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Background/Objectives:There is few data on the association between dietary fiber intake and estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-defined breast cancer risk. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between total dietary fiber and dietary fiber fractions intake and breast cancer risk by ER and PR status in a hospital-based case-control study among Chinese women.Subjects/Methods:Four hundred and thirty-eight cases with primary breast cancer were consecutively recruited from June 2007 to August 2008 and frequency matched to 438 controls by age (5-year interval) and residence (rural/urban). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the dietary intake through a face-to-face interview. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for various potential confounders.Results:A statistically significant inverse association was found between total dietary fiber and fiber fractions intake and breast cancer risk. The adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the highest versus the lowest quartile of intake were 0.31 (0.20-0.47) for total dietary fiber, 0.73 (0.48-1.11) for soy fiber, 0.48 (0.22-0.97) for vegetable fiber and 0.54 (0.31-0.92) for fruit fiber. No association was observed for cereal fiber intake and risk. An inverse association between dietary fiber intake and breast cancer risk was observed in ER+, ER−, PR+, ER+PR+ and ER−PR+ tumors.Conclusions:Our results suggest that consumption of total dietary fiber and fiber from vegetable and fruit was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. These inverse associations were more prominent in some subtypes of ER and PR breast cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To describe the pattern of meal glycaemic load of children in Hong Kong and to determine whether the meal glycaemic load is associated with childhood overweight.Method:Dietary records (3-day) of 316 Hong Kong children aged 6–7 years were collected. Glycaemic load was calculated from the estimated weight (WT), carbohydrate content (%CHO) and glycaemic index (GI) of each food taken using the equation: (% CHO × GI × WT/100). The meal glycaemic load was then the sum of the glycaemic loads of all food taken in each meal. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare the average meal glycaemic load (of breakfast, lunch and dinner) and other dietary parameters between overweight children and normal-weight children.Results:Breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks provided, respectively, 17, 29, 29 and 25% of the total glycaemic load in a day. White rice (excluding congee (rice porridge) and glutinous rice) contributed almost half of the total glycaemic load. Adjusted logistic regression showed that the meal glycaemic load was not significantly associated with childhood overweight after adjusting for parental obesity, birth weight, sleeping duration, mean energy intake and paternal smoking.Conclusion:Meal glycaemic load calculated from current diet was not an independent factor associated with childhood overweight in children aged 6–7 years. Our data suggested that modifying the type of rice/staple consumed and choosing low-GI snacks could have a major influence on the total meal glycaemic load of young Hong Kong children.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 220–227. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602305; published online 9 November 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To assess the association between soyfood intake and risk of glycosuria. DESIGN AND METHODS:: A cross-sectional study was conducted among participants of the Shanghai Women's Health Study, a population-based cohort study of women aged 40-70?y. Information on usual intake of soyfoods was obtained at baseline survey through an in-person interview using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Included in this study were 39,385 cohort members screened for diabetes at the baseline survey and free of previously diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and cancer. There were 323 women who tested positive for urine glucose. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were employed to measure the association between soyfood intake and glycosuria using unconditional logistic regression. SETTING:: Urban communities of Shanghai, China. RESULTS:: Overall, soyfood intake was not related to the risk of glycosuria. Among postmenopausal women, however, intake of tofu and other soy products was inversely associated with risk of glycosuria after adjustment for potential confounders. The ORs across quintiles of intake were 1.0, 0.75 (95% CI=0.47-1.20), 0.79 (95% CI=0.51-1.25), 0.53 (95% CI=0.32-0.88), and 0.51 (95% CI=0.26-0.98; P for trend=0.05). Further analyses showed that the inverse association was primarily confined to postmenopausal women with a body mass index (BMI) of <25?kg/m2. The adjusted OR comparing the extreme quintiles was 0.36 (95% CI=0.13-0.97; P for trend=0.004). CONCLUSIONS:: Soyfoods may play a role in the development of glycosuria, an important indicator of diabetes, among postmenopausal women with a low BMI. SPONSORSHIP:: The study was supported partially by USPHS Grant R01CA70867.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 615-620. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601855 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: To identify the major dietary patterns among preschoolers and assess the relation of major dietary patterns to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)., Subjects/methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted comprising a large sample of 14,912 children aged 3-6 years old in Ma'anshan city of Anhui Province in China. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 10-item Chinese version of the Conners' abbreviated symptom questionnaire were administered to assess usual dietary intakes and ADHD. Social-demographic information was also collected. Major dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis. Logistic regression was employed to explore the association of dietary patterns with ADHD., Results: Five dietary patterns were identified explaining 47.96% of the total diet variation. The "processed" dietary component was the principal pattern that explained the higher percentage of variability, 24.69%. After controlling for potential confounders, preschoolers in the top quintile of the "processed" (odds ratio (OR) = 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-1.86) and "snack" (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.49-2.07) dietary pattern score had greater odds for having ADHD symptoms compared with those in the lowest quintile. Lowest scores on the "vegetarian" were associated with significantly a higher likelihood of indications of ADHD symptoms (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.56-0.79)., Conclusions: This study showed that preschoolers tend to choose unhealthy dietary pattern in Ma'anshan, China. "Processed" and "snack" dietary patterns were significantly and positively correlated with ADHD symptoms, while "vegetarian" dietary patterns were negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms.

Background/objectives: This study investigates the effects of a carbohydrate (CHO; lotus-root starch) predominant, late-evening snack (LES), containing 200 kcal (50 g CHO) on fasting resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutrient oxidation in hospitalized adults with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF)., Subjects/methods: Adults with ACLF were randomized to receive daily LES (treatment; n=35) or standard care (n=35; non-supplemented control) for 14 days. REE and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry, nutrient oxidation (CHO, protein and fat), intake and biochemical parameters were measured in both groups at baseline and after 14 days using validated techniques. Disease severity was measured using the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)., Results: No significant differences in macronutrient intake, anthropometric, demographic characteristics or MELD scores were observed between groups at baseline (P>0.05). Fasting RQ was significantly higher in the LES supplemented verses the control group after 2 weeks (P=0.02). CHO oxidation was significantly higher (P=0.001) and fat oxidation (P=0.02) was lower in the LES-supplemented group when compared with controls after 2 weeks. Fasting RQ and REE in the LES-supplemented group increased significantly (0.83 verses 0.88; P=0.007/1301±409 vs 1687±718 kcal/day; P=0.02) in patients with MELD scores 30 when compared with patients with MELD scores >30 (0.82 verses 0.84; P=0.27/ 1361±405 vs 1437±429 kcal/day; P=0.67) after supplementation., Conclusions: A carbohydrate-predominant LES is associated with increases in fasting carbohydrate oxidation, REE and reductions in fat oxidation in adults with ACLF. Therapeutic strategies utilizing LES may promote improved nutritional status in adults with ACLF.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) on blood triglyceride (TG) in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects., Methods: A double-blind controlled clinical trial was carried out, in which 112 subjects with hypertriglyceridemia were randomly divided into two dietary oil groups: (1) long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT) and (2) MLCT. All subjects were requested to ingest fixed energy and to continue their normal activity levels, and to consume LCT or MLCT oil at 25-30 g daily during the study period. Anthropometric measurements of body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, body fat percentage, waist and hip circumference (WC and HC), areas of subcutaneous and visceral fat by computed tomography scanning and blood biochemical markers were measured at the beginning and end of the study., Results: There were 50 and 51 subjects left in LCT and MLCT groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in daily intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate, as well as the daily physical activity between the two groups during the study. After 8 weeks, MLCT group showed a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, WC, HC, ratio of WC and HC, body fat, body fat percentage and subcutaneous fat when compared with the initial values. The decrease in body weight, BMI, WC, body fat and subcutaneous and visceral fat was significantly greater in MLCT group than that in the LCT group. Furthermore, the serum concentrations of TG in MLCT group were significantly lower than those in the LCT group., Conclusions: Consumption of MLCT may reduce body weight, body fat and blood TG in hypertriglyceridemic subjects under an appropriate dietary regime.