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Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: M. Abdo received travel support from Chiesi, and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, all outside the submitted work. F. Trinkmann reports grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Novartis, Roche, BMBF, DZL, Markedsmodningsfonden and E+H Knorr Stiftung, consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chiesi, Fisher & Paykel, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Healthcare, Novartis, Omron, OM-Pharma, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis and Thorasys, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chiesi, Fisher & Paykel, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Healthcare, Novartis, Omron, OM-Pharma, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis and Thorasys, and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Actelion, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer and TEVA. E.E. Groth reports grants from German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Dustri Verlag Germany, AstraZeneca, Germany, Health Course Inc., USA, Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany, Sanofi Genzyme, Germany and Insmed GmbH, Germany, and support for attending meetings from GlaxoSmithKline, Germany and Insmed, Germany. T. Bahmer reports grants from BMBF (unrestricted research grant for the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)), during the conduct of the study; consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Roche, Chiesi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Pfizer, support for attending meetings from Chiesi and AstraZeneca, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with CoVit-2 (NCT04751604). H. Watz reports an unrestricted research grant from Chiesi, support from Bayer AG for the COPD cohort, consultancy fees from AZ, BI, Chiesi, GSK, Novartis and Sanofi, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AZ, BI, Chiesi, GSK, Novartis and Sanofi, support for attending meetings from AZ, BI, Chiesi, GSK, Novartis and Sanofi, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AZ, BI, Chiesi, GSK, Novartis and Sanofi. K.F. Rabe reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Sanofi & Regeneron, GlaxoSmithKline, Berlin Chemie and Roche Pharma, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi & Regeneron and CSL Behring, and leadership roles with German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Chest Society (DGP) and American Thoracic Society (ATS). The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: F. Trinkmann received travel support from Actelion, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Novartis, Mundipharma and TEVA as well as speaker or consultation fees from AstraZeneca, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi-Aventis, all outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: M. Müller has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: A. Reif has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: N. Kahn received travel support from GSK and Berlin Chemie as well as speaker or consultation fees from Berlin Chemie and Roche, all outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: M. Kreuter has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: F. Trudzinski received travel support from Actelion, Berlin Chemie, Chiesi, Novartis, and speaker or consultation fees from Novartis and Berlin Chemie, all outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: M. Eichinger reports consultation fees from Roche, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: C-P. Heussel reports speaker or consultation fees from AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, Bracco, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Covidien, Essex, Gilead, Grifols, Intermune, Lilly, MEDA Pharma, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Schering-Plough, Siemens, Pfizer and Pierre Fabre, all outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: F.J.F Herth has nothing to disclose.

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: F. Trinkmann reports personal fees from Actelion, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Novartis, Mundipharma, TEVA, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline and Roche, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: H. Watz has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: F.J.F. Herth has nothing to disclose.