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IntroductionDepression is one of the most well-known psychological issues and is among the most severe ones. World Health Organisation's (WHO) report on health identifies 1.9% lifetime prevalence of depressive episode for males and almost twice as high–3.2% for females.MethodsThis study aimed to map the depressive symptoms among working population in Czech Republic.ResultsAnalysis of covariance showed that there is significant effect of age F(52) = 6.58, P = 0.010 and gender F(52) = 12.53, P < .001 and t-tests showed the means of BDI II scores were significantly different for genders with females having higher mean (11.91) than males (9.80), t(1025) = −3.42, P < .001.ConclusionThe clinical burden of depression is still an increasing one in today's society and this research helped to identify the potentially most vulnerable individuals. These seem to be working women aged 35–44.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionMajor depressive episode is having highest lifetime prevalence almost about 18% of all psychiatric disorder. W.H.O has ranked depression the 4th leading cause of disability worldwide and projects that it will be 2nd leading cause of disability by 2020. a number of consistent socio demographic correlates have also been found across countries. Here I am going to give a glimpse of MDD i.e. Depression excluding Bipolar Depression. Although It is the commonest psychiatric disorder, but attitude views about disease is very unscientific and biased.ObjectiveObjective of this study was to know the views of relatives and friends about Depression, and acceptance of scientific view about depression.AimsAs various survey reports are projecting that Depression will be the 2nd commonest cause of disability by 2020. So to create an awareness about depression and its modalities of successful treatments.MethodIn this study, 96 patients were selected who had first episode of MDD without any discrimination of male and female. Their relatives and friends were categorized by their socioeconomic status. All of them were put on open questions regarding the disease.ResultsAmongst them 10% were from upper socioeconomic status, 68% were from middle socioeconomic status and 22% were from lower socioeconomic status. Only 36% accepted depression as a disease, 45.8% suggested to change behavior and thought to get rid off disease; 8.2%believed the disease is due to devils spirit; 20.1% had no comments.ConclusionAfter explaining the disease psycho and pharmacopathology and showing the results of medicines 91.3% accepted it as a disease entity, 4.2% still in favor of devils spirit and 4.5% had no comments.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

BackgroundThe reported lifetime prevalence of depression in adolescents has increased drastically in recent decades. Depression in this population can be particularly damaging and can frequently have a long-lasting adverse impact. The common treatment approach includes psychological therapy and/or anti-depressant medication. However, the efficacy of these approaches, both singularly and combined, is far from conclusive. Recently, there have been an increased number of studies investigating the effect of exercise and physical activity on adolescent depression, however, despite this increased attention, there are no recent reviews and meta-analyses synthesising such studies.AimThe review examines the treatment effect of exercise on depression symptoms for adolescents aged 13–17 years of age.MethodsA systematic search of seven electronic databases identified relevant randomised controlled trials. Screening, data extraction and trial methodological quality were undertaken by two independent researchers. Standardized mean differences were used for pooling post-intervention depressive symptom scores.ResultsEleven trials met the inclusion criteria, eight of which provided the necessary data for calculation of standardized effect size. Exercise showed a statistically significant moderate overall effect on depressive symptom reduction. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted and will be presented.DiscussionExercise and physical activity appear to improve depression symptoms in adolescents, especially in clinical samples, suggesting that exercise may be a useful treatment strategy for adolescents with depression.ConclusionDespite the positive findings, large clinical trials that adequately minimise bias are required for firmer conclusions on the effectiveness of exercise as an antidepressant treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

SummaryWe assessed the lifetime prevalence of major depression in a sample of 145 patients with a current diagnosis of panic disorder and/or social phobia. The prevalenee tended to be higher in patients with both diagnoses. Patients with panic disorder and social phobia had an earlier onset of the former condition. Familial rates of panic were higher in patients with pure panic disorder, and the rate of depression was increased in relatives of probands who had a lifetime diagnosis of depression.

Introduction Paraphilias are rarely diagnosed in the clinical setting, although the estimated highest possible lifetime prevalence is approximately 12% for males and 4% for females. There are various presentations, including transvestism and fetishism. In this regard we present a case report of a 41 year old patient with a clinical picture compatible with Transvestism and Fetishism, whose clinical diagnosis was clinched years later. Objectives The objective of this paper is to describe a case report whose diagnosis is compatible with transvestism and fetishism. Aims Understanding the clinical features of this pathology, regarding a diagnostic and therapeutic improvement. Methods Case report and bibliographic research on Pubmed e Medscape Results and Conclusions Travestism and Fetishism is often under-diagnosed and occurs almost exclusively in heterosexual men and can cause significant distress. Therefore, it is crucial to clinch an early diagnosis in order to start an appropriate treatment.

Introduction Studies of PTSD among Malaysians are virtually unavailable. Three years after the 2004 tsunami, PTSD symptoms among Malays directly exposed to this disaster were examined. Aims To examine the potential predictive factors of PTSD symptoms. Objectives To determine PTSD prevalence, severity, and number of lifetime traumas. To examine if sociodemographic characteristics can be significant predictive factors of PTSD severity. Methods Cross-sectional survey was conducted interviewing 250 Malays from the most severely affected villages. Measurements include socio-demographic characteristics and number of lifetime traumas. The Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS)(Foa, 1996)was also included to measure DSM-IV PTSD symptoms. Results In total, 18.8% (47) of participants met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, with 14.8% having mild symptoms, 36.1% having moderate symptoms, 42.5% having moderate to severe symptoms, and 6.3% having severe symptoms. The highest reported symptom among all participants was criterion A: intense fear, helplessness and horror. Analysis of lifetime prevalence shows 4.4% never having traumatic experience, 48% having one exposure, 28.4% having two exposures, 12.8% having between 3–4 exposures, and 6.4% having more than 5 exposures to traumatic events in their lifetime. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was additionally conducted to determine the relationship between PTSD level of severity and its socio-demographic predictors. Conclusion The prevalence of PTSD remained high with many participants still exhibiting severe symptoms. Findings in this study highlight that an immediate community intervention program is urgently needed.

Objective In this study we examine among those under the age of 18 years having somatoform disorders, the relationship between physical health and mental health costs in comparison to those with other psychiatric disorders. Methods Based on approximately 10 Million billing records, we compared the average number of visits and average costs per unique individual for “physical diagnoses” (non-psychiatric) and psychiatric diagnoses over the 16 year study period across case and comparison groups. Here, we report the 16 year prevalence of somatoform disorders in the population. Results Somatoform disorders ranked 15 th in terms of overall cost in the comparison group which was randomly selected from the physician billing data pool. Somatoform disorders ranked 22 nd of 25 in terms of frequency of diagnosis. The cumulative frequency of somatoform disorders over the 16 year interval for individuals was 169 within the 26,392 cases and 479 within the 205,281 comparisons, representing approximately 0.8% of the sampled population total population in catchment ∼300,000). Discussion The prevalence of treated Somatoform disorders indicates that they are are relatively rare in the study population. Lieb et al. (2002) found a lifetime prevalence of 12.5% of any somatoform condition in German adolescents. Kebede and Alem (1999) reported a one month point prevalence of 2.5% for Ethiopian youth. Somatoform disorders are most commonly seen in children and adolescents and appeared to be diagnosed much less frequently among Canadian children and adolescents. Differences are likely based on sampling methodology used epidemiological surveys compared to population utilization.

IntroductionPsoriasis is a common, chronic, erythematous dermatosis with prevalence estimates ranging from 0, 3% to 2, 5%. This recurring disorder is associated with significant psychological distress, a decrease in health-related quality of life and psychiatric morbidity. The most common psychiatric comorbidities are mental retardation, personality disorder and affective disorders.ObjectivesThe authors’ aim is to present a clinical vignette of a 27-year-old male suffering from psoriasis who was admitted to the psychiatric yard exhibiting psychotic symptoms. A literature's review about the association between psychosis and autoimmune disorders, particularly with psoriasis vulgaris, was also made.Case reportThe patient is a 27-year-old single male with normal IQ. He had no physical ilnesses during childhood and adolescence. There was no history of psychiatric or developmental disorders in the patient and his family. In early adulthood he was diagnosed with psoriasis vulgaris. The patient's father also suffered from the same skin disorder. At the age of 27 he began to hear voices commenting on his behaviour and he exhibited psychomotor agitation, delusions of persecution, and sexual disinhibition. Admission in psychiatric yard was necessary to treat psychotic symptoms.ConclusionsThe skin and the brain are embryologically related. Consequently, a relationship between psychological factors and skin diseases has long been hypothesized. Schizophrenia has been associated with nearly 50% higher lifetime prevalence of one or more autoimmune disorders but further studies are necessary to elucidate the possible association between psoriasis vulgaris and psychosis.

The DSM V will probably include four categories of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. The lifetime prevalence is about 5%. Cultural, social and interpersonal elements can trigger the onset and changes in neural networks can sustain the illness. Brain based explanatory models have been developed which include an imbalance between top down control and hedonic and homeostatic elements. The longer the duration of untreated illness the harder it is to reverse the illness as a variety of maintaining factors develop. CBT remains the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa but there is more uncertainty about treatment for anorexia nervosa although treatment with a focus on the interpersonal elements is of value

BackgroundIt seems that flying phobia is relatively common in general population. Studies show the lifetime prevalence rates of flying phobia in general population ranging from 2.5 to 2.9%AimTo ascertain in a sample of an urban general population.MethodThe subjects in this study were participants from non-clinical, urban general population in Belgrade, Serbia. The sample consisted of 216 participants who were assessed in 2010. The assessment of the participants was done by the following instruments: Socio-demographic and flight history questionnaire and The Visual Analogue Flight Anxiety Scale.ResultsOn the Visual Analogue Flight Anxiety Scale participants mostly rated their intensity of flight anxiety on the low level. The mean value was 1.24 (SD = 1.42) and almost 2/5 of participants reported that they do not have any flight anxiety. But, 60.6% of sample reported that they have some level of flight anxiety. The statistically significant predictors of the flight anxiety were female gender and older age of the first flight. The other of socio-demographic (Age, Marrital status, Parenthood status, Education level, Employment) and flight history (History of flying, Age of first flight, Flying in the last 10 years and Traumatic experiences) variables did not emerge as possible predictors of the flight anxiety.

ObjectiveDuring the last two decades illicit drug use in Belgrade has been changed.Previously, one of the most common methods of illicit heroin use was via intravenous injection. In 1987, injecting drug, as main consumption patterns was accepted by 90,6% of patients, although intravenous administration fell to 75,5% in 1995.The aim of the study was to observe if the main pattern of heroin consumption had changed lately.MethodsThe study included 382 illicit drug users (mean age 28,8 ± 4,7; both gender) treated in Special Hospital for Addiction, Belgrade in period of a year (Sept. 2009–2010).We used data from Pompidou questionnaire and calculated prevalence through standard survey technique.ResultsA total of 94,5% respondents reported a lifetime prevalence of heroin as a main drug, 1,1% of other opiates, 0,3% of cocaine and amphetamine. More than 92,7% of respondents used heroin in the last month regularly. The lifetime prevalence consumption mode for intranasal use was 44,3%, injecting 39,8% and smoking/ inhaling 13,9%.First injectable route experience is reported for age 17–19 = 11.9%; for 20–22 = 25.6%; for 23–26 = 30-3%. The total number of 79,8% reported negative HIV testing result, 0,5% positive result.ConclusionThe consumption model changed in last 10 years and our study confirmed significant diversity. Intranasal administration linked with young population of heroin addicts, who never or rarely use injectable route with low level of HIV infection. Older addicts prefer intravenous use and often change to intranasal route later, for safety or damaged process of peripheral blood vessel.

Aims:In Tunisia and in most Muslim countries, alcohol consumption has remained taboo. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in an adult primary care population and to compare gender prevalences and characteristics.Method:This is a cross-sectional prevalence survey conducted in the district of Sousse from June to November 2006. Thirty primary care centers have been randomly selected. The sample was composed of 2576 subjects aged 18 years and more. Participants were interviewed by psychiatrists and medical trainers using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, which was translated into the Tunisian dialect and validated.Results:Females represented 78% of the whole sample. The lifetime prevalence rates of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were respectively 2,9% and 0,7%. The lifetime prevalences in the male subgroup were 12,9% for alcohol abuse and 3% for alcohol dependence. Only one case of alcohol abuse was found in the female subgroup.Conclusion:The related alcohol disorders among the men of our study are as frequent as among occidental ones. The related alcohol disorders among women were unexpectedly very low. However, a similar result was reported in an other study conducted in the United Arabic Emirates. This gender alcohol use discrepancy, found in our study, led to two main interrogations. The first one concerning the usefulness of the alcohol disorder structured interviews among Arabic women and the second concerning the Arabic women beliefs about alcohol consumption (Is it a result of religious thoughts or a deny?).