1. Outbreak of typhoid fever in vaccinated members of the French Armed Forces in the Ivory Coast
- Author
-
André Spiegel, R. Michel, M. Morillon, Jean-Paul Boutin, Pierre Saliou, and Eric Garnotel
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Food Contamination ,Salmonella typhi ,Typhoid fever ,Disease Outbreaks ,Cohort Studies ,Feces ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Typhoid Fever ,business.industry ,Public health ,Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ,Outbreak ,Retrospective cohort study ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Vaccination ,Cote d'Ivoire ,Military Personnel ,Food Microbiology ,Salmonella Food Poisoning ,France ,Cucumis sativus ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
In 2001, an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred among the members of the French Armed Forces. All had received a typhoid vaccination as per the immunization schedule practiced in the Armed Forces (every 5 years). A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 94 personnel. The objectives were to confirm the diagnosis, determine the source of contamination and identify the factors associated with defective vaccinal efficacy. Twenty-four cases were clinically identified. A cucumber salad was identified as the contaminating dish (Risk Ratio = 3.6; 95%CI 1.5-8.9). Only one factor was related to defective vaccinal efficacy; the risk of typhoid fever was two-fold higher in people vaccinated more than 3 years previously (Risk Ratio = 2.2; 95%CI, 1.1-4.2). Compliance with food hygiene rules could have prevented 24 cases of typhoid fever. Nevertheless, repeat vaccination against typhoid fever is now conducted every 3 years in the French Forces, in compliance with the manufacturers' recommendations.
- Published
- 2005