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2. Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: From chronic kidney disease to cardiovascular impairment.

Author

Granata A, Clementi A, Virzì GM, Brocca A, de Cal M, Scarfia VR, Zanoli L, Ronco C, Corrao S, and Malatino L

Subjects
Atherosclerosis etiology, Cardio-Renal Syndrome etiology, Disease Progression, Humans, Hypertension etiology, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular etiology, Renal Dialysis, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic therapy, Risk Factors, Atherosclerosis diagnosis, Cardio-Renal Syndrome diagnosis, Hypertension diagnosis, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular diagnosis, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic complications
Abstract

Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4), or chronic renocardiac syndrome, has been defined as "chronic abnormalities in renal function leading to cardiac disease" and recognizes the extreme burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is common and increasingly recognized as a risk factor for CVD. Even though the treatment for CVD has dramatically improved over the past decades, it still takes responsibility for up to 50% of deaths in CKD patients. For this reason, patients with CKD should be thoroughly evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors that require careful management, given the significant burden of CRS type 4 on the healthcare system. This review focuses on the most significant conventional and non-conventional CVD risk factors related to CKD., (Copyright © 2016 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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