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Objectives: There is limited data on the incidence, prevalence, and treatments for myelofibrosis (MF) in Germany. This retrospective study examined claims data from 3.3 million insured individuals, spanning from 2010 to 2021. Methods: Four sensitivity scenarios were explored to identify cases of MF. Point prevalence and cumulative incidence of MF were determined as of December 31, 2021, and within 2021, respectively. A cross‐sectional analysis used the main scenario definition of MF to identify cases and evaluate the period prevalence of patients receiving treatment for symptoms and/or splenomegaly, including first‐line (1L) Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi), second‐line, or further (2L+) MF‐related treatment therapies during 2021. The prevalence of anemia treatment was also reported. Results: The estimated standardized point prevalence of MF on December 31, 2021, was 9.9–12.4 cases per 100 000 persons, and cumulative incidence in 2021 was 1.2–1.8 cases per 100 000 persons. Standardized period prevalence in 2021 for MF patients receiving 1L JAKi and/or 2L+ MF‐related treatment was 4.0 cases per 100 000. Among these patients, 47.1%–53.7% required treatment for anemia, resulting in a period prevalence of 1.9–2.2 cases per 100 000 individuals. Conclusion: The data reveal gaps in MF treatments and the need to improve patient quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]