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The disruption of the gut microbial composition, defined as dysbiosis, has been associated with many neurological disorders with inflammatory components. The alteration of the gut microbiota leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with metabolic diseases (such as obesity and type 2 diabetes), autoimmune arthritis, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible carbohydrates and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, exert beneficial effects on improving dysbiosis and its associated inflammatory state. Preclinical and clinical data indicated that some prebiotics also have positive impacts on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the modulation of neuroinflammation and thus may have a key role in the modulation of cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. The present manuscript reviews the state-of-art of the effects of prebiotics in cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depressive disorders. Data from clinical studies are still scarce, and further clinical trials are needed to corroborate the potential therapeutic cognitive, antidepressant, and anxiolytic of prebiotics. Prebiotics may provide patients suffering from cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety with a new tool to minimize disease symptoms and increase the quality of life., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)