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Abstract: Angiotensin II is a powerful mediator to induce cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) have been implicated in the angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis. However, the signaling pathways for this angiotensin II effect and the interaction between ERK and the TGF-β1 signaling in this effect have not been well-illustrated. Cardiac fibroblasts were prepared from the ventricles of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. They were treated with 1 µM angiotensin II in the presence or absence of losartan (angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist), PD123319 (angiotensin II AT2 receptor antagonist), an anti-TGF-β1 antibody or PD98059 (ERK inhibitor). The cells were collected for Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Angiotensin II caused a significant increase of the expression of TGF-β1, ERK1, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, Smad4 and collagen I. This increase was attenuated by losartan but was not affected by PD123319. An anti-TGF-β1 antibody and PD98059 diminished angiotensin II-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and the expression of Smad7 and collagen I. Our results suggest that angiotensin II induces collagen I expression through angiotensin II AT1 receptor-TGF-β1-Smads signaling pathway in cardiac fibroblasts. ERK, by regulating Smads signaling, also participated in the angiotensin II-induced collagen I expression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]