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Introduction Substance dependence and personality disorders often co-occur and personality disorders are highly prevalent comorbid conditions among addicted individuals. Early maladaptive schemas contribute to development of personality disorders as well as addictive behaviors. Objectives Examining early maladaptive schemas among addict persons with and without personality disorders. Aims To determine whether there are particular schemas that are associated with specific personality disorders. Methods In this cross-sectional study the participants were 100 persons with substance dependence including 84 opioid addicts, 5 cannabis dependents and 11 subjects with methamphetamine dependence. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify Early Maladaptive Schemas. Furthermore, structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) was performed by a trained interviewer to identify personality disorders. Results Fifty three percent of participants had borderline personality disorder and the rate of antisocial personality disorder was 14%. Borderline personality disorder was associated with abandonment and Mistrust/Abuse schemas. There was found no significance difference between persons with borderline personality disorder and subjects with antisocial personality disorder in terms of Early maladaptive schemas. Compared to subjects without personality disorder, participants with personality disorder had higher scores of “persormance” and “impaired limits” domains.There was a significant association between educational level and early maladaptive schemas. Conclusion People with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to develop cluster B personality disorders and this finding is in accordance with the previous study of the authors which showed that these domains of schemas were more prevalent among addict people.

IntroductionPostpartum depression is the most common and major health problem affecting mother, newborn and family health.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine depression prevalence and its relationship with delivery method in Iranian women.AimsTo identify factors contributing to postpartum depression.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study 531 primiparous women were evaluated 20 to 40 days after delivery. The instruments of gathering data were Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale which were completed via interview. Analysis of data was performed by SSPS 12.0 software.ResultsIn total 40.7% of participants had postpartum depression. The depression rate among emergent caesarean, normal delivery and elective caesarean groups was 50%, 40.5% and 27% respectively. There was a significant relationship between delivery method and depression (P = 0.001). No significant relationship was found between postpartum depression with age and mother's education level.ConclusionIn this study the rate of depression in emergent caesarean group was greater than normal delivery and elective caesarean groups, therefore the method of delivery must be determined before delivery to decrease the rate of emergent caesarean by appropriate strategies. Furthermore, in emergent caesarean some interventions should be performed to decrease the rate of postpartum depression.

IntroductionAccording to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.ObjectivesExamining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.AimsTo determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.MethodsParticipants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.ResultsThe results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.ConclusionPeople with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.

IntroductionQuality of life is an important factor in evaluating health and therapeutic problems; therefore quality of life evaluation is an important issue in medical articles. The present study investigates quality of life in 15–64 years old subjects in Kurdistan province.AimsDetermining factors impacting quality of life in Iran.ObjectivesThe present study investigates quality of life in 15–64 years old subjects in Kurdistan province.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study. The target population was 15 to 64 years old population in Iran. 700 individuals participated in this study. The information gathered with Euro His questionnaire. The data was then analyzed by using independent t test and multiple regression.ResultsSubjects included 352 males (50.4%) and 346 females (49.6%). Quality of life mean score in all subjects was 28.18 (± 4.6). The mean score in men and women were 28.78 and 27.57 respectively. Asthma, smoking, female sex, residency in urban and low income had negative effect on quality of life in multiple regression (R2 = 0.151) but age, diabetes, hypertension and sport activity didn’t have any effect on quality of life after adjustment for other variables.ConclusionQuality of life score in women was lower than men. It is thus necessary to examine effective factors on decreased quality of life in women and making plans to eliminate the negative factors. According to the results, low income, smoking, residency in urban and asthma have adverse effects on quality of life. These factors should thus be considered in health programs.