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Purpose: The patients with femoral metastasis in the inter- or subtrochanteric area could be treated with intramedullary nailing or prosthetic reconstruction, however, it is controversial which surgical treatment could offer less complications and implant failure. Our purpose was to define the risk of complications and implant survival in patients treated with intramedullary nailing or prosthetic reconstruction. Methods: We analyzed studies reporting the risk of complications, reoperations and removal of the implant in patients treated with intramedullary nailing, hemiarthroplasty, arthroplasty or megaprosthesis. Results: We analyzed 27 studies (1346 patients) reporting patients treated with intramedullary nail (51%), hemiarthroplasty (15%), arthroplasty (2%), megaprosthesis with (25%) or without (7%) acetabular component. No difference was found in the overall risk of complications between patients treated with intramedullary nailing 6%, hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty 7% and megaprosthesis 11% (p = 0.23). However, patients treated with megaprosthesis had increased risk of reoperation due to infection (70%), compared to the patients treated with intramedullary nail (13%), and patients treated with hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty (23%) (p = 0.02). Revision due to disease progression was required in 61% of the patients treated with intramedullary nail, but not in patients treated with hemiarthroplasty, total arthroplasty, and megaprosthesis (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Patients treated with megaprosthesis had higher risk of reoperation due to infection, while patients treated with intramedullary nailing had higher risk of revision due to disease progression. Regarding patients treated with megaprosthesis, the risk of reoperation due to dislocation was higher in those treated with acetabular component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Revision shoulder arthroplasty can be challenging. One of the main considerations for surgeons is the type of implant that was placed in the initial surgery. Anatomic shoulder arthroplasty (ASA) is used for cases of osteoarthritis as well as for fractures of the humeral head. Hemiarthroplasty can be used for complex proximal humerus fractures. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in clinical and radiographic outcomes between patients that failed primary fracture hemiarthroplasty (FHA), or ASA for osteoarthritis and then required reoperation with a conversion to reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Methods: Patients with failed anatomic shoulder replacement, who had undergone conversion to RSA, were enrolled after a mean follow-up of 107 (85–157) months. Two different groups, one with failed ASA implanted for osteoarthritis and one with failed FHA, were created. At follow-up patients were assessed with standard radiographs and clinical outcome scores. Results: Twenty-nine patients (f = 17, m = 12; 51%) suffered from a failed ASA (Group A), while the remaining 28 patients (f = 21, m = 74; 49%) had been revised due to a failed FHA (Group B). Patients of Group B had a poorer Constant score (Group A: 60 vs. Group B: 46; p = 0.02). Abduction (Group A: 115° vs. Group B: 89°; p = 0.02) was worse after conversion of a failed FHA to RSA in comparison to conversions of failed ASA. The mean bone loss of the lateral metaphysis was higher in patients with failed FHA (Group A: 5 mm vs. Group B: 20 mm; p = 0.0). Conclusion: The initial indication for anatomic shoulder arthroplasty influences the clinical and radiological outcome after conversion to RSA. Conversion of failed FHA to RSA is related to an increased metaphyseal bone loss, decreased range of motion and poorer clinical outcomes when compared to conversions of failed ASA implanted for osteoarthritis. Level of Evidence: III Retrospective Cohort Comparison Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFF) carry significant morbidity following arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture (FNF). This study assessed fracture complications following arthroplasty for FNF and the effect of cement fixation of the femoral component on intraoperative and post-operative PFF. Methods: Between February 2014 and September 2021, 740 patients with a FNF who underwent arthroplasty were analyzed for demographics, surgical management, use of cement for fixation of the femoral component, and subsequent PFF. Variables were compared with Mann–Whitney or Chi-square as appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess independent risk factors associated with intraoperative or post-operative PFF. Results: There were 163 THAs (41% cemented) and 577 HAs (95% cemented). There were 28 PFFs (3.8%): 18 post-operative and 10 intraoperative. Fewer post-operative PFFs occurred with cemented stems (1.63% vs. 6.30%, p = 0.002). Mean time from surgery to presentation with post-operative PFF was 14 months (0–45 months). Mean follow-up time was 10.3 months (range: 0–75.7 months). In multivariate regression, use of cement and THA was independently associated with decreased post-operative PFF (cement: OR 0.112, 95% CI 0.036–0.352, p < 0.001 and THA: OR 0.249, 95% CI 0.064–0.961, p = 0.044). More intraoperative fractures occurred during THA (3.68% vs. 0.69%, p = 0.004) and non-cemented procedures (5.51% vs. 0.49%, p < 0.001). In multivariate regression, use of cement was protective against intraoperative fracture (OR 0.100, CI 0.017–0.571, p = 0.010). Conclusions: In patients with a FNF treated with arthroplasty, cementing the femoral component is associated with a lower risk of intraoperative and post-operative PFF. Choice of procedure may be based on patient factors and surgeon preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the over-80 s, femoral bone is often osteoporotic and unlikely to be conducive to periprosthetic bone rehabitation. This observation often leads to cemented fixation for hemiarthroplasty in femoral neck fracture. Hydroxyapatite is a bioactive coating that has already demonstrated its osteoinductive properties. Our hypothesis is that hydroxyapatite enables prosthetic osseointegration in patients over 80, as well as periprosthetic cortical thickening. The objective was to evaluate the osseointegration of a hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stem in femoral neck fractures in the over-80 s, and the evaluation of the periprosthetic bone regeneration permitted by hydroxyapatite. Methods: This was a retrospective study. Osseointegration and periprosthetic bone regeneration were assessed on pre-operative, immediate post-operative and last follow-up radiographs with Engh score, O-SS score, cortical index, Canal Bone Ration (CBR) and Canal Fill Ratio (CFR). Results: One hundred and forty-six patients were included. At last follow-up, 99.3% (n = 145) of stems were osseointegrated. The mean Engh score was 19.9 [SD 3.1]. The mean O-SS score was 19.1 [SD 2.4], corresponding to very good osseointegration. The mean CBR at last follow-up was 0.48 [SD 0.07], corresponding to a non-osteoporotic femur. There was a significant difference with pre-operative CBR (p < 0,001). The pre-operative cortical index and the index at the last follow-up were significantly different for all levels of measurement (p < 0,001). The CFR at last follow-up was also significantly different with the post-operative CFR (p < 0,001). Conclusion: This study shows the value of using a hydroxyapatite-coated stem on senile, osteoporotic bone to improve cortical thickness along the entire length of femoral bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a known complication of hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures (FNF) with various prophylactic anticoagulants utilized to decrease risk. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and perioperative outcomes associated with aspirin for VTE prophylaxis following arthroplasty for FNF. Methods: Medical records of 1,220 patients who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) at an urban academic center from 2011 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics and perioperative outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), VTE, 90-day hospital encounters, and discharge disposition, were collected. Outcomes for patients prescribed aspirin (n = 214) were compared to those prescribed non-aspirin VTE prophylaxis (n = 1006) using propensity score matching. Results: Patients who received aspirin had higher rates of THA (36.0 vs 26.7%; p = 0.008). There were no significant risk-adjusted differences in the incidence of VTE (0.5 vs 0.5%, p = 1.000) and 90-day readmissions (10.4 vs 12.3%, p = 0.646) between patients prescribed aspirin and non-aspirin VTE prophylaxis, respectively. Patients prescribed non-aspirin agents had higher rates of non-home discharge (73.9 vs 58.5%; p < 0.001) and longer LOS (143.5 vs 124.9 h; p = 0.005). Sub-analysis of patients prescribed aspirin and non-aspirin prophylaxis based on comorbidity scores demonstrated no difference in VTE incidence for low (0.0 vs 1.6%, p = 1.000) and high scores (0.0 vs 0.0%, p = 1.000), respectively. Conclusion: Aspirin is not associated with increased incidence of VTE after HHA or THA for FNF. Aspirin prophylaxis should be considered in hip fracture patients to mitigate bleeding risk, particularly those with low to intermediate VTE risk. Level of evidence: Level III, Retrospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The surgical management of intertrochanter femur fracture in elderly patient is still under debate. Various implants can be utilised but prosthetic replacement is gaining popularity. This study was performed to evaluate the functional and clinical outcomes of cemented bipolar arthroplasty as a primary treatment for unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients (> 70 years). Materials and methods: Thirty-seven patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patient (> 70 years) who underwent cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Intra-operative and post-operative complications were noted; functional outcomes were assessed using Harris hip score (HHS). All patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 months. Results: Overall 90% of patients has some minor or major intra or post-operative complication. One year mortality rate was 16% (6/37). Cardiopulmonary events were the most common life threatening incident. Mean fall in Haemoglobin was 1.6 gm/dL. The average time for full weight bearing mobilisation with the help of walker was 2.8 ± 1.2 days (1–8 days). The average duration of surgery was 58 ± 6 min (44–96 min) with an average blood loss of 126 ± 24 mL (90–380 mL). HHS at the end of 12 months was 77. Conclusions: The use of bipolar hemiarthroplasty in senile patient with unstable hemiarthroplasty gives an advantage of early weight bearing. However, it is associated with risk of significant intra or post-operative morbidity due to intra-operative trauma, surgical time and blood loss during the surgery. Although hemiarthroplasty can be a single-time solution to the complexities of intertrochanter fracture in elderly patients but should be performed in selected patients only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although there are concerns about nonunion of the greater tuberosity or shoulder weakness, hemishoulder arthroplasty (HSA) is a viable treatment option for irreducible four-part proximal humerus fractures-dislocation without rotator cuff tear arthropathy. This study aims to analyze the long-term radiological and functional outcomes of HSA. Methods: This study enrolled 36 patients who underwent HSA due to irreducible four-part proximal humerus fracture-dislocation without rotator cuff tear arthropathy between March 2005 and May 2020. The exclusion group included 10 reverse total shoulder arthroplasty patients. The mean age and mean follow-up period were 68.6 years old and 48.6 months, respectively. Radiological assessments, such as vertical and horizontal greater tuberosity position, greater tuberosity healing, and implant position, were evaluated. Clinically, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score (ASES), Constant-Murley Score (CMS), and range of motion were evaluated. Results: The greater tuberosity union rate was 55.6% (n = 20), with 44.4% (n = 16) experiencing nonunion, malunion, and bone resorption. The mean vertical and horizontal greater tuberosity positions showed significant difference at last follow-up compared to immediate postoperation. The retroversion of the implant was 23.8 ± 4.61°, and the acromio-humeral interval was 7.6 ± 1.34 mm. The mean last follow-up ASES and CMS were 39.5 ± 4.03 and 55.4 ± 10.41, respectively. The mean active forward flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation were 100.9 ± 15.04°, 92.5 ± 14.47°, 44.2 ± 12.83°, and 42.5 ± 15.32°, respectively. Conclusion: In long-term follow-up, the greater tuberosity was superiorly migrated and externally rotated. Active forward flexion and abduction in the last follow-up were significantly limited. However, in terms of pain relief, a satisfactory result was seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was initiated to analyze the outcome after distal femoral replacement (DFR) for periprosthetic distal femoral fractures (PDFF). Methods: Data from the German Arthroplasty Registry (EPRD) were analyzed. A total of 626 patients could be identified with a DFR for PDFF. Mean age was 78.8 years, and 84.2% were female. Revisions and mortality were analyzed and compared with patient groups with a similar procedure (revision total knee arthroplasty) or similar general condition (fracture total hip arthroplasty, hip hemiarthroplasty). Matched-pair-analyses were performed. Results: Within one year after surgery, 13.2% of the patients had died and further 9.4% were revised. Within four years, 32.7% had died and 19.7% were revised. Revisions were nearly twice as high as in the comparison groups. Periprosthetic infection (PJI) was the most frequent cause for revision, resulting in a PJI rate of 12.8%, which was lower in the comparison groups. Mortality after DFR was as similar high as after fracture hip arthroplasty. Conclusion: PDFF are a serious injury, and the necessary surgical treatment has a high risk of complications. Every third patient after DFR for PDFF had died and every fifth patient needed revision within 4 years after surgery. Efforts should be undertaken to provide optimal treatment to these high-risk patients to reduce unfavorable outcomes. Level of evidence: III. Registration of clinical trials: As this is a registry-derived study of data of the German Arthroplasty Registry (EPRD), no registration was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Minimizing complications is an important focus in hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) for femoral neck fracture (FNF) patients given the associated high morbidity and mortality rates. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical and functional outcomes associated with the direct anterior approach (DAA) compared to other surgical approaches used for HHA. Methods: Studies evaluating HHA-treated FNFs using the DAA were compared through meta-analysis to all other surgical approaches combined and as distinct subgroups. Outcomes included overall complication rate, mortality rate, dislocation rate, reoperation rate, periprosthetic fracture rate, infection rate, length of stay (LOS), mobility, perioperative blood loss, operative time, and postoperative pain. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, totaling 2,018 HHAs. DAA significantly reduced the overall complication rate (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 0.94, p = 0.01), dislocation rate (OR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.77, p = 0.01), and LOS (mean difference (MD) = −1.31 days, 95% CI − 2.12 to − 0.50, p = 0.002). Findings from studies that were not appropriate for meta-analysis were qualitatively summarized and suggested improved mobility and reduced postoperative pain with the DAA. Significant differences were not detected in any of the remaining outcomes. Conclusion: The DAA HHA appears to be safer, reduces hospital stay, and may improve early functional recovery. This article supports the DAA HHA as a safe option for the management of displaced intracapsular FNFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The outcomes of shoulder hemiarthroplasty are highly dependent on the baseline glenoid morphology and the rotator cuff integrity. The objective of this study was to assess whether certain glenoid parameters and implant overstuffing are associated with worse clinical outcomes following shoulder hemiarthroplasty. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 25 patients who underwent shoulder hemiarthroplasty for shoulder arthritis, with a mean follow-up of 5.3 years. The baseline glenoid morphology, the glenoid wear rate, the proximal humeral head migration and implant overstuffing were evaluated radiologically in all patients. The radiological parameters were correlated with the functional outcomes. Results: The Constant-Murley score, the ASES score, and the OSS score were significantly better for patients with a concentric baseline glenoid compared to those with an eccentric glenoid. The Constant-Murley score and the ASES score were also improved in patients without implant overstuffing compared to patients with implant overstuffing (p < 0.05). However, glenoid wear was not associated with worse functional outcomes (p = 0.23 for Constant-Murley score, p = 0.15 for ASES score and p = 0.27 for OSS score). Last, a worse Constant-Murley score was strongly correlated with proximal humeral head migration (p < 0.001), while worse ASES and OSS scores were moderately correlated with proximal humeral head migration (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the results of hemiarthroplasty can be improved through careful selection of patients upon the baseline glenoid type morphology and proper implant sizing to avoid implant overstuffing. Moreover, glenoid wear is not associated with worse clinical outcomes, therefore shoulder hemiarthroplasty should be reconsidered as an alternative in younger patients with shoulder arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Clostridium difficile colitis is a serious complication in elderly patients undergoing surgery. The objectives of this study were: (1) to use a nationwide sample of patients to report the incidence and timing of C. difficile colitis in geriatric patients who underwent surgery for hip fractures, (2) to identify preoperative factors associated with developing C. difficile colitis and mortality. Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation of the 2016–2019 ACS Targeted Hip Fracture database merged with the ACS-NSQIP database. Patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture were included. Outcomes studied were incidence, preoperative, and postoperative risk factors for occurrence of C. difficile infection and mortality. Chi-squared tests were used to compare demographics between the patients infected (study) and not infected (control). Logistic regression models were utilized to compute the odds ratios (OR) testing for the association of independent factors on developing C. difficile infection postoperatively and mortality. A statistical threshold was set at p < 0.008. Results: The incidence of C. difficile infection within 30 days of hip fracture surgery was 0.81%. Fifty percent of infections were diagnosed within 9 days postoperatively. Preoperative and hospital-associated factors associated with development of C. difficile infection were ≥ 2 days until operation (OR 1.88 [95% CI 1.39–2.55], p < 0.001) and dependent functional status (OR 1.43 [95% CI 1.14–1.79], p = 0.002). After adjusting for multiple comorbidities, increased age, male sex, COPD, CHF, dependent functional status, and C. difficile infection were associated with increased mortality within 30 days of surgery (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Clostridium difficile colitis is a serious infection after hip fracture surgery in geriatric patients with an incidence of about 1%. Patients at increased risk should be targeted with preventative measures to prevent the morbidity from this complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerative arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, hallux rigidus, is the most common type of arthritis of the foot, affecting nearly 2.5% of the population over the age of 50. Hallux rigidus can be treated surgically with either Cheilectomy or Synthetic cartilage implant (SCI) hemiarthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to compare outcomes from a single institution on the treatment of hallux rigidus using cheilectomy and SCI hemiarthroplasty. Between 2012 and 2020, 49 patients underwent either a SCI (Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels) hemiarthroplasty or Cheilectomy for the treatment of hallux rigidus. Functional scores were assessed pre and postoperatively using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle scoring System (AOFAS) and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score survey (FAOS). Plantar and Dorsal range of motion was also assessed pre and postoperatively. Outcomes, complications, and any reoperations were recorded for all patients. Mean pre-op AOFAS for Cheilectomy and SCI were 49.6 and 54.8, respectively, compared to 85.3 and 89.7, respectively, after surgery (p value < 0.05). Mean pre-op Dorsal range of motion (ROM) for Cheilectomy and SCI were 24.0 and 26.0 degrees, respectively, compared to 38.0 and 42.6 degrees, respectively, after surgery (p value < 0.05). SCI hemiarthroplasty patients had higher AOFAS and dorsal ROM at the latest follow up (p value < 0.05). Synthetic cartilage implant (SCI) hemiarthroplasty and cheilectomy both offer promising results and remain viable treatment options to decrease pain, improve function, and maintain motion for hallux rigidus. SCI hemiarthroplasty may offer superior range of motion and functional outcomes than cheilectomy for hallux rigidus. Level of Clinical Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of both randomized controlled and observational studies comparing surgical interventions for proximal humerus fractures. Methods: Systematic review of Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar, including all level 1–3 studies from 2000 to 2022 comparing surgical treatment with ORIF, IM nailing, hemiarthroplasty, total and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RTS) was conducted. Clinical outcome scores, range of motion (ROM), and complications were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's ROB2 tool and ROBINs-I tool. The GRADE system was used to assess the overall quality of the body of evidence. Heterogeneity was assessed using χ2 and I2 statistics. Results: Thirty-five studies were included in the analysis. Twenty-five studies had a high risk of bias and were of low and very low quality. Comparisons between ORIF and hemiarthroplasty favored ORIF for clinical outcomes (p = 0.0001), abduction (p = 0.002), flexion (p = 0.001), and external rotation (p = 0.007). Comparisons between ORIF and IM nailing were not significant for clinical outcomes (p = 0.0001) or ROM. Comparisons between ORIF and RTS were not significant for clinical outcomes (p = 0.0001) but favored RTS for flexion (p = 0.02) and external rotation (p = 0.02). Comparisons between hemiarthroplasty and RTS favored RTS for clinical outcomes (p = 0.0001), abduction (p = 0.0001), and flexion (p = 0.0001). Complication rates between groups were not significant for all comparisons. Conclusions: This meta-analysis for surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures demonstrated that ORIF is superior to hemiarthroplasty, ORIF is comparable to IM nailing, reverse shoulder arthroplasty is superior to hemiarthroplasty but comparable to ORIF with similar clinical outcomes, ROM, and complication rates. However, the study validity is compromised by high risk of bias and low level of certainty. The results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Ultimately, shared decision making should reflect the fracture characteristics, bone quality, individual surgeon's experience, the patient's functional demands, and patient expectations. Level of evidence: Level III; systematic review and meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We assessed acetabular erosion, hip function, quality of life (QoL), pain, deep infection, mortality, re-operation and dislocation rates in patients with displaced femoral neck fractures (dFNFs) treated with unipolar versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty at different postoperative time points. Methods: Relevant Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were identified, following comprehensive literature research in Medline, Cochrane Central and Scopus databases, from conception until August 31th, 2021 and analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Results: Database research retrieved 120 studies; sixteen met eligibility criteria, providing 1813 (1814 hips) evaluable patients. Acetabular erosion was significantly higher for unipolar group at 6 and 12 months (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01 respectively). Patients in the bipolar group presented significantly better hip function at 12 and 24 months (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively). Postoperative pain was significantly less in the bipolar group at 12, 24 and 48 months (p = 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found regarding the postoperative rates of deep infection, mortality, re-operation and dislocation. Conclusion: This study showed that patients with dFNFs treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty have lower acetabular erosion rates at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, better hip function at 12 and 24 months, better QoL and less pain, when compared with unipolar. No statistically significant difference could be established regarding deep infection, mortality, re-operation and dislocation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Following proximal humeral fractures hemiarthroplasty (HA) or reversed total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) are performed if osteosynthesis or conservative treatment is not possible. HA has been reported to result in decreased functional outcomes compared with rTSA. Secondary shoulder arthroplasty, performed after a different initial treatment, has also been associated with inferior outcomes. Methods: Patients recieving a shoulder arthroplasty related to a proximal humeral fracture from 2010 to 2019 were included. A retrospective analysis of functional outcomes was performed using QuickDASH and subjective shoulder value (SSV). Results: The mean [standard deviation (SD)] follow-up time among the 82 included patients was 48 (28) months. The mean age was 70 (10) years. The mean age for HA was significantly different from rTSA [57 (9) and 72 (21) years; p <.001]. The mean QuickDASH score for primary arthroplasty was 11 (2) versus 12 (16) for secondary arthroplasty (p =.313). The mean SSV for primary arthroplasty was 84 (22) versus 82 (17) for secondary arthroplasty (p =.578). The mean QuickDASH score for HA was 24 (36) versus 9 (15) for rTSA (p =.346). The mean SSV for HA was 70 (34) versus 86 (17) for rTSA (p =.578). Conclusion: Functional outcomes after fracture-related shoulder arthroplasty were excellent in an older population, even when performed secondarily after failed primary osteosynthesis or conservative treatment. No significant differences in shoulder function were identified between rTSA and HA, likely due to restrictive indications for HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review our experience with the pectoralis-major-pedicled bone window for the revision of shoulder arthroplasty. Methods: This study used the retrospective case series of six patients who underwent a pectoralis-major-pedicled bone window for revision of shoulder arthroplasty, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Demographic, clinical, and radiological data were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the included patients was 72.6 years old (standard deviation (SD) 4.7), and 83.3% were women (5/1). The mean follow-up was 36.6 months (range 25–48 months). Five patients had a shoulder hemiarthroplasty and one patient a reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The indications for revision were pain in five patients and recurrent dislocation in one patient. No intraoperative complications were found. One patient developed a wound infection that required debridement and a two-stage revision. Despite complications, 2 years after surgery, the range of motions and functional scores were improved from preoperative levels. The difference between preoperative and postoperative VAS pain scores was 7.1 points (p < 0.001). The difference between preoperative and postoperative CSS and ASES questionnaires were 32 and 31.6 points, respectively (p < 0.001). At the final follow-up, all radiographs showed bone union of the osteotomy, good fixation of all components, without evidence of prosthetic loosening or migration. Conclusions: Revision of a shoulder arthroplasty using a pectoralis-major-pedicled bone window can be an effective treatment that can yield pain relief; however, improvements in motion and function were difficult to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Proximal humeral fracture-dislocations (PHFD) are challenging to treat. In older patients, usually arthroplasty is performed. In younger patients, osteosynthesis is chosen. This study presents functional outcomes of these different treatment modalities. Methods: All patients operated for PHFD from 2010 until 2017 were included. Osteosynthesis was performed in younger patients and if reconstruction was possible. Either an open deltopectoral approach or a minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) was performed. Hemiarthroplasty (HA) was done if reconstruction of the tubercles was possible, age was below 63 years and no signs of osteoarthritis were present. In all other cases, a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) was done. The primary endpoint was functional outcome assessed with the QuickDASH Score (QDS). Secondary outcomes were subjective shoulder value (SSV), complications, revisions, and conversion into arthroplasty. Results: The mean follow-up of 40 patients was 56 ± 24 months. The mean QDS was 4.5 (0.6–9.1) and the mean SSV was 90 (80–98.6). Of these, 33 patients (mean age: 50) had an osteosynthesis, 25 were treated with MIPO. Only 18% were converted into an arthroplasty after a mean of 22 months. Among them, 7 patients received a primary arthroplasty (mean age: 68), no revisions were recorded. Subgroup analysis showed functional outcome deficits in avascular necrosis (AVN) compared to no AVN (p = 0.021), revision surgery compared to no revision (p = 0.040) and in HA compared to rTSA (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Both osteosynthesis and primary arthroplasty after PHFD can lead to good or even excellent functional outcome. Revision rates in osteosynthesis are high. Revision procedures or secondary conversion into arthroplasty after failed osteosynthesis decrease outcome scores significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to compare the differences between direct anterior approach (DAA) and direct lateral approach (DLA) in hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) after displaced femoral neck fracture (FNF) in early functional outcome, hospital length of stay, morbidity and mortality rates. Methods: This non-interventional retrospective study, carried out at a tertiary trauma centre within the Spanish National Health System, included all patients who underwent a bipolar HHA between 1st January 2018 and 31st December 2019 performed by 2 of our hip unit surgeons. Results: A total of 94 patients were included (40 in DAA group and 54 in DLA group). Median follow-up was 19.2 months (range 8–30.8 months). Postoperative degree of mobilisation showed statistically significant differences in favour of DAA group, where 35% of patients were able to walk with no assistance after surgery. DAA group had 1 day less of hospitalisation in contrast with DLA group overall (8 days vs 9 days, respectively, p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were not detected in comparing postoperative complications, re-operations rates or 6-months mortality rate. Conclusion: Our study highlights the benefits of DAA for HHA after displaced FNF in terms of postoperative mobilisation degree and hospitalisation length of stay when compared to DLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cemented hemiarthroplasty is a well-documented treatment for patients with femoral neck fractures (FNFs). However, there are not many cohort studies comparing different types of hemiarthroplasty (HA). Objective: To compare CPT and Lubinus SP2 HA for FNF patients concerning complications and radiological measurements. Methods: From January 1, 2013, CPT was introduced instead of Lubinus SP2 as the new cemented HA due to a regional procurement. Data were retrieved 3 years prior and after the introduction. All patient health records were retrospectively reviewed for types of implant, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and duration of admission. All X-ray images were analyzed for radiological measurements concerning offset, stem angulation and cement filling. Mortality and major complications within 1 year were retrieved from patient health records as well as the Danish National Patient Registry. Major complications were defined as dislocations, periprosthetic fractures and revisions. Results: 584 cemented HA were included, 300 CPT and 284 with Lubinus SP2. The mean age (SD) was 82 (8.2) years, and there was no baseline difference between the groups concerning age, sex, ASA score and mortality. There were 8.7% major complications for CPT and 9.2% for Lubinus SP2 (p = 0.836). There were, however, seven periprosthetic fractures in the CPT group and one in the Lubinus SP2 group (p = 0.04). In contrast, there were 20 dislocations in the Lubinus SP2 group and 10 in the CPT group (p = 0.042). There was no statistical difference between the stem angulation and periprosthetic fractures (p = 0.824) or major complications (p = 0.602). The Lubinus SP2 had a mean plus 2.7 mm offset postoperatively (p = 0.001), while the CPT had plus 10.6 mm (p < 0.000). The mean (SD) angle of the stems was 1.39 (1.75) degrees for Lubinus SP2 and 2.46 (1.99) for CPT. There was no difference in cementation (p = 0.308). Conclusion: There was no overall statistical difference between the CPT and Lubinus SP2 stem regarding major complications. However, the CPT had a higher prevalence of periprosthetic fractures, while the Lubinus SP2 had a higher dislocation prevalence. The CPT stem had overcorrection of offset and a higher degree of varus positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Bipolar hemiarthroplasty has been shown to have a lower rate of dislocation than total hip arthroplasty. However, as the influencing risk factors for bipolar hemiarthroplasty dislocation remain unclear, we aimed to analyse patient and surgeon-specific influencing risk factors for bipolar hemiarthroplasty dislocation. Methods: We retrospectively analysed patients who were operated between 2012 and 2018 and had dislocated bipolar hemiarthroplasty and matched them to patients without a dislocated bipolar hemiarthroplasty, operated between 2018 and 2019. The study was limited to patients who received either a pre- or postoperative pelvic computed tomography. Besides demographic, morphologic, and physiologic data, we analysed duration of surgery; ASA score; Charlson Comorbidity Index; Almelo Hip Fracture Score; Parker Score; and acetabular morphology angles including acetabular anteversion angle, posterior acetabular sector angle, posterior wall angle, and acetabular roofing. Results: We included nine patients with a dislocated bipolar hemiarthroplasty and 30 with a non-dislocated bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Patient-specific factors prompting a higher risk for dislocated bipolar hemiarthroplasty were longer duration of surgery (min) (115 ± 50 vs. 80 ± 27, p = 0.01); dementia (56% vs. 13%, p < 0.01); smaller posterior acetabular sector angle (°) (96 ± 6 vs. 109 ± 10, p < 0.01); and smaller posterior wall angle (°) (67 ± 6 vs. 77 ± 10, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Dementia and insufficient posterior wall angle were associated with higher risk of dislocation in bipolar hemiarthroplasty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distal humeral fractures represent approximately 2% of fractures in adults and are often treated operatively to restore stable humeral columns and allow early elbow motion. Diagnosis is made with orthogonal radiographs. The traction view radiograph and computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction can be helpful in preoperative planning. Treatment options include: (1) nonoperative management, which is reserved for lower-demand, medically unwell, elderly patients, (2) surgical osteosynthesis, which remains the treatment of choice for most fractures, and (3) prosthetic replacement with either hemiarthroplasty or total elbow arthroplasty, which is indicated for distal complex comminuted fracture patterns in elderly, low-demand patients with poor bone quality. A thorough understanding of the anatomy around the elbow is critical when planning surgical approach and reduction. Controversies exist in the following areas: (1) surgical approach, (2) management of the ulnar nerve, (3) plating technique—parallel versus orthogonal, and (4) whether osteosynthesis or prosthetic elbow replacement is superior in the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A hip hemiarthroplasty is the treatment of choice for a displaced femoral neck fracture in elderly patients not eligible for total hip arthroplasty. There is continuing debate about the optimal surgical approach for this operation, with the most commonly used approaches being posterior and lateral. Objective: To compare the outcomes of the posterior and the lateral approaches in patients with a displaced femoral neck fracture treated by hemiarthroplasty. Method: A retrospective study was carried out in two high-volume teaching hospitals in the Netherlands. Electronic patient records were searched for patient characteristics, the operative approach and adverse outcomes. Results: A total of 1009 patients with a median age of 86 years were included. The posterior approach was used in 51.1% of patients. There were no differences in surgical site infection and periprosthetic fracture rates. There was a trend towards more dislocations in the posterior approach (2.9% vs. 1.4% with an OR of 2.1, 95% CI 0.8–5.1). An uncemented hemiprosthesis was used in 62.7% of patients. Deep surgical site infections and periprosthetic fractures occurred more often in the uncemented group (OR 2.9 and 7.4, respectively). Conclusion: No differences in adverse outcomes between both approaches could be shown. This study did confirm the relatively high incidence of post-operative complications in uncemented prostheses. Therefore, the cemented prosthesis should be the treatment of choice, with the approach dependent on surgeon preference and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hemiarthroplasty is commonly performed to treat femoral neck fractures. Still, there is a lack of consensus concerning the best component for hemiarthroplasty: unipolar and bipolar implants. Last meta-analysis on this topic is outdated, and an update of current evidences is required. The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis comparing the unipolar versus bipolar implants for hemiarthroplasty, focusing on the clinical scores, perioperative data, further complications and mortality rate. Materials and methods: In September 2019, the main databases were accessed: all the clinical trials comparing unipolar versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures were considered for inclusion. For the methodological quality assessment, we referred to the PEDro score. For the statistical analysis, we referred to the Review Manager 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen). For implant survivorship, we referred to the STATA/MP software version 14.1 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). Results: A total of 27 articles were considered for inclusion, consisting of 16 randomized and 11 non-randomized clinical trials. A total of 4511 patients were enrolled, undergoing a mean 21.26 months follow-up. A statistically significant reduction in the acetabular erosion was observed in the bipolar group (OR 3.16, P < 0.0001). Although statistically insignificant, the bipolar group reported a reduction in the mean Harris hip score, reduced surgical duration and hospitalization, reduced dislocation and revisions rate. Concerning the mortality, a reduction across all the follow-ups in favor of the bipolar group was detected, but without statistically significance. Conclusions: This meta-analysis evidenced a reduction in the acetabular erosion after bipolar hemiarthroplasty compared to the unipolar implants. Any statistically significant difference concerning the other endpoints of interest was detected. Current evidence concerning this topic are controversial, and further randomized clinical trials are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck is frequent in the elderly. Patients can be treated with either total hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty. There is a continuous discussion about the treatment in elderly patients who are still healthy, active and mentally untroubled. A potential consequence of hemiarthroplasty, especially in the relatively young elderly, could be conversion to total hip arthroplasty. The conversion rate must be acceptable, and clinical outcome must be sufficient to justify the treatment with hemiarthroplasty in this group of patients. This study evaluates the conversion rate of hemiarthroplasty to total hip arthroplasty and clinical outcome in patients under 75 years of age. Methods: This study identified 248 patients, younger than 75 years at time of operation, with a fracture of the femoral neck treated with hemiarthroplasty. Patient-reported outcome measurements (VAS pain during rest and activity and WOMAC) were assessed by telephone interviews. Furthermore, radiographic evaluation for the presence of acetabular wear was performed. Results: At a follow-up of 5.1 (0.9–9.6) years, the conversion rate was 7.3%. Mean VAS pain in rest was 0.89 (0–10), the mean VAS pain during activity was 2.2 (0–10), and the WOMAC showed a mean of 16.51 (0–64). At time of follow-up, 38.7% of patients had died. Radiographic evaluation of the unrevised group showed in one patient signs of acetabulum wear. Conclusion: Hemiarthroplasty in the relatively young elderly after a fracture of the femoral neck demonstrates an acceptable conversion rate. Furthermore, unrevised patients show low complaints of pain. To prevent one conversion to total hip arthroplasty, 13.7 patients should be treated with total hip arthroplasty that will not undergo a conversion at a later stage. Therefore, hemiarthroplasty remains a viable treatment of femoral neck fractures in relatively young patients. There seems to be no space for standardized decision making concerning the choice of treatment. An individual approach is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early mobilization and weight-bearing have been proposed to improve hip fracture outcomes. This study aimed to compare early postoperative complications and outcomes of patients who underwent weight-bearing as tolerated (WBAT) on postoperative day one (POD1) with those that did not on: (1) 30-day mortality; (2) 30-day postoperative major and minor complications; (3) length of stay (LOS); and (4) discharge disposition after hip fracture management. Methods: The NSQIP database was used to identify 7947 hip fracture patients managed with a hemiarthroplasty and internal fixation, sliding hip screw, or cephalomedullary nail, for a total of 5845 patients were allowed to WBAT on POD1. They were compared to patients who were non-WBAT using adjusted multivariate regression models to evaluate the effect of WBAT status on the outcomes above. Results: Among the cephalomedullary nail patients, WBAT on POD1 was associated with a decreased likelihood of mortality. In the cephalomedullary nail and sliding hip screw treatment groups, patients were less likely to experience major and minor complications if they were WBAT on POD1. WBAT patients had shorter LOS in the sliding hip screw and cephalomedullary nail treatment groups. Patients were less likely to be discharged to a non-home facility when WBAT on POD1 regardless of treatment. Conclusion: Early weight-bearing after surgical care of hip fracture seems to decrease morbidity and mortality; however, this effect is treatment dependent. These findings further support the need for early mobilization and rapid recovery programs in the care of hip fracture patients. Level of evidence: Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although there are reports of the impact of congestive heart failure (CHF) on total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty, there is a lack of literature analyzing CHF in hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) procedures. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CHF on risks for complications following HHA for the treatment of FNF. Methods: The ACS-NSQIP database was queried for all patients who had undergone HHA from 2005 to 2016. Patients were propensity-matched without replacement in a 1:1 manner based on age and gender. Pearson's Chi squared tests and Fischer's exact tests were utilized to compare differences in demographics, comorbidities, and complication rates. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the impact of CHF as an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. Results: A propensity-matched cohort of 537 (4.24%) non-CHF patients was generated in order to analyze differences between the two cohorts. CHF was found to be a significant independent risk factor for pneumonia (p = 0.003), progressive renal insufficiency (p = 0.040), myocardial infarctions (p = 0.050), extended length of stay (≥ 5 days) (p < 0.001), and mortality (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study has established CHF as an independent risk factor for various postoperative complications following HHA for the treatment of FNF. Although orthopedic surgeons may decline to perform elective procedures on CHF patients, FNFs require urgent surgical intervention. Therefore, it is important to be aware of various increased risks of certain complications in this subset patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neck of femur fractures is the most common fractures associated with low-velocity injury in the elderly. Some patients may require further histological examination of the femoral head due clinical suspicion of malignance as a cause of fracture. Objectives: To review whether standard screening question(s) could be used to identify patients that require histological examinations following neck of femur fracture. Study design and methods: Femoral heads sent for histological examination over a period of 5 years were identified from hospital database. All patients presenting acutely with neck of femur fracture above the age of 70 were included, and their case notes were retrospectively reviewed. Reason for histopathological examination were categorised into three screening questions: (Q1) clinical suspicion based on history alone, i.e. neck of femur fracture with no clear history of fall or trauma or preceding hip pain, (Q2) radiological evidence of suspicious abnormality on admission radiographs, (Q3) previous history of malignancy or concurrent malignancy or (Q4) combination of above. Results: In total, 119 samples of femoral head were sent and 18 patients had a positive histology. The sensitivity and specificity of these questions individually showed very poor correlation to positive histology with lowest for (Q3) previous history of malignancy (0.39 and 0.51, respectively). However, combining Q1 and Q2 the sensitivity is improved to 1.0 (95% CI 1.0–1.0) and specificity to 0.35 (95% CI 0.25–0.44) with a positive predictive value of 0.21 (95% CI 0.13–0.30) and negative predictive value of 1.00 (95% CI 1.00–1.00). Conclusion: History of previous malignancy poorly correlates with positive histology. Routine request based on these screening criteria is not cost-effective in patient management. Level of evidence: Prognostic level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Management of fractures of neck of femur in the elderly is largely joint sacrificing, with hemiarthroplasties being the most common entity used. Cemented and uncemented, both the techniques, are universally accepted; however, the former has been more time tested, despite its theoretical disadvantage in the form of cement embolism leading to intra-operative complications. Uncemented stems have been ever evolving with newer designs to increase incorporation, stability and durability. They have their own reported sets of disadvantages like subsidence and fractures. However, overall there is no established gold standard out of the two. Objective: The present systematic review and meta-analysis of current literature was conducted, so as to determine the superiority of one technique over the other by comparing the primary outcomes like hip function, residual pain, local and general complications and mortality. Additionally secondary outcomes like duration of surgery, blood loss and re-operations were analysed as well. Methodology: Three databases of PubMed, EMBASE and SCOPUS were searched for relevant articles of last 10 years that directly compare uncemented and cemented hemiarthroplasties, and based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, article selection was done. Results: We analysed a total of six randomised controlled studies dated from 2008 to 2017. Primary outcomes: There was a significant difference in post-operative ability to ambulate at 1 year, between 2 groups with odds ratio 0.45 (95% CI 0.29–0.67, p = 0.0001) favouring cemented hemiarthroplasty. Prosthesis-related complications like fractures and subsidence and general complications like lung complications were more in uncemented group. Mortality at 1 year was more in cemented group. Secondary outcomes: Mean surgical time was lesser in uncemented cases. There was no difference in blood loss and re-operation rates. Conclusion: Cementing techniques are here to stay, until a better, durable and more stable uncemented stem evolves, that could lessen the complications related to uncemented surgeries and match the cemented implants in pain relief and ambulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hip fractures are common in the elderly population. It is currently believed that patients can expect to lose a level of mobility following a hip fracture. The aim of this study was to compare the pre- and post-treatment mobility of patients treated in our institution who had suffered a fracture neck of femur and identify the factors that could predict pre-operatively those patients who would suffer a deterioration in mobility after treatment.Methods: Patients admitted to a large UK teaching hospital with a surgically treated neck of femur fracture were included between 2 April 2011 and 31 March 2014. Patient's mobility was assessed on admission and at 1 year following surgery.Results: There were a total of 615 patients alive at 1 year. There were 142 males and 473 females with a mean age of 82.1 (range 47-100). On admission, 338 (55.0%) mobilised independently 52.2% had no change in their pre-fracture mobility at 1 year following their treatment. Age, a lower AMTS, a higher ASA and living in residential care were significant risk factors for not regaining their pre-fracture mobility. Sex and type of fracture were not associated with change in mobility.Conclusion: It is commonly stated that patients lose one level of mobility following a hip fracture. This case series demonstrates that over 50% of patients can expect to have the same level of mobility at 1 year post-surgery as they did previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The authors update their results of wrist hemiarthroplasty for irreparable distal radius fracture in the elderly, at a minimum of 2-year follow-up.Materials and methods: Between 2011 and 2018, 25 consecutive independent elderly patients (24 female, 27 wrists) were treated with wrist hemiarthroplasty for distal radius fracture at a single institution. The average age was 77 years (range 65-88). They all were independent at home. A total of 19 wrists were treated at the acute stage, and 8 secondary procedures. The average follow-up was 32 months (range 24-44).Results: There was no dislocation, loosening, infection nor removal of the implants. We observed 3 CRPS. At final follow-up, the average VAS pain was 1/10, mean forearm pronation/supination arc was 150°, and mean active flexion-extension arc was 60°. Average wrist extension was 36°. Mean grip strength was 68% of contralateral side. Mean Lyon wrist score was 74%. Mean Quick DASH score was 26%, and mean PRWE score was 25%.Discussion: Our data suggest that treatment of acute irreparable distal radius fracture in the independent elderly patient with a bone-preserving primary wrist hemiarthroplasty may be a viable option. Longer-term follow-up are needed to confirm these preliminary data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We wished to compare the outcome of two types of cemented and uncemented modern stem design implants after hemiarthroplasty, with both an Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel rating of 10A.Methods: This retrospective study compares data obtained from two centres, with a total study population of 655 (n = 393 cemented, n = 262 uncemented). Patients were matched at baseline for gender, age, surgery side, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, body mass index and pre-operative haemoglobin level. Outcome measurements were prosthesis-related complications, pre- and post-operative, with reoperation rate and mortality and other complications after 1 year, surgery time, blood loss and immobility at discharge.Results: There were no significant differences in mortality after 1 year, total other complications, immobility at the time of discharge and total prosthesis-related complications between both groups. Significantly more periprosthetic fractures and post-operative infections were seen in the uncemented group with significantly more reoperations compared to the cemented group. Significant differences were seen in cardiovascular complications, blood loss and surgery time in favour of the uncemented group.Conclusions: In consequence of the significant higher prosthesis-related complications (e.g. infections, periprosthetic fractures and reoperations) in the uncemented group in this study, we recommend cemented hemiarthroplasty in patients with a femoral neck fracture.Level of evidence: Level III, Case Controlled Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemiarthroplasty (HA) is an effective procedure for treatment of femoral neck fracture. However, it is debatable whether unipolar or bipolar HA is the most suitable implant.Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the causes of failure and longevity in both types of HA.Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 133 cases that underwent revision surgery of HA between 2002 and 2012. The causes of revision surgery were identified and stratified into early (≤ 5 years) failure and late (> 5 years) failure. Survival analyses were performed for each implant type.Results: The common causes for revision were aseptic loosening (49.6%), infection (22.6%) and acetabular erosion (15.0%). Unipolar and bipolar HA were not different in causes for revision, but the unipolar group had a statistically significantly higher number of acetabular erosion events compared with the bipolar group (p = 0.002). In the early period, 24 unipolar HA (52.9%) and 28 bipolar HA (34.1%) failed. There were no statistically significant differences in the numbers of revised HA in each period between the two groups (p = 0.138). The median survival times in the unipolar and bipolar groups were 84.0 ± 24.5 and 120.0 ± 5.5 months, respectively. However, the survival times of both implants were not statistically significantly different.Conclusions: Aseptic loosening was the most common reason for revision surgery after hemiarthroplasty surgery in early and late failures. Unipolar and bipolar hemiarthroplasty were not different in terms of causes of failure and survivorship except bipolar hemiarthroplasty had many fewer acetabular erosion events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Guidelines on the management of displaced intracapsular fractures recommend using an Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel-rated cemented implant. Prior to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines, uncemented implants were commonly used in the UK. Methods: We retrospectively examined the outcomes of patients with uncemented Thompson’s hemiarthroplasties at our unit, between April 2005 and December 2010. Patients who underwent revision surgery before December 2011 were identified. Implant survival calculation utilised the primary outcome of revision to total hip arthroplasty, revision hemiarthroplasty or excision arthroplasty. Patients who died post-operatively were identified and censored.Results: A total of 1445 patients received uncemented Thompson’s implant. Patient mean age was 82 years with 76% female. Forty-six (3.2%) patients required revision with 15% performed within 30 days of surgery and 62% within 1 year. Reasons for revision were infection (0.83%), acetabular erosion (0.83%) and loosening (0.62%). Twenty-seven patients (59% of total revisions) underwent revision to THA, 14 (30%) to excision arthroplasty and 5 (11%) to revision hemiarthroplasty. Cumulative survival rate was 98% at 1 year and 95% at 5 years. Thirty-day mortality was 7.1%. One-year mortality was 28.1%.Conclusion: Current guidelines strongly favour cemented hemiarthroplasty. Recognition that fractured hip patients are a non-homogeneous group is important. In patients with limited life expectancy, an uncemented Thompson is a quick, simple, palliative solution to early mobilisation. Correct surgical technique avoids using cement in this cohort, which is most vulnerable to bone cement implantation syndrome. Cost-effective resource utilisation with an increasingly elderly population remains a surgical responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures is a great challenge for the orthopedic surgeon and requires a knowledge of bone fracture fixation as well as skills and experience in revision surgery. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of periprosthetic femoral fractures surgically treated in our department from 2010 to 2016.Materials and methods: This study involved 73 patients with a periprosthetic femoral fracture after total hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty. Periprosthetic femoral fractures were classified using the Vancouver system. Functional outcomes were assessed using Harris hip score, Palmer Parker score, SF-36 score and ambulatory status. Radiological findings were classified using Beals and Tower’s criteria.Results: The mean age of patients was 79.6 years old. Local risks factors were identified in 67% of the patients, principally osteoporosis (63.0%), followed by osteolysis (26.0%) and loosening of the stem (8.2%). According to the Vancouver classification, there were 10 type A, 49 type B and 14 type C fractures. Of the type B fractures, 26 were B1, 17 were B2 and 6 were B3. Applying Beals and Tower’s criteria, radiological results were excellent in 24 patients (32.9%), good in 35 (47.9%) and poor in 14 (19.2%). The mean Harris hip score post-operatively was 72.5.Conclusions: These kinds of fractures should be assessed individually and the optimal treatment plan should be made in accordance with the bone stock quality, stem stability, location of the fracture and patient expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the short-term functional outcome between bipolar hip arthroplasty (BHA) and total hip replacement (THR) in displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients in a developing country.Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted which included a total of 42 patients of age more than 60 years with closed displaced femoral neck fractures, and the patients were randomized into two groups of 21 patients each and their outcomes were compared.Results: At 24-month follow-up, patients in BHA group had a mean modified Harris hip score of 83.85 ± 6.62 and patients in THR group had a mean modified Harris hip score of 88.00 ± 5.76 (p value = 0.067). Seven (35%) patients in BHA group and 11 (55%) patients in THR group had hip scores from 91 to 100 (excellent), 9 (45%) patients in BHA and seven patients (35%) in THR had hip scores 81-90 (fair) and 4 (20%) patients in BHA group and 2 (10%) patients in THR group were rated 71-80 (good) and none was found in poor category. Total amount of blood  loss while performing BHA was 238.15 ± 20.43 ml compared to 336.85 ± 23.56 ml in THR (p < 0.0001). Mean of total duration of surgery was found to be 51.80 ± 8.70 min in BHA group which was significantly lesser than 119.10 ± 16.75 min of THR group (p < 0.0001).Conclusion: BHA being comparable to THR in terms of functional outcome by modified Harris hip scoring with significantly less blood loss during surgery, less duration of surgery, more cost-effective can be recommended as first line of surgical management in elderly patients with displaced femur neck fractures in developing countries.Level of evidence: Level II, lesser-quality randomized controlled trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether the direct anterior approach (DAA) is associated with improved functional and clinical outcomes compared to other surgical approaches for hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures. Materials and methods: Randomized trials and cohort studies of hemiarthroplasty performed via DAA versus another surgical approach (anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior) were included. Our primary outcome was postoperative functional mobility. Secondary outcomes included overall complication rate, dislocation rate, perioperative fracture, infection rate, re-operation rate, overall mortality, operative time, pain, intra-operative blood loss, and length of stay. Results: Nine studies met inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 698 hips (330 direct anterior, 57 anterolateral, 89 lateral, 114 posterolateral, 108 posterior approach). With regard to functional mobility, DAA was favored in 4 studies, and no study favored another approach over DAA. DAA had a significantly lower dislocation rate compared to posterior capsular approaches. Analysis of other secondary outcomes did not identify statistically significant differences. Conclusion: This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the DAA for hemiarthroplasty. Available evidence suggests superior early functional mobility with the DAA. The DAA is associated with a significantly lower dislocation rate compared to posterior capsular approaches for hemiarthroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this multicentre cohort study was to evaluate the midterm outcomes and survival after cementless stemless resurfacing arthroplasty (CSRA) in a series of 33 shoulders in 27 patients with primary osteoarthritis. Methods: Clinical outcome assessment included: Constant-Murley score (CMS); Simple Shoulder Test (SST); Disability of Arm, Shoulder, Hand (DASH); EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) utility scores; Numerous Rating Scale (NRS) for pain. Radiographs were assessed by two independent observers for oversizing, radiolucency, glenohumeral subluxation, glenoid erosion and subsidence. Correlations between the clinical and radiological outcomes were calculated. Complications were registered, and revision and survival rates were calculated. Results: Mean age at time of surgery and mean follow-up time were, respectively, 67.7 (range 50.2-85.1) and 7.2 years (range 5.7-9.3 years). Means (SD) for CMS, age- and gender-adjusted CMS, SST, DASH and EQ-5D utility scores were: 56.4 (20.2), 76.5 (25.0), 54.0 (29.8), 37.6 (23.3) and 0.8 (0.1), respectively. NRS for pain was 2.0 and 3.8, respectively, in rest and during activities. Radiographic assessment of the CSRAs showed oversizing in 54.5%; radiolucency in 18.2%; superior glenohumeral subluxation in 33.3%; glenoid erosion in 45.5%; and subsidence in 3.0%. Perioperative complications did not occur. Revision surgery was performed in one patient (3.0%). Conclusion: For primary osteoarthritis, the CSRA showed good clinical but poor radiological outcomes at midterm follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Femoral neck fracture (FNF) is a devastating injury with serious medical and social consequences. One-third of these patients have some degree of impaired cognitive status. Despite this, a high proportion of hip fracture trials exclude patients with cognitive impairment (CI). We aimed to evaluate whether moderate to severe CI could predict walking ability, quality of life, functional outcome, reoperations and mortality in elderly patients with displaced FNF treated with hemiarthroplasty (HA). Methods: This cohort study included a consecutive series of 188 patients treated with HA for a displaced FNF. Patients were assessed for estimated preoperative and 1 year postoperatively with regard to walking ability, cognitive status, quality of life with EQ-5D and hip function with Harris hip score. Results: There were 188 patients who met the inclusion criteria. A total of 130 patients were in the control group, and 58 were in the CI group. At 1-year follow-up, 31 patients (24%) had died in the control group and 22 patients (38%) had died in the cognitive impaired group. This difference in reoperation and mortality rate was statistically significant (log-rank test, p = 0.016). The CI had a significantly higher incidence of being non-walker (28 vs. 4%, OR 9.2, p = 0.001). The EQ-5D was higher in the control group, while the Harris hip score was comparable in the two groups. Conclusions: Moderate to severe CI was associated with a high incidence of non-walking ability, worse quality of life, high mortality and re-operation rate after femoral neck fractures treated with HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoulder hemiarthroplasty has historically been the gold standard treatment for proximal humeral fractures not suitable to open reduction and internal fixation. In the last decades, reverse shoulder arthroplasty has gained more and more importance. Aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze subjective and objective outcomes of a group of consecutive patients. Fifty-one patients were evaluated with a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 12-60). For all the cases, the same surgical technique was performed in all cases. Range of motion, Constant-Murley score, ponderate Constant-Murley score, visual analog score and a patients' self-assessment scale were calculated. Anatomic tuberosities healing, stem positioning or mobilization were evaluated on postoperative X-rays and follow-up CT-scans. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate a correlation between subjective and objective results. Thirty-five patients (75%) declared to be satisfied of the operated shoulder. The mean CMS was 50 (17-91), the mean pCMS 72 (16-111). The mean forward flexion measured was 98° (40°-170°), the mean external rotation with adducted arm 22° (0°-60°), the mean internal rotation at sacrum (gluteus-T12). Four implants needed revision. Forty-seven stems were correctly positioned; 84.3% of tuberosities was anatomic or low positioned and consolidated in 74.5% of cases. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between CMS, pCMS, VAS and subjective satisfaction and between anatomic tuberosities healing and 3-part fractures. HA implant is a valid and reliable technique for the treatment of proximal humeral fracture. From our data, patients' satisfaction depends upon pain relief more than upon restore of function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cemented stem remains the gold standard for prosthesis in trauma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of a cementless, trauma-specific locked stem (hemi and reverse) for 3- and 4-part proximal humeral fractures. Materials and methods: One hundred and thirty-four 3- and 4-part fractures have been treated by locked stem, 69 with hemiarthroplasty [mean age 68 years (50-90)] and 65 with reversed [mean age 78 years (66-91)]. The length of the stem was 15 cm with a proximal coating of HA automatic locking system (two screws) and four different diameters. Preliminary cadaver study allowed us to validate the system (22 shoulders, no injuries of nerves, locking system efficient). Results: In the group of hemi, Constant score with ponderation reached 72 (11-120) and QDash 31.2 (4.5-77.27) with a mean FU of 25 months (6-96). In the group of reversed, Constant score with ponderation reached 77.6 (28.8-119) and QDash 36.2 (2-84) with a mean FU of 15 months (6-41). Specific complications due to locking system reached 3% but without reoperation. Other complications were capsulitis and infection. Discussion: In this population of elderly patient, new fall with periprosthetic fracture or infection led the surgeon to remove the stem. At shoulder level, the removal of a cemented stem remains a highly demanding procedure with sometimes bad functional results and elevated level of complications. This series is the first one of locked stem without significant complications. Locked stem remains a new but logical tool in trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews in detail various fixation methods for intertrochanteric fractures. These include the dynamic hip screw (DHS) as the most commonly used implant and extensively studied implant for extra-capsular hip fractures, the cephalomedullary nails which are the most commonly used fracture fixation device for intertrochanteric fractures and the proposed hemiarthroplasty as an alternative to internal fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients.

Background: The minimally invasive direct anterior approach (MDAA) has been reported to be useful in total hip arthroplasty. The benefits of this approach may be useful for the treatment of femoral neck fractures. Aim of this study is to compare MDAA and postero-lateral approach (PLA) in patients treated with hip hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures. Materials and methods: Between 2013 and 2014, 109 patients underwent bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture: 88 female and 21 male with a mean age of 88 years old. PLA was performed in 54 cases and MDAA in 55 cases. Results: The mean surgery time was significantly lower in MDAA group ( P = 0.001). The hemoglobin loss was significantly lower in MDAA group ( P = 0.02). The mean postoperative pain was significantly lower in the MDAA group ( P = 0.001). The mean hospitalization period was 2 days lower in the MDAA group but with no significant difference between the two groups ( P = 0.09). Hip dislocation was higher in PLA cases (7.4 %) than in MDAA cases (1.8 %). Periprosthetic fracture occurred only in one case of PLA. Great trochanter fracture occurred in 1 MDAA cases, while no cases were observed in the PLA group. Conclusions: Minimally invasive direct anterior approach for hip hemiarthroplasty in elderly people with femoral neck fracture provided significant benefit in the early postoperative period when compared to the postero-lateral approach in terms of surgery time, hemoglobin loss, postoperative pain, time of recovery and dislocation rate. Level of evidence: Therapeutic study, level IV (case series). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The enhanced recovery programme (ERP) is used to improve patient experience before, during and after an operation. Initially designed for colorectal surgery, it has now been adopted by many other disciplines, including orthopaedics. Where applicable, ERP has shown to be associated with less pain, reduced length of hospital stay and increased patient satisfaction in elective orthopaedic procedures. There is, however, a paucity of data regarding the use of ERP in fractured neck of femur (NOF) operations. Our aim was to investigate the effect of ERP on analgesic requirements and hospital length of stay during hemiarthroplasty. Method: Consecutive notes of 100 patients who received a hemiarthroplasty for a fractured NOF were reviewed retrospectively. In one group ( n = 50), patients received routine pre- and post-operative care; the second ( n = 50) were on the ERP. All patients were previously mobile with an abbreviated mental test score of more than eight and lived in their own home. Results: With ERP, oral opiate consumption fell dramatically in the first three post-operative days (4.7 vs. 14.0 mg, p > 0.005). The use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was also significantly reduced (odds ratio 0.16, p > 0.05). Although ERP had no statistically significant effect on length of stay (7 vs. 8.5 days, p = 0.2), it saw a greater proportion of patients being discharged back to their own home (25 vs. 19 patients, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ERP reduces post-operative oral opiates and PCA requirements in fractured NOF cases and by inference reduces pain. It does not appear to affect length of hospital stay in an acute unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractured neck of femurs is a very common presentation to hospital, especially in an elderly population and in almost all cases requires an operation, usually a cemented or uncemented hemiarthroplasty. Current evidence and multiple guidance issued in UK suggest the use of cemented hemiarthroplasty above uncemented prostheses. This retrospective case series performed in District General Hospital in Wales, UK. Notes and radiographs of 80 consecutive patients who had hemiarthroplasty for the fracture of neck of femur were examined by independent observer. All patients received modern prosthesis-collarless, polished tapered cemented stem or fully HA-coated uncemented stem-based on the choice of treating consultant. There were 47 uncemented prostheses and 33 cemented hemiarthroplasties used. We identified 12 significant complications in the uncemented group (26 %) as compared to three in the cemented group (6 %). The most significant difference was periprosthetic fracture rate, with five in the uncemented group (10.7 %) as compared to none in the cemented group. There were a total of six reoperations in four patients all of whom had initially undergone uncemented operations. In both groups, 24-h mortality rate was similar. Our study supports the use of modern cemented prosthesis as opposed to modern uncemented hemiarthroplasty. Post-operative complication rate after uncemented prosthesis is unacceptably high, especially periprosthetic fracture rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cemented Thompson's prostheses have been used to treat elderly patients with displaced intracapsular hip fractures at our two units for the last 15 years, amid growing support for the use of newer implant designs for hip hemiarthroplasty. This provided us with an opportunity to investigate survival of the Thompson's stem in our patients. A retrospective cohort study was set up to review previously collected data on patients who underwent Thompson's hemiarthroplasty over a 7-year period. These were linked to surgical notes, clinical letters and radiographs to record post-operative course and subsequent admissions and procedures. The identifiers were then linked to mortality data from the Office of 'National Statistics. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were done for implants and patients. A total of 1,632 patients (mean age 82.7 years) underwent 1,670 procedures. Five-year implant survival was 95.4 %. A total of 36 stems were revised, including 14 revisions to total hip arthroplasty and 22 excision arthroplasties. Reasons for revision included infection (2.1 %), dislocation (1.1 %) and aseptic loosening (0.5 %). Symptomatic aseptic loosening and acetabular erosion occurred late (mean time 3.2 and 5.7 years, respectively following surgery). Aseptic loosening and erosion following hemiarthroplasty are relatively late complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy that compare bipolar hemiarthroplasty with unipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of femoral neck fracture in the patient aged more than 65 years. Methods: We searched databases including PubMed Central, MEDLINE (from 1966), EMBASE (from 1980) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database. Only prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare bipolar hemiarthroplasty with unipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of femoral neck fracture in the elder patient were included. RevMan 5.2 from the Cochrane Collaboration was applied to perform the meta-analysis. Results: Six relevant RCTs with a total of 982 patients were retrieved. From this meta-analysis, mortality rates showed no statistical difference between two treatments, 14.7 % for bipolar versus 13.8 % for unipolar. The acetabular erosion rates were significantly different between two groups ( P = 0.01), 1.2 % in bipolar versus 5.5 % in unipolar group. Overall complication rates, dislocation rates, infection rates and reoperation rates between two groups showed no statistical difference ( P > 0.05). Neither of two treatments appeared to be superior regarding the clinical function assessed by Harris hip scores or return to pre-injury state rates ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: Both bipolar and unipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of elderly patient suffering displaced femoral neck fracture achieve similar and satisfy clinical outcome in short-term follow-up. Unipolar hemiarthroplasty seems to be a more cost-effectiveness option for elderly patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze functional and radiologic results of a consecutive series of elderly patients who underwent uncemented hemiarthroplasty as primary treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures. Methods: Twenty-one patients with severe proximal humerus fracture (three or four fragments and three- or four-fragment fracture dislocations) were treated with uncemented proximal humerus hemiarthroplasty. Patients were evaluated using the Constant-Murley Score, the Quick scale Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH) Score, range of motion, residual pain, radiographic parameters, and complications including clinical and radiologic data of mobilization. Results: After a mean postoperative period of 20.57 months (range 12-42 months), the mean Constant-Murley Score was 44 points (20-57), the mean Quick-DASH score was 24 points (16-39), postoperative pain according to a mean visual analogue scale was 1 (0-8), active abduction was 50° (30-135), and active flexion 70° (20-120). There were no cases of infection, deep vein thrombosis, dislocation, blood transfusions, or reoperation because of prosthetic loosening. Bivariate analysis of demographic data, radiologic findings, and other variables showed associations between duration of surgery and a higher Quick-DASH score (0.606; p = 0.037), and the number of sessions of rehabilitation with a higher Quick-DASH score (0.708; p = 0.015). Conclusions: The results of treatment of severe proximal humerus fractures in the elderly with an uncemented hemiarthroplasty are safe and promising; however, a comparative cohort study (cemented vs. uncemented) and long-term follow-up are still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current recommendations urge us to operate quickly on femoral neck fractures to reduce the risk of comorbidity decompensation. In some cases, this leads us to operate when an underlying infection is present. In this study, we evaluated the infection rate of bipolar hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fracture and attempted to relate it to preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Materials and methods: The infection rate of bipolar hemiarthroplasty was evaluated in a dual-center, retrospective study of 260 patients over a 2-year period. During the first year, the preoperative CRP levels were not taken into account when scheduling the procedure. During the second year, if preoperative CRP levels were above 50 mg/L, the procedure was delayed to look for and treat any ongoing infections. Results: The overall periprosthetic infection rate in this study was 4.85 % (range 4.8-4.9), with 33 % of patients passing within 1 year due to the infection. In the group where CRP was not taken into consideration, 59 of the 143 operated away patients (41 %) had their preoperative CRP levels measured. Twenty-nine of these patients had CRP > 50 mg/L when they were operated. Of the seven infections in the group, one patient had CRP > 50 mg/L, two had CRP < 50 mg/L, and four patients did not have preoperative CRP levels measured. In the group where CRP was taken into consideration, 104 of the 117 patients (89 %) had their preoperative CRP assessment. Thirty of these patients had CRP > 50 mg/L upon admission; their procedure was delayed to determine the etiology of this CRP elevation. No cause was found in 16 of these 30 patients, and they were operated despite having CRP > 50 mg/L. There were five infections in this group: four patients had CRP > 50 mg/L and were treated accordingly; one patient had preoperative CRP < 50 mg/L. In patients where the preoperative CRP levels were taken into account, the delay before surgery was twice as long as those where CRP levels were not considered. Discussion: C-reactive protein (CRP) level alone is not a good preoperative predictive factor for periprosthetic joint infection, although 80 % of the patient with an infected bipolar hemiarthroplasty had CRP > 50 mg/L upon admission. The increased delay due to the CRP analysis is not without consequence for this cohort. Two previous studies have looked into the predictive ability of CRP levels, but these involved scheduled surgical procedures. Conclusion: This study could not validate the use of CRP levels, nor a 50 mg/L threshold, as predictive factors for a preexisting infection during bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture. As a consequence, new infection screening tools must be developed and validated. Level of evidence: Retrospective, no control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Revision surgery for shoulder prosthesis remains a difficult task in shoulder surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of a series of 30 reverse shoulder prostheses performed as revision of failed hemi- or total shoulder arthroplasty. The most relevant technical points in surgery are described, as are other surgical options; a rational strategy for the treatment of these patients is proposed. Materials and methods: Thirty patients (average age 69.5) were included. Mean follow-up was 36.4 months (range 24-100 months). There were 14 patients in group 1 (Delta III) and 16 in group 2 (Reverse Arrow). Results: A total of 83 % were satisfied (16 cases) or very satisfied (9 cases), and 17 % were disappointed (5 patients). The mean Constant score increased from a mean of 25-52. The mean score for pain improved from 5 (range 0-15) to 13 (range 5-15) ( p < 0.001). The mean score of strength improved from 1 (range 0-6) to 5 (range 0-10) ( p < 0.001). The forward elevation changed from a mean of 55° (range 0-120) to 108° (range 40-160) ( p < 0.001). There was no significant improvement of external rotation at 0° abduction (range 14°-18°) or internal rotation (range 5-4.63). There were 4 scapular notching. We could not find the influence of scapular notching on Constant Score. Complication rate was 26.6 %. Conclusion: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty prosthesis represents an available option in difficult cases of failed hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty when the rotator cuff is irreparable and the glenoid bone stock is sufficient. Level of evidence: Level 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]