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Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the association between perceived stress and multifarious eating away from home among Chinese adults in different genders., Methods: We examined cross-sectional data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2018 among Chinese adults aged 18-59 years. A self-reported questionnaire involving the perceived stress scale with 10 items (PSS-10), and the food frequency questionnaire about eating away from home were used. Adjusted two-level zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to explore the association., Results: There were 3161 males and 3599 females in the study. The median PSS-10 score was 16.0 and the frequencies of eating 1) breakfast, 2) lunch or supper, and 3) three main meals away from home were 12, 10, and 49 times per year, respectively. In males, PSS-10 score was not associated with eating away from home. In females, PSS-10 score was significantly positively associated with eating 1) lunch or supper, 2) three main meals, 3) Chinese food away from home, and 4) eating at stalls/restaurants (β 1  = 0.016, P 1  = 0.006; β 2  = 0.014, P 2  = 0.002; β 3  = 0.015, P 3  = 0.013; β 4  = 0.014, P 4  = 0.015 respectively). But there was not association between PSS-10 score and the frequency of eating breakfast away from home in females (β = 0.006, P = 0.325)., Conclusions: Stressed females tend to eat away from home, but the effects are very small., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Objectives: To examine the effects of physical activity (PA) in adults with or without prehypertension at baseline on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hypertension risk by gender., Methods: A total of 5986 men and 6525 women (≥18 years old) without hypertension-related disease at baseline who attended surveys from China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991-2015) at least twice were selected. In terms of the nested data structure, three-level random intercept growth model and three-level logistic regression were used to estimate the relationship between the PA and SBP/DBP or hypertension risk., Results: The incidence of hypertension increased from 10.86% in 1991 to 20.34% in 2015, and the median of PA dropped from 408 MET·h/week in 1991 to 104 MET·h/week in 2015. After adjusting confounders, PA in the third and fourth quartiles decreased SBP (by 0.98 and 0.96 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and DBP (by 0.30 and 0.38 mm Hg, p < 0.05), and it reduced the odds of hypertension by 12 and 15% (p < 0.05), compared with PA in the lowest quartile. For normotensive women in the third quartile of PA and prehypertensive women in the fourth quartile of PA, the risk of hypertension was reduced 15 and 22%, compared with women in the lowest quartile of PA., Conclusions: Physical activity should be improved to the relatively high level to be effective in controlling blood pressure. Normotensive women had an association between physical activity and SBP, DBP, and the risk of hypertension.

Background: Excessive energy intake and unbalanced food choices are major health concerns associated with obesity and related chronic diseases. This study evaluates the levels of dietary energy intake and the energy contributions of macronutrients, major food sources, and various eating occasions and processed food among Chinese adults., Methods: The study examined a cross-sectional sample from CHNS and CNTCS 2015 that used three 24 h recalls and calculated energy intake and food sources based on the China Food Composition Table. After excluding extreme values, the analyses included 11,974 subjects aged 18-64., Results: The estimated energy intake was 2063.3 kcal/d (2243.8 kcal/d for males and 1902.4 kcal/d for females), and 39.1% of subjects met the gender-age-PA-based Estimated Energy Requirement. The proportion of energy from fats was 35.8% without significant age or gender differences. Adults of lower socioeconomic statuses, indicated by lower education levels and lower household incomes per capita, consumed lower percentages of energy from fats and higher percentages from carbohydrates. The study population as a whole reported an average energy density of 1.88 kcal/g and an energy contribution from restaurant foods of 1.8%., Conclusions: The study reports a lower energy intake level than CHNS 2009. Adults living in southern China or urban areas, which are relatively developed regions, or with higher socioeconomic statuses consumed less energy from carbohydrates, moderate amounts from proteins, and more from fats, indicating a need for dietary guidelines or interventions that take into account socio-demographic factors.

Background: Skipping breakfast is becoming common worldwide. Our previous studies showed that the breakfast prevalence was relatively low., Methods: In three cross-sectional studies, breakfast prevalence in various populations in Inner Mongolia Medical University campus in 2011, 2013 and 2017 was investigated. Risk of skipping breakfast in 2017 was analyzed. In follow-up study, the incidence, RR, AR% and PAR% of eating and skipping breakfast from 2011 to 2013 were calculated., Results: Data of 18,231 individuals were collected. Breakfast prevalence growth was 16.1% during the seven years. The annulus growth of breakfast prevalence was 9.3% (2013 vs 2011, P < 0.001) and 6.3% (2017 vs 2013, P < 0.001). The breakfast prevalence of three cross-sectional studies (73.0 vs 64.9%, P < 0.001; 79.5 vs 69.6%, P < 0.001; and 82.8 vs 77.4%, P < 0.001) and the breakfast incidence of a two-year follow-up study (70.6 vs 48.5% 95% CI: 1.12-1.90) both showed that breakfast consumption in medical students is higher than that in students from nonmedical faculties. The seven-year average breakfast prevalence of male and female medical students (70.0 and 82.5%) was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.23-1.39) and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06-1.11) that of male and female students from nonmedical faculties (53.6 and 75.8%), respectively., Conclusion: Medical students have a higher breakfast consumption than nonmedical students. Male students from nonmedical faculties have the lowest breakfast prevalence and the highest breakfast skip risk in our university.