stanton, Harry, Struijker-Boudier, Charalambos, Vlachopoulos, Massimo, Volpe, David A, Wood, Mancia, G, Fagard, R, Narkiewicz, K, Redon, J, Zanchetti, A, Böhm, M, Christiaens, T, Cifkova, R, De Backer, G, Dominiczak, A, Galderisi, M, Grobbee, D, Jaarsma, T, Kirchhof, P, Kjeldsen, S, Laurent, S, Manolis, A, Nilsson, P, Ruilope, L, Schmieder, R, Sirnes, P, Sleight, P, Viigimaa, M, Waeber, B, Zannad, F, Burnier, M, Ambrosioni, E, Caufield, M, Coca, A, Olsen, M, Tsioufis, C, Van De Borne, P, Zamorano, J, Achenbach, S, Baumgartner, H, Bax, J, Bueno, H, Dean, V, Deaton, C, Erol, C, Ferrari, R, Hasdai, D, Hoes, A, Knuuti, J, Kolh, P, Lancellotti, P, Linhart, A, Nihoyannopoulos, P, Piepoli, M, Ponikowski, P, Tamargo, J, Tendera, M, Torbicki, A, Wijns, W, Windecker, S, Clement, D, Gillebert, T, Rosei, E, Anker, S, Bauersachs, J, Hitij, J, Caulfield, M, De Buyzere, M, De Geest, S, Derumeaux, G, Erdine, S, Farsang, C, Funck Brentano, C, Gerc, V, Germano, G, Gielen, S, Haller, H, Jordan, J, Kahan, T, Komajda, M, Lovic, D, Mahrholdt, H, Ostergren, J, Parati, G, Perk, J, Polonia, J, Popescu, B, Reiner, Ž, Rydén, L, Sirenko, Y, Stanton, A, Struijker Boudier, H, Vlachopoulos, C, Volpe, M, Wood, D, Mancia, Giuseppe, Fagard, Robert, Narkiewicz, Krzysztof, Redon, Josep, Zanchetti, Alberto, Böhm, Michael, Christiaens, Thierry, Cifkova, Renata, De Backer, Guy, Dominiczak, Anna, Galderisi, Maurizio, Grobbee, Diederick E., Jaarsma, Tiny, Kirchhof, Paulu, Kjeldsen, Sverre E., Laurent, Stéphane, Manolis, Athanasios J., Nilsson, Peter M., Ruilope, Luis Miguel, Schmieder, Roland E., Sirnes, Per Anton, Sleight, Peter, Viigimaa, Margu, Waeber, Bernard, Zannad, Faiez, Burnier, Michel, Ambrosioni, Ettore, Caufield, Mark, Coca, Antonio, Olsen, Michael Hecht, Tsioufis, Costa, Van De Borne, Philippe, Zamorano, Jose Lui, Achenbach, Stephan, Baumgartner, Helmut, Bax, Jeroen J., Bueno, Héctor, Dean, Veronica, Deaton, Christi, Erol, Cetin, Ferrari, Roberto, Hasdai, David, Hoes, Arno W., Knuuti, Juhani, Kolh, Philippe, Lancellotti, Patrizio, Linhart, Ale, Nihoyannopoulos, Petro, Piepoli, Massimo F., Ponikowski, Piotr, Tamargo, Juan Lui, Tendera, Michal, Torbicki, Adam, Wijns, William, Windecker, Stephan, Clement, Denis L., Gillebert, Thierry C., Rosei, Enrico Agabiti, Anker, Stefan D., Bauersachs, Johann, Hitij, Jana Brguljan, Caulfield, Mark, De Buyzere, Marc, De Geest, Sabina, Derumeaux, Geneviève Anne, Erdine, Serap, Farsang, Csaba, Funck Brentano, Christian, Gerc, Vjekoslav, Germano, Giuseppe, Gielen, Stephan, Haller, Herman, Jordan, Jen, Kahan, Thoma, Komajda, Michel, Lovic, Dragan, Mahrholdt, Heiko, Ostergren, Jan, Parati, Gianfranco, Perk, Joep, Polonia, Jorge, Popescu, Bogdan A., Reiner, Željko, Rydén, Lar, Sirenko, Yuriy, Stanton, Alice, Struijker Boudier, Harry, Vlachopoulos, Charalambo, Volpe, Massimo, and Wood, David A.

Subjects
Male, Systolic hypertension, Medical Informatic, Blood Pressure, Guideline, Retinal Disease, chemistry.chemical_compound, Electrocardiography, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Antihypertensive treatment, Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes Complication, Drug Interactions, Metabolic Syndrome, Brain Diseases, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Follow-up, Metabolic Syndrome X, Brain Disease, Organ damage, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Middle Aged, Device therapy, Antihypertensive Agent, Heart Disease, Drug Interaction, Cardiovascular Diseases, Echocardiography, Cerebrovascular Disorder, Hypertension, Cardiology, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Human, medicine.drug, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Ambulatory blood pressure, Heart Diseases, Hormone Replacement Therapy, 610 Medicine & health, Risk Assessment, Perioperative Care, Diabetes Complications, Young Adult, Retinal Diseases, Internal medicine, Weight Loss, medicine, Humans, Blood pressure measurement, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Exercise, Physical Examination, Perindopril/indapamide, Antihypertensive Agents, Aged, Patient Care Team, business.industry, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor, Risk Factor, Cardiovascular complication, Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced, Aliskiren, Cardiovascular risk, Lifestyle, medicine.disease, Weight Lo, Diet, Candesartan, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological, Blood pressure, chemistry, Heart failure, Hyperglycemia, Smoking Cessation, Telmisartan, business, Delivery of Health Care, Risk Reduction Behavior, Medical Informatics, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Contraceptives, Oral
Abstract

ABCD : Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes ABI : ankle–brachial index ABPM : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ACCESS : Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival ACCOMPLISH : Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE : angiotensin-converting enzyme ACTIVE I : Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation AHEAD : Action for HEAlth in Diabetes ALLHAT : Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack ALTITUDE : ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints ANTIPAF : ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation APOLLO : A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People ARB : angiotensin receptor blocker ARIC : Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ARR : aldosterone renin ratio ASCOT : Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial ASCOT-LLA : Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm ASTRAL : Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions A-V : atrioventricular BB : beta-blocker BMI : body mass index BP : blood pressure BSA : body surface area CA : calcium antagonist CABG : coronary artery bypass graft CAPPP : CAPtopril Prevention Project CAPRAF : CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation CHD : coronary heart disease CHHIPS : Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke CKD : chronic kidney disease CKD-EPI : Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration CONVINCE : Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints CT : computed tomography CV : cardiovascular CVD : cardiovascular disease D : diuretic DASH : Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DBP : diastolic blood pressure DCCT : Diabetes Control and Complications Study DIRECT : DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials DM : diabetes mellitus DPP-4 : dipeptidyl peptidase 4 EAS : European Atherosclerosis Society EASD : European Association for the Study of Diabetes ECG : electrocardiogram EF : ejection fraction eGFR : estimated glomerular filtration rate ELSA : European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis ESC : European Society of Cardiology ESH : European Society of Hypertension ESRD : end-stage renal disease EXPLOR : Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination FDA : U.S. Food and Drug Administration FEVER : Felodipine EVent Reduction study GISSI-AF : Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HBPM : home blood pressure monitoring HOPE : Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOT : Hypertension Optimal Treatment HRT : hormone replacement therapy HT : hypertension HYVET : HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial IMT : intima-media thickness I-PRESERVE : Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function INTERHEART : Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries INVEST : INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril ISH : Isolated systolic hypertension JNC : Joint National Committee JUPITER : Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin LAVi : left atrial volume index LIFE : Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives LV : left ventricle/left ventricular LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy LVM : left ventricular mass MDRD : Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MRFIT : Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial MRI : magnetic resonance imaging NORDIL : The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study OC : oral contraceptive OD : organ damage ONTARGET : ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial PAD : peripheral artery disease PATHS : Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PPAR : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PREVEND : Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease PROFESS : Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes PROGRESS : Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study PWV : pulse wave velocity QALY : Quality adjusted life years RAA : renin-angiotensin-aldosterone RAS : renin-angiotensin system RCT : randomized controlled trials RF : risk factor ROADMAP : Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention SBP : systolic blood pressure SCAST : Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke SCOPE : Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly SCORE : Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation SHEP : Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program STOP : Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension STOP-2 : The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension SYSTCHINA : SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial SYSTEUR : SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe TIA : transient ischaemic attack TOHP : Trials Of Hypertension Prevention TRANSCEND : Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VADT : Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial VALUE : Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation WHO : World Health Organization ### 1.1 Principles The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

Published
2013
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4. Overweight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: the EAS FH Studies Collaboration registry.

Author

Elshorbagy A, Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Barkas F, Lyons ARM, Stevens CAT, Dharmayat KI, Catapano AL, Freiberger T, Hovingh GK, Mata P, Raal FJ, Santos RD, Soran H, Watts GF, Abifadel M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Alhabib KF, Alkhnifsawi M, Almahmeed W, Alnouri F, Alonso R, Al-Rasadi K, Al-Sarraf A, Arca M, Ashavaid TF, Averna M, Banach M, Becker M, Binder CJ, Bourbon M, Brunham LR, Chlebus K, Corral P, Cruz D, Davletov K, Descamps OS, Dwiputra B, Ezhov M, Groselj U, Harada-Shiba M, Holven KB, Humphries SE, Kayikcioglu M, Khovidhunkit W, Lalic K, Latkovskis G, Laufs U, Liberopoulos E, Lima-Martinez MM, Maher V, Marais AD, März W, Mirrakhimov E, Miserez AR, Mitchenko O, Nawawi H, Nordestgaard BG, Panayiotou AG, Paragh G, Petrulioniene Z, Pojskic B, Postadzhiyan A, Reda A, Reiner Ž, Reyes X, Sadiq F, Sadoh WE, Schunkert H, Shek AB, Stroes E, Su TC, Subramaniam T, Susekov AV, Tilney M, Tomlinson B, Truong TH, Tselepis AD, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Vázquez-Cárdenas A, Viigimaa M, Vohnout B, Yamashita S, and Ray KK

Abstract

Background and Aims: Overweight and obesity are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the general population, but their prevalence in individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and whether they confer additional risk of ASCVD independent of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) remains unclear., Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 35 540 patients with HeFH across 50 countries, in the EAS FH Studies Collaboration registry. Prevalence of World Health Organization-defined body mass index categories was investigated in adults (n = 29 265) and children/adolescents (n = 6275); and their association with prevalent ASCVD., Results: Globally, 52% of adults and 27% of children with HeFH were overweight or obese, with the highest prevalence noted in Northern Africa/Western Asia. A higher overweight/obesity prevalence was found in non-high-income vs. high-income countries. Median age at familial hypercholesterolaemia diagnosis in adults with obesity was 9 years older than in normal weight adults. Obesity was associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile independent of lipid-lowering medication. Prevalence of coronary artery disease increased progressively across body mass index categories in both children and adults. Compared with normal weight, obesity was associated with higher odds of coronary artery disease in children (odds ratio 9.28, 95% confidence interval 1.77-48.77, adjusted for age, sex, lipids, and lipid-lowering medication) and coronary artery disease and stroke in adults (odds ratio 2.35, 95% confidence interval 2.10-2.63 and odds ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.27-2.14, respectively), but less consistently with peripheral artery disease. Adjusting for diabetes, hypertension and smoking modestly attenuated the associations., Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are common in patients with HeFH and contribute to ASCVD risk from childhood, independent of LDL-C and lipid-lowering medication. Sustained body weight management is needed to reduce the risk of ASCVD in HeFH., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Published
2025
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6. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias.

Author

Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, Hoes AW, Jennings CS, Landmesser U, Pedersen TR, Reiner Ž, Riccardi G, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Verschuren WMM, Vlachopoulos C, Wood DA, Zamorano JL, and Cooney MT

Subjects
Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Dyslipidemias complications, Europe, Humans, Risk, Sex Factors, Societies, Medical, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Dyslipidemias therapy
Published
2016
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7. The ACC/AHA 2013 guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: the good the bad and the uncertain: a comparison with ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias 2011.

Author

Ray KK, Kastelein JJ, Boekholdt SM, Nicholls SJ, Khaw KT, Ballantyne CM, Catapano AL, Reiner Ž, and Lüscher TF

Subjects
Adult, American Heart Association, Cholesterol, LDL blood, Europe, Evidence-Based Medicine, Global Health, Humans, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors therapeutic use, Hypercholesterolemia prevention & control, Patient Selection, Primary Prevention methods, Risk Assessment methods, Risk Factors, Risk Reduction Behavior, Societies, Medical, United States, Atherosclerosis prevention & control, Dyslipidemias prevention & control, Practice Guidelines as Topic
Abstract

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most important public health problem of our time in both Europe and the rest of the world, accounting for the greatest expenditure in most healthcare budgets. Achieving consistency of clinical care, incorporating new evidence and their synthesis into practical recommendations for clinicians is the task of various guideline committees throughout the world. Any change in a set of guidelines therefore can have far reaching consequences, particularly if they appear to be at variance with the existing guidelines. The present article discusses the recent American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines 2013 on the control of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults. When compared with the ESC/EAS guidelines on lipid modification in 2011, the ACC/AHA guidelines of 2013 differ markedly. Specifically, (i) the scope is limited to randomized trials only, which excludes a significant body of data and promotes essentially a statin centric approach only; (ii) the abolition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets in favour of specific statin regimens that produce a 30-50% reduction in LDL-C we believe will confuse many physicians and miss the opportunity for medication adherence and patient engagement in self-management; (iii) the absence of target LDL-C levels in very high-risk patients with high absolute risk or residual risk factors will discourage clinicians to consider the addition of lipid modification treatments and individualize patient care; (iv) a reduction in the threshold for treatment in primary prevention will result in a greater number of patients being prescribed statin therapy, which is potentially good in young patients with high life time risk, but will result in a very large number of older patients offered therapy; and (v) the mixed pool risk calculator used to asses CVD risk in the guidelines for primary prevention has not been fully evaluated. This article discusses the potential implications of adopting the ACC/AHA guidelines on patient care in Europe and beyond and concludes with the opinion that the ESC/EAS guidelines from 2011 seem to be the most wide ranging, pragmatic and appropriate choice for European countries.

Published
2014
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8. Passive smoking and smoking cessation among patients with coronary heart disease across Europe: results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.

Author

Prugger C, Wellmann J, Heidrich J, De Bacquer D, Perier MC, Empana JP, Reiner Ž, Fras Z, Jennings C, Kotseva K, Wood D, and Keil U

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Europe epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Coronary Disease epidemiology, Smoking Cessation statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Smoke Pollution statistics & numerical data
Abstract

Aims: Passive smoking is the inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). We aimed to describe the frequency of passive smoking among patients with CHD and to investigate the association between ETS exposure and smoking cessation., Methods and Results: The EUROASPIRE III survey was conducted in 2006-07 among CHD patients up to 80 years of age from 22 European regions. Patients were interviewed and examined on average 15 months after hospital admission for CHD. Information was obtained on smoking prior to hospital admission, smoking at interview, and ETS exposure at home, at work, and at other locations. Breath carbon monoxide was measured to validate self-reported non-smoking. Among 8729 patients, 6060 (69.4%) were non-smokers prior to hospital admission, of whom 10.3% reported ETS exposure at home, 7.2% at work, and 13.8% at other locations. Overall, 24.2% of non-smokers were exposed to ETS at any place. Among the 2669 patients who were smoking prior to hospital admission, the likelihood of cessation at interview was lower in those with ETS exposure at home than in those without [25.3 vs. 58.1%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.33]. This finding applied also to ETS exposure at work (32.2 vs. 52.7%; adjusted OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.76) and at other locations (38.0 vs. 52.8%; adjusted OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.48-0.84)., Conclusion: A noteworthy proportion of non-smokers with CHD are exposed to ETS. Passive smoking may jeopardize smoking cessation among CHD patients.

Published
2014
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